by Eric Reed
32. Letter from P. Thominet to M. Michel, June 17, 1953, CAC 771612/392.
33. Sabbagh, Encore vous, Sabbagh! , 104.
34. Wille, “The Tour as an Agent of Change in Media Production,” 136.
35. Marcillac, Sport et télévision, 42
36. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 208.
37. Tchernia, Mon petit bonhomme de chemin, 87; Sallebert, Entre l’arbre et l’écorce, 122 – 23; Sabbagh, Encore vous, Sabbagh! , 105.
38. Sallebert, Entre l’arbre et l’écorce, 121; Brochand, Histoire générale de la radio et de la télévision en France, 2:501– 2.
39. L’Équipe, June 26, 1956.
40. Bernard Gensous (RTF chief engineer), interview, Le Miroir des Sports, June 29, 1967.
41. On the experimental cameras and techniques developed for the Tour, see Wille, “The Tour as an Agent of Change in Media Production,” 132 – 39.
42. Télé 7 Jours, June 18 and 25, July 2, 9, and 16, 1966; Télé 7 Jours, June 27, July 4, 11, and 18, 1970. Coverage was split between the two national channels. The total takes into account the listed Tour de France report transmission times and assumes an additional total of fi ve minutes a day of coverage on the morning and evening news programs.
43. Télé 7 Jours, June 25, 1960.
44. Goetschel and Loyer, Histoire culturelle et intellectuelle de la France au XXe siècle, 149.
45. Intermarco- Conseil, memorandum, January 1981, CL 58 AH 23.
46. Bernard Normand, memorandum, March 9, 1981, CL 58 AH 23. Although Normand
does not explicitly indicate, the memorandum seems to rely on the estimates generated by Goddet’s 1973 survey.
47. Rioux and Sirinelli, Histoire culturelle de la France, 265 – 66; Hubscher et al., L’histoire en mouvements, 520 – 21.
48. Wylie, Village in the Vaucluse, 347– 48.
49. Philippe Liotard describes how mass televising of sports like the Tour engendered a novel, distinct social ritual that embedded itself into everyday life in France. Liotard, “Médiatisation et ritualités sportives.”
50. Marchand, Le cyclisme, 87; Cahiers de L’Équipe (Cyclisme), no. 5, 1960; Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, 85; Cyclisme Magazine, no. 84, November 1974.
51. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 104 – 5; Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies, 29.
210
n o t e s t o p a g e s 6 2 – 6 5
52. Cyclisme Magazine, no. 84, November 1974.
53. Marchand, Le cyclisme, 94; Cyclisme Magazine, no. 7, June 4, 1969.
54. J. Bobet, Louison Bobet, 77.
55. Calvet, Le mythe des géants de la route, 38.
56. Presse- actualité, no. 8 (June – July 1963): 22 – 23.
57. Gilles Montérémal argues that the “Tour de France effect,” the surge in L’Équipe’s newspaper circulation associated with the event, remained signifi cant into the 1980s. Montérémal,
“L’Équipe,” 111– 12.
58. Vie française, July 1, 1949; Le Miroir des Sports, June 29, 1953.
59. In 1960, the franc was “devalued” at a conversion rate of one “new” franc for every 100
“old” francs. Thus, RTF paid the Tour a million “old” francs per live broadcast, for a total of four million “old” francs. The total budget for the Tour that year was 250 million “old” francs. Télé 7 Jours, no. 14, June 25, 1960, 12 – 13; Jacques Goddet, interview by Jacques Marchand, Cyclisme Magazine, no. 5 (April 1960).
60. J. Henry, “En suivant les caravaniers du Tour de France,” Journal de la Publicité, no. 61, July 30, 1948; L’Équipe, June 21 and 24, 1952, and July 1, 1953; Letter from Robert Letorey to Commission d’hébergement de Brest, April 17, 1952, dossier “Tour de France, 1910 – 1954,” AMB
1 I 5 (3). The 1952 calculation assumes 31 publicity caravan participants paying full entry fees for 31 one- ton vehicles and a half fee for 49 “additional” vehicles.
