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The Age of Louis XIV

Page 117

by Will Durant


  and Dutch, 175–79

  passim, 277–78

  and the Fronde, 9–10, 711

  and government, 11–12, 13, 17–18

  health of, and medical treatment, 525, 689

  and James II of England, 290, 291, 295, 296, 302, 692, 693

  and Jews, 457

  and literature, 12, 17, 129–32

  passim, 146, 160–63, 243, 606, 617

  marriages of, see Marie Thérèse and Maintenon; Mémoires of, 12, 15, 20, 42, 70

  and his ministers, 11, 18, 690–91 (see also: Colbert; Fouquet; Louvois; and Mazarin)

  and Molière, 97, 111, 114, 115, 120, 124, 125, 127, 128

  and music, 32, 33, 445

  and the nobility, 7–8, 13, 15–16, 711, 712

  paintings, statues, busts of, 45, 91, 96, 98, 99, 101, 103, 689, 717

  and Palatine throne, claim to, 691

  and Parlement, 9, 15

  and pensions to artists and scholars, 97, 115, 129–30, 132, 140, 142, 147, 163, 312, 499

  and philosophy, 598, 599, 605, 606, 632

  and Protestants, 69–75, 162, 290, 414, 430, 432, 605–7, 666, 687

  and Racine, 138, 140, 141

  and regency (1643–51), 4–9

  and religion, personal practice, 6, 47, 48, 69, 86, 96, 98, 101, 141, 689, 690, 717

  and science, 495, 496, 499, 503, 508, 525

  and Spanish partition pacts, 699–701, 703

  and Spanish throne, claim to, 278, 453, 699

  and the theater, 104–15

  passim, 120, 123, 124, 125, 137–38, 140, 141, 689

  and the Turks, 393, 422

  and witchcraft condemnations, 482

  and women, 13, 29, 31, 34–41, 114

  Louis XV, King of France (r. 1715–74), 405, 716, 718, 719

  Louis, “Le Grand Dauphin” of France (1661–1711), 32, 34, 77–78, 691–92, 700, 701, 716

  Louis, Duke of Burgandy, see Burgundy, Louis, Duke of

  Louis Quatorze style, 94, 97, 102

  Louis William I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1655–1707), 707

  Louvain, University of, 53, 164

  Louvois, François Michel, Marquis de (1641–1691), 90, 98, 140, 703

  enmity toward Mme. de Maintenon, 686, 689

  as minister of war, 41, 42, 71–72, 691–94

  passim; and Palatinate devastation, 692

  and persecution of Huguenots, 71–72, 686

  Louvre, 23, 27, 76, 94, 95, 99, 130, 143, 440

  King’s art collection in, 87

  façade (colonnade) of, 90, 91, 162

  fire in (1661), 97

  Molière plays in, 107

  present-day museum, 96, 99, 100, 433, 435, 437, 717

  Love for Love (Congreve), 319

  Love in a Wood (Wycherley), 315

  Love Is a Cheat (Pepys), 332

  Lower, Richard (1631–91), 523, 528

  Lowestoft, England, 174

  Lübeck, free city of, 419

  Lublin, Poland, 465

  Union of (1569), 370

  Lubny, Ukraine, 467

  Lucas, Jean Maximilien (1636?–97), 622, 632

  Lucian (2d cent.), 615

  Lucianites, 167

  Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus: 96?–55 B.C.), 75, 106, 327, 600, 654

  Luke, Sir Samuel (fl. 1645), 328

  Lully, Jean Baptiste (1632–87), 29, 33, 92, 124, 125, 690

  Lund, Sweden, Treaty of (1679), 368

  University of, 486, 658

  Luria, Solomon (1510–73), 471

  Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 53, 80, 85, 209, 211, 220, 272, 405, 485

  Lutheranism: and Christina, 439, 441

  in Germany, 414, 415, 483, 660, 666–67

  in Russia, 399

  in Scandinavia, 483, 659

  Lutrin (Boileau), 147

  Lutzingen, Bavaria, 707

  Luxembourg, François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, Duc de (1628–95), 32, 176, 632, 694

  Luxembourg, duchy of, 45, 714

  Luxembourg, Palais du, Paris, 9, 95, 145

  Luynes, Duc de (fl. 1650), 52, 598

  Lvov (Lemberg), 373, 468

  “Lycidas” (Milton), 216

  Lyons, France, 74, 89, 100, 168, 712

  Hôtel de Ville, 90

  Maastricht, 176

  Mabillon, Jean (1632–1707), 490

  Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–59), 288, 382, 438, 487, 688

