War by Other Means
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Iran: Chinese geoeconomics related to, 138, 140, 143; cyberattacks against, 60; cyberattacks by, 61, 65–66; energy industry in, 38, 87, 103, 208, 209, 211–212, 236, 343–344n50; foreign exchange crisis in, 192, 282n64; Iranian hostage crisis, 171–172, 190; Middle East peace process and, 194; North Korean black market sales to, 105; Qatar investment in, 40; sanctions against, 58, 59, 66, 138, 143, 189–190, 197–200, 211–212, 216, 222, 249, 343–344n50; Venezualan relations with, 140; Yemen support from, 6
Iraq: energy industry in, 208; Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham, 5, 133, 194, 215; Middle East peace process and, 194; sanctions against, 59; U.S. military actions in, 35, 46, 254
Islamic Infrastructure Financing Facility, 241
Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), 5, 133, 194, 215
Israel: cyberattacks by, 60; economic assistance to, 69, 200–201, 339nn75–76; energy industry in, 6, 205; investment policies related to, 56; loans to, 80; Middle East peace process and, 194, 200–201
Italy: sanctions against, 36
Japan: Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank absence of, 115; boycotts against, 107, 108–109, 110; Chinese geoeconomics related to, 4, 94, 106–110, 112, 135, 304n102; coercive geoeconomics response of, 41; cyberattacks against, 109; economic assistance by, 71, 73, 110, 243, 288n151; energy industry/consumption in, 212, 213, 217, 236; financial and monetary policy in, 79, 80, 82, 293n192, 321n100; investment policy in, 53; Pacific Islanders Leaders Meeting in, 110; rare earth bans against, 107–108, 304n102; sanctions impacting, 58, 109; Taiwan relations with, 98; territorial sovereignty claims against, 106, 107, 108–109, 110; Trans-Pacific Partnership talks including, 12, 217, 230; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 3, 94, 106–110, 166, 230, 232
Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 154, 155–156
Jetly, Rajshree, 122
Jin Baisong, 109
Johnson, Lyndon B., 3, 165–166, 168
Johnson, Simon, 182
Johnson & Johnson, 63
Jordan: energy policies in, 85; Gulf countries’ economic assistance to, 5; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 50, 175, 241
JPMorgan Chase, 66, 67, 73, 107
Kabila, Joseph, 201
Kagan, Robert, 35, 46, 174
Kazakhstan: energy policies/industry in, 85–86, 208; Eurasian Union involvement of, 70
Kelanic, Rosemary, 43
Kennan, George, 162–163, 166–167, 253
Kennedy, John F., 3, 164, 169
Kennedy, Paul, 74, 289n162, 289n164
Kerry, John, 201
Kessler, Martin, 181
Keynes, John Maynard, 31, 178, 184, 331n111, 331–332n116
Khrushchev, Nikita, 167
Kim, Samuel, 102
Kim Jong Un, 103
Kindleberger, Charles, 76
Kiribati: PALM participation by, 110
Kirshner, Jonathan, 80, 146
Kissinger, Henry, 36, 168, 169, 170, 175, 179, 266n36
Koizumi, Junichiro, 107
Korean war, 163
Kramer, Andrew, 51
Krisciunas, Rolandas, 77
Kristol, William, 174
Kuhn, Robert, 149
Kuwait: economic assistance by, 71, 133
Kwangson (Foreign Trade) Bank, 105
Kyrgyzstan: energy industry in, 85; Russian geoeconomics in, 34, 51
Landes, David, 74
Laos: Chinese geoeconomics in, 111, 116, 117–118
Latin America: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 4, 96, 274n55; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 2, 159, 242–245. See also specific countries
Latvia: euro adoption by, 77
Leanca, Iurie, 52
Lebanon: economic assistance to, 69, 72
Lee Kuan Yew, 134–135, 191
Lee Teng-hui, 96–97, 102
Lend-Lease policy, 3, 159–160, 162
Lenihan, Ashley Thomas, 57
Lewis, James, 64
Liberal economic thought, 30–32, 177
Liberia: Chinese relations with, 44
Libya: economic assistance to, 72, 133; geoeconomic backfires related to, 133–134; investment policy in, 56; Qatar’s investment in, 34, 72, 132–133
Licensing requirements, 135–136, 170
Li Keqiang, 43, 123, 149
Lin, Kenneth, 100
Lincoln, Abraham, 2
Litan, Robert, 202
Lithuania: euro adoption by, 77; Russian trade policy with, 50
Liu Guijin, 45
Liu Xiaobo, 129
Livingston, Robert, 155
Lloyd’s, 58
Loans: Chinese geoeconomics using, 40, 45, 73–74, 79–80, 118, 125, 139–140, 275n60; economic assistance via, 73–74; financial and monetary policy related to, 79–85, 144–147, 192; Russian geoeconomics using, 34; U.S. geoeconomics using, 3, 28, 79–80, 159–160, 162, 166, 195, 248–249
