by Eric Reed
8. Anderson, Imagined Communities. On the French experience and the importance of standardized curricula and textbooks, see Thiesse, Ils apprenaient la France.
9. Hobsbawm, “Mass- Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870 – 1914,” 287– 91.
10. Ardis and Collier, eds., Transatlantic Print Culture, 1880 – 1940.
11. Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 212 – 14, 221, 232.
12. Dine, “Shaping the Colonial Body,” 36.
13. Dine, “The French Colonial Myth of a Pan- European Civilization,” 3 – 9; Dine, “France, Algeria, and Sport: From Colonization to Globalization.”
14. Holt, Sport and the British, 212 – 23; Mangan, “Britain’s Chief Spiritual Export”; Tozer,
“A Sacred Trinity.”
15. Murray, The World’s Game, 22 – 23.
16. Dine, French Rugby Football, 25, 47.
17. Echevarria, The Pride of Havana; Regalado, “Viva Baseball!”; Rader, Baseball.
18. On the press’s important role in constituting American football communities, see Oriard, Reading Football.
19. Murray points out that after British travelers implanted soccer abroad, “indigenous”
soccer cultures had blossomed and led to the establishment of amateur and professional teams and leagues in North America, South America, and Asia. Murray, The World’s Game, 2 – 5, 15 – 41.
20. Seymour and Seymour Mills, Baseball, 15 – 16.
21. Samuel O. Regalado points out that Cubans were as important as Americans in spread-ing baseball to Mexico and the Caribbean. Regalado, “Viva Baseball!,” 329.
22. On the technological development of the bicycle in the Western world, see Seray, Deux roues; Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du cyclisme; Herlihy, Bicycle; Ritchie, Quest for Speed.
23. “Tour de France d’une exposition consacrée à la bicyclette,” 5.
24. Smith, A Social History of the Bicycle, 25, 27.
25. Willard, A Wheel within a Wheel, 21– 22, 74 – 75.
26. Ibid., 38.
27. Kenealy, “Woman as Athlete,” 365 – 67.
28. Ibid., 369 – 70.
29. Thompson, “Bicycling, Class, and the Politics of Leisure in Belle Epoque France,”
134 – 35.
30. Willard, A Wheel within a Wheel, 40.
31. Smith, A Social History of the Bicycle, 107– 9.
32. Andrew Ritchie chronicles these competitions and their stars in detail in Quest for Speed.
33. Ibid.; Cronin and Holt, “Globalization of Sport,” 26; Dine, Sport and Identity in France, 48 – 52.
204
n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 5 – 2 0
34. Taylor, The Fastest Bicycle Rider in the World, 1– 4.
35. The enormous £1,500 fee an Australian newspaper syndicate paid Taylor for three months of racing in 1903 – 4 equaled fi fteen times the annual earnings of an average Australian.
Ritchie, Major Taylor, 195.
36. Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, 84, 88.
37. Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du cyclisme, 27.
38. Ibid., 37.
39. Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, 88.
40. Dauncey, French Cycling, 65 – 73.
41. Hare, Football in France, 15 – 21; Wahl, Les archives du football, 126.
42. Dubois, Soccer Empire, 180 – 84.
43. Goldblatt, The Ball Is Round, 135 – 37, 144 – 45.
44. Goldstein, “The Base Ball Fraternity,” 10 – 13; Rader, Baseball, 6 – 10.
45. Roberto Gonzalez Echevarria argues that American sports journalists created and perpetuated this myth but that Castro used baseball as a way to popularize himself with Cubans.
Echevarria, The Pride of Havana, 6 – 7.
46. Regalado, “Viva Baseball!,” 331– 35.
47. Roden, “Baseball and the Quest for National Dignity in Meiji Japan,” 291– 302.
48. Ruth Oldenziel and Adri Albert de la Bruhèze portray “the spread of bicycles as an early example of glocalization, the process by which a globally distributed product is tailored locally to fi t local laws, customs, and user preferences and cultures” in their introduction to a special edition of the journal Transfers that is devoted to the bicycle. Oldenziel and Albert de la Bruhèze,
“Cycling in a Global World,” 24.
49. López, “The Failed Vuelta.”
50. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800 – 1932, 214.
51. Ibid., 190, 214.
52. Smith, A Social History of the Bicycle, 244 – 46.
53. Laux, The European Automobile Industry, 130.
54. Ibid., 130.
55. Herlihy, Bicycle, 328.
56. Larsen and Nilsson, “Consumption and Production of Bicycles in Denmark, 1890 –
1980,” 144.