61. Jacques Goddet, interview by Pierre Vernier, Journal de la Publicité, no. 213, December 31, 1954.
62. Chany, La fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France, 421.
63. Cyclisme Magazine, June 4, 1969, 3.
64. Vie française, July 1, 1949.
65. L’Équipe, June 10, 1947, and July 4, 1950; Jacques Goddet, interview by Jacques Marchand, Cyclisme Magazine 1960, no. 5, April 1960; Félix Lévitan, interview, Le Miroir des Sports, June 18, 1962.
66. Christopher Thompson argues that although the conceptualization of professional cycling as work, and its male practitioners as workers, continued, the characterizations of famous cyclists as athletic superheroes — and the problems of drug use that undermined such characterizations — came to the fore after the Second World War. On the class dynamic surrounding the prewar Tour, see Thompson, Tour de France, 140 – 214.
67. L’Équipe, June 25, 1947.
68. Jacques Goddet, interview by author, tape recording, Issy- les- Moulineaux, France, July 2, 1999.
69. L’Équipe, June 10, 1947.
70. Jacques Goddet, interview by Pierre Vernier, Journal de la Publicité, no. 213, December 31, 1954.
71. Jacques Goddet, interview by Jacques Marchand, Cyclisme Magazine, no. 5, April, 1960.
72. Marchand, Le cyclisme, 115.
73. “Statuts de l’AIOCC,” October 19, 1956, dossier “Association International des Organisateurs de Courses Cyclistes (AIOCC),” APPP 624 – 459.
74. Marchand, Le cyclisme, 115.
75. In all, ten of the twenty- two members of the organization were French. “Liste des membres du bureau et adhérents au 2 décembre 1956 (AIOCC),” dossier “Association Internationale des Organisateurs de Courses Cyclists (AIOCC),” APPP 624 – 459.
n o t e s t o p a g e s 6 6 – 7 3
211
76. Marchand, Le cyclisme, 116 – 17.
77. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 221.
78. Magne, Poulidor et moi, 81.
79. Félix Lévitan, interview by P. Katz et al., Le Miroir des Sports, supplement to no. 801,
“Spécial le Tour 60,” June 6, 1960.
80. L’Équipe, June 23 – 24, 1962.
81. Jacques Goddet, interview by author, tape recording, Issy- les- Moulineaux, France, July 2, 1999.
82. Bellanger et al., eds., Histoire générale de la presse française, 374 – 78.
83. Vie française, July 1, 1949; L’Équipe, July 1, 1953.
84. Jacques Goddet, interview, Le Miroir des Sports, supplement, June 8, 1967; Goddet, L’équipée belle, 170.
85. L’Équipe, June 21, 1953.
86. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 174, 199.
87. Vie française, July 1, 1949.
88. Journal de la Publicité, June 5, 1953.
89. Letter from mayor of Pau to Jean Fages, November 24, 1948, AMP 3 R 1/2; Vie française, July 1, 1949.
90. Inquiry no. 1467, October 2, 1944, APPP L- 11, 92512; untitled inquiry, Préfecture de police de Paris, July 17, 1941, APPP L- 11, 92512.
91. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 174.
92. Marillier (former assistant director of the Tour de France), Le vélo s’y prête, 166 – 67.
93. Programme offi ciel du Tour de France 1950, 26, BN; Goddet, L’équipée belle, 194.
94. Le Télégramme de Brest et de l’Ouest, July 3, 1958; Ouest- France, November 28, 1957; Goddet, L’équipée belle, 195.
95. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 195.
96. Programme offi ciel du Tour de France 1950, 25, BN; L’Équipe, February 7, 1947.
97. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 157– 58.
98. Programme offi ciel du Tour de France 1950, 27, BN.
99. Ibid., 27.
100. L’Équipe, June 21, 1953.
101. Guide à l’usage des comités locaux d’organisation, AMS VIII, 33/158.
102. “Instructions pour l’organisation technique et matérielle de l’arrivée et du départ: Arrivée sur vélodrome et stade,” 11– 14, AMP 3 R 1/2; letter from P. Guri to director of the Tour, April 8, 1953, AMS VIII, 33/158.
/> 103. Guide à l’usage des comités locaux d’organisation, AMS VIII, 33/158.