Locklear, Samuel J., III, 237
Louisiana Purchase, 2, 155
Lovett, Robert, 163
Lukashenko, Alexander, 34
Luttwak, Edward, 22, 26
MacArthur, Arthur, Jr., 156
Malawi: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 140
Malaysia: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 111, 116, 117, 120
Mallaby, Sebastian, 139, 141
Mandelbaum, Michael, 6, 8, 24, 26
Manzi, Jim, 227
Mao Zedong, 95, 102, 257
Margvelashvili, Girogi, 50
Markey, Daniel, 125
Marshall, George, 3, 162–163
Marshall Islands: PALM participation by, 110
Marshall Plan, 10, 49, 82, 161, 163
Ma Ying-jeou, 97–98, 100, 101
Mazarr, Michael, 74
McAfee, 64
McDonald’s, 136
McDonnell-Douglas, 26
McKinsey, 214
Mead, Walter Russell, 23, 172
Meade, José Antonio, 230
Mercantilism, 30–32
Mercedes, 36
Merkel, Angela, 234
Meshaal, Khaled, 133
Mexico: energy industry in, 38, 207, 208, 236; financial and monetary policy impacting, 82; geoeconomics of, 34, 256; NAFTA with, 180, 181, 230–231, 293–294n201; Pacific Alliance with, 242; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 189
Micronesia, Federated States of: PALM participation by, 110
Microsoft, 136
Middle East / North Africa Incentive Fund (MENA-IF), 195–196, 239
Middle East / North Africa Trade and Investment Partnership (MENA-TIP), 195–196, 239–240
Military power and actions: Afghanistan-Soviet conflict as, 27, 171–172; Afghanistan-U.S. conflict as, 35, 46, 254; American Revolution as, 154–157; challenging American, 35; Chinese use of, 44, 46, 58, 62, 95, 96, 110, 112, 121, 122–123, 134; Crimean-Russian conflict as, 46, 210, 223; cyberattacks related to, 60, 62, 68; geopolitics involving, 23, 24–25, 44; Georgian-Russian conflict as, 35, 46, 210; hybrid geoeconomic strategies with, 28–30, 35–36; investment policy and, 58; Iraq-U.S. conflict as, 35, 46, 254; ISIS response as, 5, 194; Korean war as, 163; military aid as economic assistance, 29–30, 68–74, 122, 163; NATO actions as, 167, 170, 234, 253; 9/11 terrorist attacks and response as, 122, 174–175, 197, 202–203, 254; North Korean, 103, 105, 163; Sudan-South Sudan conflict as, 44; UAE airstrikes as, 133; Ukraine-Russian conflict as, 36, 210, 223; U.S. Civil War as, 156; U.S. foreign policy involving, 1–2, 3–4, 35, 46, 121, 122–123, 154–162, 163, 166–176, 194, 221–223, 228, 234, 248, 253–254, 255, 256; Vietnam War as, 3, 168, 328n61; World Wars I and II as, 3, 28, 36, 157–162, 251; Yemen Houthi rebel conflict as, 6, 71
Miller, J. Irwin, 166
Miller Committee, 166, 168, 169
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, 110
Modi, Narendra, 94, 126–127, 233, 313n237
Moghanjoughi, Ali Akbar, 40
Moldova: Russian trade policy with, 50, 52, 131, 276–277n10, 277n19
Monetary policy. See Financial and monetary policy
Mongolia: economic assistance to, 242
Monroe, James, 155
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Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 159, 160
Morocco: U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 175
Morrow, Holly, 147
Morsi, Mohamed, 5, 28, 39, 71, 81, 88, 132, 200
Mubarak, Hosni, 28, 71, 88, 200
Mugabe, Robert, 46, 137–138
Mullen, Mike, 187
Murphy, Chris, 185
Mussolini, Benito, 36
Myanmar: Chinese geoeconomics in, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118–120; contracts bolstering autocratic regimes in, 45, 46
NASDAQ, 63
National Economic Council (NEC), 247
National Security Council, International Economics Directorate, 247
Nauru: PALM participation by, 110
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 85–86
Netherlands, the: economic assistance by, 243; Russian trade policy with, 51; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 157–158
New Silk Road, 84, 94, 118, 124–125, 149
New York Times: cyberattacks against, 62
New Zealand: PALM participation by, 110; Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership with, 181
Nexen Inc., 148
Nicaragua: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 96
Nigeria: Chinese relations with, 44; energy industry in, 206, 207, 208, 236
Night Dragon, 64
9/11 terrorist attacks and response, 122, 174–175, 197, 203, 254
Nitze, Paul, 167
Niue: PALM participation by, 110