57. Männistö- Funk, “The Prime, Decline, and Recalling of Rural Cycling,” 52, 53, 64.
58. Boal, “The World of the Bicycle,” 170.
59. Warren, Rickshaw Coolie, 85 – 87, 90.
60. Alexander, Japan’s Motorcycle Wars, 22, 25, 32, 41– 42, 49.
61. Herlihy, Bicycle, 330.
62. Esfehani, “The Bicycle’s Long Way to China.”
63. Rhoads, “Cycles of Cathay,” 106 – 7.
64. Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du cyclisme, 41.
65. Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, 84.
66. Dauncey, French Cycling, 45
67. Hubscher et al., L’histoire en mouvements, 83.
68. Durry, Le Vélo, 22.
69. Seray, Deux roues, 155; “Tour de France d’une exposition consacrée à la bicyclette,” 5.
70. Weber, France, fi n de siècle, 204; Weber, “Gymnastics and Sports in Fin- de- Siècle France,” 82.
n o t e s t o p a g e s 2 0 – 3 3
205
71. Hubscher et al., eds., L’histoire en mouvements, 83.
72. Holt, “The Bicycle, the Bourgeoisie and the Discovery of Rural France,” 129.
73. “Tour de France d’une exposition consacrée à la bicyclette,” 5.
74. Hubscher et al., L’histoire en mouvements, 51, 93 – 95. A national sporting association federation announced in 1930 that 28,321 sporting societies existed in France and that sporting societies claimed 4.2 million members. L’Auto, August 9, 1930, cited in Tétart, ed., Histoire du sport en France, 83.
75. Seidler, Le sport et la presse, 31.
76. Hubscher et al., L’histoire en mouvements, 86.
77. Seidler, Le sport et la presse, 26.
78. Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du cyclisme, 49.
79. Ibid., 38.
80. Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, 93.
81. Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du cyclisme, 77.
82. Augendre, L’histoire, les archives, 7.
83. Allen, In the Public Eye, 212.
Chapter Two
1. Magowan, Tour de France, 8.
2. “M. Desgranges, (Henri Antoine), renseignements,” October 1, 1901, APPP BA /1697.
3. Desgrange, La tête et les jambs.
4. “M. Desgranges (Henri- Antoine), renseignements,” October 1, 1901; “A.S. de M. Henri Desgranges, Légion d’Honneur,” December 18, 1927, APPP BA /1697.
5. Thompson, Tour de France, 17– 19.
6. L’Auto, October 16, 1900.
7. “M. Desgranges (Henri- Antoine), renseignements,” October 1, 1901, APPP BA /1697.
8. Seidler, Le sport et la presse, 45.
9. Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France, 19.
10. Géo Lefèvre, interview by Marcel Diamant- Berger, 15 – 17.
11. Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France, 22 – 23.
12. “Le Tour à 50 ans,” L’Équipe, special ed., June 21, 1953.
13. Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France, 49 – 66.
14. Tétart, “De la balle à la plume,” 306.
15. Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, 99.
16. On ma
ss- market publishing and tourism culture, see Bertho- Lavenir, La roue et le stylo, 87– 136; Harp, Marketing Michelin.
17. L’Auto, July 11, 1906.
18. Augendre, L’histoire, les archives, 7– 29.
19. By 1910, the combined circulation of L’Auto’s two closest competitors, Sports (50,000
per day) and Jockey (35,000 per day, specialized in horse racing) did not come close to equaling L’Auto’s 120,000 copies per day and 300,000 copies per day during the Tour. Allen, In the Public Eye, appendix, table A.3.
20. L’Auto, June 27, 1920.
21. L’Auto, July 1, 1903.
22. L’Auto, June 27, 1920.
23. L’Auto, July 23, 1919.
206
n o t e s t o p a g e s 3 3 – 4 2
24. L’Auto, July 6, 1920.
25. L’Auto, July 11, 1906.
26. L’Auto, July 22, 1919. On commemoration of the Great War during the 1919 Tour, see Thompson, Tour de France, 67– 71.
27. L’Auto, July 12, 1906.
28. L’Auto, July 17, 1920.
29. Le Petit Parisien, June 27, 1924. Londres employs the English term “hard labour.”
30. Miami News, July 7, 1929.
31. Le Petit Parisien, May 2 and 3, 1935.
32. L’Humanité, June 19, 1927.
33. L’Humanité, June 18, 1927. Christopher Thompson discusses the 1924 drama, the characterization of the Tour as work, and clashes between cyclists and Tour organizers throughout the Tour’s history as workplace confl icts, in Tour de France, 141– 214.