  Macbeth (Shakespeare), 142

  MacDonald clan of Glencoe, 305

  MacFlecknoe (Dryden), 326

  Mach, Ernst (1838–1916), 546

  Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527), 563, 654

  Madagascar, 26

  Madison family, in America, 183

  Madrid, 436–37, 448, 449, 450, 453, 707, 708, 712

  Maes, Nicolaes (1632–93), 168*

  Magdalen College, Oxford, 293, 341, 548

  Magdalene College, Cambridge, 332

  Magdeburg, Brandenburg-Prussia, 411, 412, 511, 716

  Magnasco, Alessandro (1667?–1749), 433

  Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840–1914), 662

  Maidalchini, Olimpia (fl. 1644), 431

  Maimbourg, Louis (1620?–86), 605–6

  Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon: 1135–1204), 620, 621, 626, 639, 641, 653

  Maine, Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Duc du (1670–1736), 40, 716, 718, 719

  Maine, Louise Bénédictine dé Bourbon, Duchesse du (1676–1753), 718

  Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, Marquise de (1635–1719), 29, 38–41, 49, 83, 92, 101, 385–90, 405, 697

  historians’ opinions on, 686–88

  painted by Mignard, 98, 685

  and Racine, 140–41

  and St.-Cyr school, 140, 486, 685, 689, 697, 719

  and Scarron, 38–40, 141*

  as wife of Louis XIV, 41, 685–90, 697, 701, 711–12, 717–19

  passim

  Maintenon, Château de, 40, 685

  Mainz, 661, 691, 706, 707

  Mainz, Archbishop Elector of (1614), 464

  (1667–73), 661–63

  Maison du Roi, Brussels, 165

  Major, J. D., physician (fl. 1662), 527

  Majorca, 449

  Malade imaginaire, Le (Molière), 126–27

  Málaga, cathedral of, 450

  malaria, 525

  Malebranche, Nicolas de (1638–1715), 576, 602–5, 662

  Malherbe, François de (1555–1628), 147

  Malpighi, Marcello (1628–94), 497, 520, 522–23

  Malplaquet, battle at (1709), 711

  Malthus, Thomas (1766–1834), 502

  Manasseh ben Israel (1604–57), 459–63, 620, 622

  Manchuria, 508

  Mancini, Hortense, Duchesse de La Meilleraye and Duchesse de Mazarin (1646–99), 161, 249

  Mancini, Marie, Princess Colonna (1640–1715), 34

  Mancini, Olympe, Comtesse de Soissons (1639–1708), 28, 140, 704

  Mandeville, Bernard (1670?–1733), 486

  Manicheans, 611, 612

  Mannheim, 418, 692

  Mansard, Jules Hardouin, see Hardouin-Mansard

  Mansart, François (1598–1666), 90, 264

  Manso, Giovanni Battista, Marquis (1561–1647), 216

  Mantua, duchy of, 4, 439, 456, 704, 708

  Manufacture Royale des Meubles de la Couronne, 87–88

  maps and charts, 508

  Maranhāo, Brazil, 447

  Maratti, Carlo (1625–1713), 435

  Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor (161–180), 654

  Margaret Theresa (1651–73), Empress, consort of Leopold I, 464, 699

  Maria Anna (dau. of Philip III of Spain), Empress, consort of Ferdinand 111, 699

  Maria Kazimiera (1641–1716), Queen Consort of John Sobieski, 372

  María Luisa (Marie Louise d’Orléans: 1662–89), Queen Consort of Charles II of Spain, 450

  Mariana, Juan de (1537–1624), 555

  Mariana of Austria (1634–96), Queen Consort of Philip IV of Spain, Regent of Spa
in 1665–75), 457

  María Teresa, consort of Louis XIV, see Marie Thérèse

  Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, Duchess of Burgundy (1685–1712), 100, 716

  Marie de Médicis (1573–1642), Queen Consort of Henry IV (1600–10), Regent of France (1610–17), 12, 247

  Marienburg, East Prussia, 395

  Marie Thérèse (1638–83), Queen Consort of Louis XIV, 18, 36, 37, 40, 41, 92, 98, 115

  marriage of, 11, 34

  and Spanish succession, 11, 42, 699

  death of, 41, 685

  Marillac, Maréchal Louis de (1573–1632), 72

  Marini, Giambattista (1569–1625), 438

  Mariotte, Edme (1620?–84), 498, 512, 513, 520

  Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of (1650–1722), 249, 269, 315, 385, 463, 694