Nixon, Richard, 3, 168–170, 175, 176, 330n101
North American Development Bank, 230
North American energy revolution: climate change issue pursuit via, 218–219; environmental considerations with, 216; fracking in, 204, 205–206, 216; geoeconomics of, 16, 38, 90, 201–202, 204–219, 235–236, 342n36, 343–344n50; global market changes related to, 38, 215; horizontal drilling in, 205; infrastructure, construction, and services boosts from, 214, 216; international geopolitical landscape reshaped by, 207–213; job creation via, 214; light tight oil (LTO) production in, 38, 206, 207, 212–213, 214, 216; manufacturing sector boosts from, 214; new energy landscape including, 205–207; overview of, 204–205, 219; price impacts of, 208–212, 213, 214, 219, 342n36; sea-lane protection and, 207; sharpening geoeconomic instruments due to, 216–219; sources of American advantages from, 214–216; U.S. foreign policy/national interests as result of, 215, 235–236
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 180, 181, 230–231, 293–294n201
North American Investment Fund, 230
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 36, 51, 165, 167, 170, 230, 234, 253
North Korea: black market sales in, 105–106; Chinese geoeconomics related to, 93–94, 102–106; contracts bolstering autocratic regimes in, 45; cyberattacks by, 61, 64, 66; energy policy in, 86, 103; Korean war in, 163; Kwangson (Foreign Trade) Bank in, 105; military power and actions in, 103, 105, 163; sanctions against, 59, 91, 105–106; special economic zones in, 104, 105
Norway: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 129; energy industry in, 38; investment policy in, 56; state capitalism in, 37; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 157
Obama, Barack/Obama administration, 25, 66, 70, 91, 127, 181, 183, 192, 194, 195–196, 198, 216, 222, 229, 233, 234, 239, 240, 247, 248, 252, 253
Office of Economic Warfare, 161, 202
Official development assistance. See Bilateral development assistance
Oil industry. See Energy industry
Oman: economic assistance by, 5
Omnibus Trade and Competitive Act of 1988, 182
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 38, 90, 175, 206, 208, 212, 219
O’Sullivan, Meghan L., 204
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), 243–244, 249
Pacific Alliance, 242
Pacific Energy Zone, 236
Pacific Islanders Leaders Meeting (PALM), 110
Paine, Thomas, 154–155
Pakistan: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, 124–125; Chinese geoeconomics related to, 94, 120–128, 311n197; economic assistance to, 71, 72, 125–126, 201; military power and actions in, 121, 122–123, 248
Palau: PALM participation by, 110
Panetta, Leon, 65
Papua New Guinea: PALM participation by, 110
Pastor, Robert, 30
Paulson, Hank, 83
PDVSA, 45
Perlez, Jane, 116
Peru: economic assistance to, 242; Pacific Alliance with, 242
Philippines: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 4, 111, 112–113, 114, 116, 120, 131, 145, 314n6; economic assistance to, 70; energy industry in, 314n6; National Grid Corporation in, 116; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 12, 156
Pihlman, Jukka, 142
Poland: energy industry in, 210, 217; Russian trade policy with, 5
Poroshenko, Petro, 51, 277n17
Powell, Colin, 180
Project 863, 61–62
Project Independence, 175
Putin, Vladimir, 5, 34, 36, 51, 84, 86, 210, 234, 347n31
Qaddafi, Muammar, 56, 72, 133–134
Qatar: cyberattacks against, 64; domestic market features in, 89; economic assistance by, 71, 72; energy industry in, 87, 206; financial and monetary policy in, 81; investment policy in, 28, 34, 40, 53, 56, 57, 132–133
Qualifying Industrial Zones, 50
RAND Corporation, 139
RasGas, 64
Reagan, Ronald, 172–173, 253
Reilly, James, 93, 96, 107, 115
Repsol, 43
Republic of the Congo: North Korean black market sales to, 105
Rio Tinto, 63, 273n48
Rodrik, Dani, 188
Romania: U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 165
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 2–3, 159, 160, 251
Rosneft, 40, 42
Rostow, Walt, 164–165, 328n61
Rothkopf, David, 25
Rouhani, Hassan, 199
Rousseff, Dilma, 40
RSA, 63
Rubin, Robert, 82