34. De la Motte and Przyblyski, eds., Making the News.
35. Alcyon Sales Brochure, 1911, BN 8- WZ- 5190.
36. Ibid.
37. Hawera & Normanby Star (New Zealand), June 15, 1914, NLNZ.
38. Reading (PA) Eagle, August 4, 1929, GNA. Similar advertisements appeared between July 24 and August 14, 1929, in twelve newspapers found in the Google News Archive.
39. Straits Times (Singapore), October 24 and November 24, 1930. NLS.
40. L’Auto, July 28, 1930.
41. “Tour de France d’une exposition consacrée à la bicyclette,” 5.
42. Le Petit Parisien, July 7, 1929.
43. Chapman, State Capitalism and Working- Class Radicalism, 50.
44. “Tour de France d’une exposition consacrée à la bicyclette,” 5; Weber, The Hollow Years, 161.
45. Magne and Terbeen, Antonin Magne, 47– 48.
46. Leducq, Une fl eur au guidon, 135.
47. Magne and Terbeen, Antonin Magne, 43.
48. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 44.
49. L’Auto, July 2, 1930.
50. L’Auto, June 29, 1930 and July 2, 1930.
51. Leducq, Une fl eur au guidon, 143.
52. Joan Tumblety notes that this trend typifi ed other sports, including amateur ones, in her analysis of France’s hosting of the 1938 Soccer World Cup. Tumblety, “The Soccer World Cup of 1938,” 82 – 93, 116.
53. “Caravane offi cielle du Tour 1935,” ADBP 4 M 102.
54. L’Auto, June 23, 1937.
55. Augendre, L’histore, les archives, 29, 37.
56. L’Auto, supplement, June 26, 1931; L’Auto, April 1, 1931.
57. L’Auto, June 1, 1937.
58. L’Auto, July 4, 1931.
59. On how Desgrange promoted the Tour as a role model for the working classes and ideal labor- management relations, see Thompson, Tour de France, 141– 79.
60. Letter to mayor of Brest, October 17, 1938, AMB 1 I 5(3).
61. Minutes, Chambre de Commerce de Brest meeting, December 15, 1938, AMB 1 I 5(3).
n o t e s t o p a g e s 4 2 – 4 9
207
62. In 1928 and 1929, Strasbourg offered the Tour a subvention of 560 francs, while Caen offered an annual subvention of 1,500 francs beginning in 1927. “Motion Woehl,” July 16, 1935, AMS 30 – 269; Comité Caennais du Tour de France, “Dix ans du comité Caennais du Tour de France cyclist,” 1935, AMC.
63. Service d’ordre for stage town Pau were estimated at 7,427 francs in 1938. Letter to the Ministère de l’Intérieur, June 2, 1938, ADBP 4 M 102.
64. Allen, In the Public Eye, appendix I, table A.3; Bellanger et al., Histoire générale de la presse française, 3:524 – 27.
65. Seidler, Le sport et la presse, 62.
66. New York Times, December 31, 1932; Spokane (WA) Daily Chronicle, August 1 and 10, 1933, GNA; Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun, August 2, 1933, GNA; Berkeley (CA) Daily Gazette, July 27, 1933, GNA.
67. New York Times, July 19, 1926, and March 29, 1931.
68. Wanganui Herald (New Zealand), April 1, 1903, NLNZ. A Wellington, New Zealand, newspaper also posted an announcement about the creation of the Tour in June. Evening Post (Wellington, NZ), June 6, 1903, NLNZ.
69. Otago Witness (Dunedin, New Zealand), September 16, 1903, NLNZ.
70. Otago Witness (Dunedin, New Zealand), September 30, 1908, NLNZ.
71. Otago Witness (Dunedin, New Zealand), March 11, 1908, NLNZ.
72. Star (Christchurch, New Zealand), November 28, 1904, NLNZ.
73. Grey River Argus (Greymouth, New Zealand), July 15, 1912, NLNZ.
74. Marlborough Express (New Zealand), December 19, 1913, NLNZ.
75. Marlborough Express (New Zealand), March 18, 1914, NLNZ. The paper misspelled Passerieu as “Passerin.”
76. Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), August 24, 1914; Adelaide Register (Australia), September 23, 1914, NLA.
77. Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), May 9, 1930; Sydney Mail (Australia), March 14, 1928, NLA.
78. Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), October 14, 1914, NLA.