  Lely portrait of, 266

  deserts James II for William III, 296, 297

  suspected of plot to restore James, 306

  heads British land forces, 307

  in War of Spanish Succession, 307–10

  passim, 341, 353, 704, 706–13

  passim, 716

  dismissal and exile of, 309–10, 353, 712–13

  Marlborough, Sarah Jennings Churchill, Duchess of (1660–1744), 297, 306–9

  passim, 351, 353, 360, 711, 712

  Marlowe, Christopher (1564–93), 460

  Marly, Château de, 88, 92, 93, 94, 100, 101, 162

  Marranos, 454–58

  passim, 461

  marriage customs in France, 28

  laws in England, 195

  Marseilles, 26, 74, 100, 101, 457, 710

  Marshall, Robert (fl. 1723), 358

  Marshall, Stephen (1594?–1655), 218*

  Marsillac, Prince de, see La Rochefoucauld, Duc de

  Marsin (or Marchin), Ferdinand, Comte de (1656–1706), 706, 707

  Marston Moor, battle of (1644), 285

  Marsy, Balthasar de, sculptor (17th cent.), 99

  Marsy, Gaspard de, sculptor (17th cent.), 99

  Martin, Henri (1810–83), 688, 710

  Martinelli, Domenico, architect, 426

  Martini, Martino, cartographer (fl. 1650), 508

  Marvel, Andrew (1621–78), 207, 234

  Marx, Karl (1818–83), 582

  Mary I (Mary Tudor), Queen of England (r. 1553–58), 200, 291

  Mary II, Queen of England (r. 1689–94, jointly with William III), 279, 306, 310

  death of, 268, 305, 525

  marriage of, 179, 280, 295, 331

  return of as queen, 179–80, 297–98, 578

  Mary of Guise (1515–60), Regent of Scotland (1554–59), 247

  Mary of Modena (1658–1718), Queen Consort of James II of England, 270, 279, 280, 291, 294–95

  Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567), 166, 247

  Mary Stuart (dau. of Charles I of England), wife of William II of Orange, 166, 177, 295

  Masaniello (Tommaso Anicllo: 1623?–47), 435

  Masham, Abigail, Lady, nee Hill (d. 1734), 308

  Masham, Damaris, Lady, nee Cudworth (fl. 1691), 576, 578, 590

  Masham, Sir Francis (fl. 1691), 578

  mathematics, 489, 496, 498–502, 528, 529, 550, 562

  Pascal’s absorption in, 55–57

  Newton’s work in, 531–34, 537–41, 546

  see also calculus and geometry

  Mather, Cotton (1663–1728), 416

  Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary (r. 1458–1490), 421

  Mattioli, Ercole Antonio, Conte (1640–1703), 44*

  Matveev, Artamon (fl. 1650), 376, 377

  Maubeuge, Hainaut, 164, 712

  Maubuisson, convent at, 52

  Mauger, Jean (1648–1722), 95

  Mauvilain, M. de, physician (fl. 1669), 121

  Maximes sur la comédie (Bossuet), 79

  Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (r. 1679–1726), 425, 691, 702, 703, 706, 707, 714

  Maxims (La Rochefoucauld), 129, 156–58

  Mayow, John (1643–79), 516, 523

  Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal (Giulio Mazarini: 1602–61), 4–5, 34, 41, 91, 161, 416, 439, 440, 446, 691