Russia: Chinese alliances with, 39, 40, 54, 83, 130, 150, 213, 323nn119–120; contracts with, bolstering autocratic regimes, 45–46; Crimean relations with, 5, 46, 210, 223; cyberattacks by, 60, 61, 65, 67, 191–192; Cyprus bailout by, 5, 39, 132, 133, 260–261n15; domestic market features in, 89; Eastern Partnership with, 51, 52–53; economic assistance by, 5, 69–70, 71, 73, 132, 133, 200; energy industry in, 4–5, 38, 40, 42, 54, 59, 85–87, 90, 147, 150, 167, 206, 208, 209–210, 212–213, 217–218, 235, 236, 323nn119–120; Eurasian Union support by, 5, 34, 50, 70; financial and monetary policy in, 79, 80–82, 83–84, 347n32; geoeconomic policy choices of, 4–5, 39, 222, 224–225; Georgian relations with, 5, 35, 46, 50, 60, 210; Greek bailout by, 5, 39, 132; Hungarian bailout by, 39, 132; investment policy in, 34, 39, 53, 55; sanctions against, 59, 67, 79, 132, 136, 143–144, 197–199, 223, 234–235, 337–338nn67–68; state capitalism in, 36, 37, 42, 88; taxes and tariffs in, 42; trade policy of, 5, 50–53, 131, 276–277n10, 277n19; Ukranian bailout by, 39, 55, 73, 81; Ukranian encroachment by, 4–5, 36, 210, 223, 256; U.S. Alaska purchase from, 156; U.S. foreign policy addressing, 36, 234–235, 256 (see also specific countries, sanctions against). See also Soviet Union
Salem, Paul, 72
SALT II, 170
Samoa: PALM participation by, 110
Samore, Gary, 198
Sanctions: Chinese geoeconomics involving, 59, 96, 105–106, 109, 138; cyberattacks in response to, 66, 67; effective use of, 36, 58–59; embargoes decoupled from, 267n44; financial and monetary policy impacting, 78–79, 90, 91, 143–144, 192; Iranian, 58, 59, 66, 138, 143, 189–190, 197–200, 211–212, 216, 222, 249, 343–344n50; North American energy revolution impacting, 216; North Korean, 59, 91, 105–106; Russian, 59, 67, 79, 132, 136, 143–144, 197–199, 223, 234–235, 337–338nn67–68; U.S. geoeconomics involving, 36, 58–59, 66, 67, 90, 91, 96, 105, 132, 136, 138, 143–144, 152, 155–156, 189–190, 192, 196–200, 216, 222, 223, 234–235, 244, 249, 337–338nn67–68, 343–344n50
Sanger, David, 68
; Santiago Principles, 57
São Tomé and Principe, 140
Sargent, Daniel, 22
Sarhoo, Niranjan, 127
Sata, Michael, 129
Saudi Arabia: cyberattacks against, 64, 65; economic assistance by, 5, 69, 71, 72, 125, 133, 211; energy industry in, 38, 43, 64, 65, 85, 87, 208, 210–211, 236; investment policy in, 88
Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco), 64, 65
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 156
Schmidt, Helmut, 49, 76–77, 82
Segal, Adam, 65, 285n107
Seward, William, 156
Shah, Pir Zubair, 125
Sharif, Nawaz, 124, 127
Shen Danyang, 135
Shinzo Abe, 73
Shultz, George, 252
Singapore: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 116, 120, 134, 150–151, 213; domestic market features in, 89; energy industry in, 213; Taiwan relations with, 98; Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership with, 181
Sinopec, 43
Smith, Adam, 30–31, 32, 177
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), 58, 211
SolarWorld AG, 62
Solomon Islands: PALM participation by, 110
Sony Pictures, 66, 91
South Africa: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 96; Standard Bank in, 41
Southeast Asia: China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement in, 115; Chinese geoeconomics in, 94, 111–120, 131, 145, 147–148; investment and infrastructure projects in, 115–117, 119–120; supporting historical allies in, 117–118; territorial sovereignty claims in, 111–112; trade policies impacting, 112–113, 115, 119–120, 131; U.S. relations in, 111–112, 113–114, 156. See also specific countries
South Korea: Chinese geoeconomics related to, 4, 135; cyberattacks against, 64; economic assistance by, 73, 118; economic assistance to, 166; energy industry/consumption in, 212, 213, 236; financial and monetary policy in, 321n100; investment policy in, 53; Korean war in, 163; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 166
Sovereign wealth funds (SWF), 54–57, 88, 89, 137, 269n20, 279n39, 279–280nn44–46
Soviet Union: Afghanistan invasion by, 27, 171–172; Angola civil war involvement of, 170; Cold War with, 33, 34, 163, 164–173, 176–177, 253; collapse of, 173, 253; embargo against, 163–164, 171–172, 173; Sputnik I launch by, 164; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 27, 59, 159–160, 162–168, 169–173. See also Russia