79. Western Mail (Perth), December 15, 1927, NLA.
80. Argus (Melbourne), June 14, 1928, NLA.
81. Argus (Melbourne), June 16, 1928, NLA.
82. New Zealand Truth (Wellington), October 11, 1928, NLNZ.
83. Canberra Times (Australia), June 27, 1928, NLA.
84. New York Times, April 21, 1996.
85. Argus (Melbourne), December 4, 1928, NLA.
86. Argus (Melbourne), September 29, 1928, NLA.
87. Argus (Melbourne), November 29, 1928, NLA.
88. Mail (Adelaide), August 1, 1953, NLA. It should be noted that a planned multistage race planned to coincide with Australia’s actual jubilee celebration in 1951 was canceled due to illness of the organizer.
89. New York Times, May 11, 1912. The duel was also reported in the Chester (PA) Times and the Fort Wayne News (IN).
90. The paper also reported that most French girls dreamed of becoming tennis champion Susanne Lenglen. Saint Petersburg (FL) Times, July 26, 1926, GNA.
91. Time, July 16, 1934.
208
n o t e s t o p a g e s 4 9 – 5 7
92. Ibid.; New York Times, June 26, 1927.
93. New York Times, July 27, 1930, and June 26, 1927.
94. New York Times, June 19, 1926.
95. New York Times, July 27, 1930.
96. New York Times, March 28, 1928.
97. New York Times, July 2, 1928.
98. New York Times, July 14, 1931.
99. Jacques Goddet, interview by author, tape recording, Issy- les- Moulineaux, France, July 2, 1999.
100. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 129 – 30.
101. L’Auto, October 7, 1942.
Chapter Three
1. Le Monde, June 30, 2003.
2. Noin and Chauviré, La population de la France, 6.
3. Fourastié, Les trente glorieuses, 150 – 52.
4. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 105; Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies, 29.
5. Fourastié, Les trente glorieuses, 76, 83.
6. Defi ned as time other than work, sleeping, or family- and home- related duties and chores. Dumazedier, Révolution culturelle du temps libre, 28.
7. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 14, 113 – 21. Jackie Clarke argues against understanding this tension in fi xed, polar, or deterministic terms that pitted an “American” future against
a “French” past. Instead, Clarke argues that the meanings and discourses of modernity and tradition in France evolved over time and that the language of modernity must be historicized.
Clarke, “France, America, and the Metanarrative of Modernization.”
8. Brochand, Histoire générale de la radio et de la télévision en France, 1:440 – 41.
9. Ménécier, “Comment est organisé le plus grand radioreportage mobile du monde?,” 259.
10. Declaration of Pierre Caillaux au colloque du Comité national d’études sociales et politiques, séance du 10 juin 1929, 3, Documentation Radio- France no. 66, cited in Brochand, Histoire générale de la radio et de la télévision en France, 1:108; United States Bureau of the Census and US Department of Commerce, Fifteenth Census of the United States, 4.
11. Albert, La presse française, 25, cited in Kuhn, The Media in France, 109 – 10.
12. Kuhn, The Media in France, 109.
13. The number of television sets in France grew from 297 in 1949 to 442,533 in 1956 to 3.4 million in 1962 and to 12.3 million in 1972. Brochand, Histoire générale de la radio et de la télévision en France, 2:501– 2.
14. Neulander, Programming National Identity, 4 – 5.
15. Kuhn, The Media in France, 109.
16. Jackson, The Popular Front in France, 123 – 26; Lebovics, True France, 156 – 57.
17. L’Auto, June 27, 1937.
18. L’Auto, July 1, 1937. These totals do not include the coverage offered by several regional radio stations.
19. Statistics compiled from Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France, 862 – 85; Augendre, L’histoire, les archives, 19 – 39.
20. Le Patriote des Pyrénées, July 20, 1935.
n o t e s t o p a g e s 5 7 – 6 2
209
21. Remonté and Depoux, Les années radio, 10.
22. Kuhn, The Media in France, 129.
23. Ibid., 92.
24. Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 442.
25. On how French television packaged philosophers for mass audiences, see Chaplin, Turning on the Mind.
26. Remonté and Depoux, Les années radio, 34, 46.
27. Ibid., 23 – 24, 40 – 42.
28. Merlin, C’était formidable! , 365 – 74.
29. Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 442 – 43.
30. Bourdon, Histoire de la télévision sous de Gaulle, 44 – 45, cited in Kuhn, The Media in France, 132 – 33.
31. Joelle Neulander notes this trend in her analysis of radio in the 1930s. Neulander, Programming National Identity, 23 – 27.