  arts, literature fostered by, 39, 87, 129

  and Colbert, 18, 20

  and Cromwell, 194, 200, 204, 232, 430

  death of, 11–12, 13, 20

  family of, 4, 11, 28, 34, 140, 161, 249, 704

  fortune amassed by, 4, 11–12, 15, 19, 87

  and Fronde, 5–10, 13

  gossip linking Queen and, 4–5, 7

  Italian singers, actors imported by, 33, 104, 105

  library of, 484–85, 612–13

  portraits, bust, tomb of, 96, 98, 100

  religious toleration of, 5, 67, 69

  Mazeppa, Ivan Stepanovich (1640?–1709), 385–388

  passim

  Meaux, France, 79, 80, 85

  Medal, The (Dryden), 326

  medallions, 95

  Médecin malgré lui, Le (Molière), 120

  Medici, house of, 470, 474

  see also Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany

  Medici, Ferdinand de’, Prince (fl. 1709), 442, 445

  Medici, Giancarlo de’, Cardinal, 435

  Medici Palace, Florence, 100

  medicine, 120–21, 497, 521, 522, 524–28, 530

  Medigo, Elijah del (1463–98), 474

  Medina, Sir Solomon (fl. 1703), 309, 463

  Meditations (Descartes), 549

  Mediterranean, English control of, 707, 715

  French access to in jeopardy, 710

  Turkish domination in, 422

  Medway river, 276–77

  Meenen, Flanders, 712

  Meissen, Saxony, 419

  Melancthon, Philip (1497–1560), 80, 485

  Melo, Francisco Manuel de (1611–66), 446–447

  Mémoires (La Rochefoucauld), 156

  Memoirs of a Cavalier, The (Defoe), 336

  Mena, Pedro de (1628–88), 450

  Ménage, Gilles (1613–92), 125

  Menander (343?–249 B.C.), 108

  Mendes family, Lisbon bankers, 454

  Mendes da Costa (fl. 1655), 463

  Mennonites, 167, 171

  Menshikov, Aleksander Danilovich, Prince (1672–1729), 386, 392, 394, 395, 407

  Menteur, Le (Corneille), 131

  mercantilism, 24, 172, 173, 258–59, 566, 582, 698

  Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 460

  Mersenne, Marin (1588–1648), 55, 496, 500, 513, 535, 549

  meteorology, 504, 506

  Methodists, 195, 416, 496

  Methodus Plantarum Nova (Ray), 519

  Methuen, Treaty of (1703), 446

  Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 422*

  Metsu, Gabriel (1629–77), 168*

  Metz, France, 75, 457, 493

  Meulen, Adam van der (1632–90), 94

  Mexico, 275, 450, 508

  Gulf of, 26

  Meyer, Lodewijk (1630–81), 623, 633, 636

  Mézières, France, 74

  Michael Wisniowiecki, King of Poland (r. 1669–73), 371, 372

  Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti: 1475–1564), 90, 100, 101, 143, 265

  his Moses, 434

  Michelet, Jules (1798–1874), 37, 73, 81, 687

  Michiński, Sebastian (fl. 1618), 465–66

  Micrographia (Hooke), 507, 519, 535

  microscope, 498, 520–21, 522, 526, 528

  Middelburg, Zeeland, 230, 463

  Middle East, commerce with, 26

  Middlesex, Lord, 459

  Middlesex, England, 568

  Middleton, Conyers (1683–1750), 571

  Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare), 267

  Mieris, Frans Ivan (1635–81), 168*

  Mieris, Willem van (1622–47), 169*

  Mignard, Pierre (1610–95), 98, 99, 100, 125, 685

  Milan, duchy of, 44, 448, 455, 700, 708, 715

  Mill, John (1645–1707), 490

  Milton, Anne, dau. of poet (b. 1646), 224, 234, 242, 243

  Milton, Chr
istopher, bro. of poet, 242

  Milton, Deborah, dau. of poet (b. 1652), 229, 234, 242, 243

  Milton, Elizabeth Minshull (b. 1639), 234, 242

  Milton, John, father of poet (1563?–1647), 212, 213, 216, 224

  Milton, John (1608–74), 203, 212–43, 322, 343, 444, 492, 497

  appearance of, 239–40

  blindness of, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235, 239, 240, 241

  and Cambridge, 212–13, 219, 487

  Charles I’s execution defended by, 184, 213*, 227–32

  and daughters, 229, 232, 235, 242–43

  death of, 242

  on divorce, 222–23, 238, 242

  on education, 217–18

  and episcopacy controversy, 218–20

  and free press, 224–26, 227, 231, 243, 313, 483

  as Latin secretary, 207, 227–33

  marriages of, 222–24, 229, 232, 234, 242–43

  and Paradise Lost, 235–38, 241, 243

  on Piedmont massacre, 232, 430

  and polygamy, 238, 240, 272

  religion of, 238–39, 543, 570

  and Restoration, 207–8, 234, 240, 242, 243, 269

  and Samson Agonistes, 240, 241–42

  and social-contract theory, 226, 555

  style of, 215, 220, 236, 243, 324

  Milton, Katharine Woodcock (d. 1658), 232

  Milton, Mary, dau. of poet (b. 1648), 224, 234, 242, 243

  Milton, Mary Powell (d. 1652), 222–24, 229, 242

  Minas Gerais, Brazil, 446

  Minden, bishopric of, 412

  Minimes, Les, Church of, Paris, 76

  Minorca, 714, 715

  Minshull, Elizabeth, see Milton, Elizabeth Minshull

  Minutes of Lives (Aubrey), 330

  Mirabell Garden, Salzburg, 427

  miracles, 61, 566, 571, 601, 606, 610, 621, 626–27, 640, 674

  Miracles No Violations of the Laws of Nature (Blount), 568

  Mirror of the Polish Crown (Michiński), 465–66

  Misanthrope, Le (Molière), 106, 120–23, 129, 316

  Mississippi river, 26

  Mist (periodical), 336

  Mr. Collins’ Discourse . . . Put into Plain English (Swift), 572

  Mithridate (Racine), 138

  Mitridate Eupatore (Scarlatti), 445

  Mock Astrologer (Dryden), 315

  Modena, Leo ben Isaac (1571–1648), 475–76

  Modène, Esprit Raymond de Moirmoron, Comte de (fl. 1637), 106

  Modest Confutation, A (Hall), 219, 222

  Modest Proposal, A (Swift), 361–62

  Moghilev, Russia, 467

  “Mohács, second battle of” (1687), 424–25, 691

  Mohammed (570–632), 208, 493

  Mohammed II, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1451–81), 426

  Mohammed IV, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1648–91), 421–24

  passim, 472–74

  passim

  Mohammedanism, 208, 421, 425, 469, 473, 493, 509, 529, 571–572, 589, 607, 608

  Molé, Mathieu (1584–1656), 9

 

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