104. Letter to mayor of Pau, March 25, 1952, AMP 3 R 1/2.
105. Programme offi ciel du Tour de France 1950, BN, 74; L’Équipe, July 7, 1950.
106. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 202 – 3.
107. L’Équipe, June 28, 1956.
108. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 290 – 92.
109. Letter to mayor of Caen, May 3, 1958, dossier “Cyclisme / Tour de France /Caravane Publicitaire,” AMC.
110. L’Équipe, June 6, 1947.
111. L’Équipe, June 24, 1952.
112. Société du Tour de France, La route, les étapes (1998), 20.
212
n o t e s t o p a g e s 7 3 – 8 0
113. “Tour de France 1958, étape contre la montre à Châteaulin le 3 juillet,” ADF 63 W 19.
114. Journal de la Publicité, January 14, 1966, and January 1, 1965.
115. Presse- actualité, December 1971. For statistics on the stagnation of radio audiences and the decline of fi lm audiences from the 1950s through the early 1970s, as well as the shrinking share of these media in overall publicity spending, see Marie, La Nouvelle Vague, 48; Jeancolas, Histoire du cinéma français, 77, 89; IREP (deux séries, 1959 – 66 et 1967– 73), cited in Martin, Trois siècles de publicité en France, 318.
116. On average, the organizers chose eleven teams to participate each year from 1958 to 1961, all of which competed under a national or regional fl ag. From 1962 to 1965, they chose an average of thirteen, all of which were sponsored by businesses.
117. Tour offi cials created several categories of “offi cial” sponsorships, including grands supporters (major sponsors), principales exclusivités (exclusive providers), fournisseur offi ciel (of-fi cial provider), and service offi ciel (offi cial service provider).
118. Pagneux, Peugeot 203 – 403, 152 – 53.
119. “Sur 2 roues . . . comme sur 4, Peugeot toujours présent dans le Tour de France 1963,”
1963 brochure, Musée Peugeot.
120. “Grande présence de Peugeot sur toute sa gamme,” Peugeot actualités, supplement to Peugeot- Commercial, July – August 1962, Musée Peugeot.
121. Presse- actualité, February 1966.
122. Goddet, L’équipée belle, 314.
123. Untitled police inquiry, February 1968, dossier “Lévitan, Félix,” APPP L- 11/92512.
124. The city of Paris reclaimed ownership of the Parc des Princes in 1966.
125. Untitled police inquiry, April 1974, dossier “Lévitan, Félix,” APPP L- 11/92512. In 1980, the Amaury Group shortened the name of this S.A.R.L. to “La Société du Tour de France” (STF).
126. Le Monde, April 3, 1987.
127. Michel Lefèbvre, internal memorandum, “Le sponsoring et le Crédit Lyonnais,” June 1980, CL 58 AH 23.
128. Ibid.
129. Bernard Normand, text of speech “Le sponsoring sportif,” May 1981, CL 58 AH 23.
130. Ibid.
131. Luc Derieux, interview by author, tape recording, Paris, November 12, 1998.
132. Marillier, Le vélo s’y prête, 169; Minute, June 5, 1987, CL 91 AH 102.
133. Bernard Normand, memorandum to Claude Pierre- Brosselette (President of Crédit Lyonnais), “Préparation de votre entretien avec Monsieur Félix Lévitan du 10 février 1981,” February 9, 1981, CL 58 AH 23.
134. “Challenges d’Or du Crédit Lyonnais. Le règlement, saison 1981,” CL 58 AH 23.
135. The actual cost of Crédit Lyonnais’s sponsorship of the Gold Challenge amounted to 1.1 million francs in 1981. Bernard Normand, memorandum, November 3, 1981, CL 58 AH 23.
136. Draft contract, attached to Bernard Normand, memorandum, February 9, 1981, CL 58
AH 23.
137. Bernard Normand, memorandum, November 3, 1981, CL 58 AH 23.
138. Félix Lévitan, interview by P. Katz et al., Le Miroir des Sports, supplement to no. 801,
“Spécial le Tour 60,” June 6, 1960.
139. Calvet, Le mythe des géants de la route, 197– 98.
140. Marchand and Debray, Pour le Tour de France, contre le Tour de France, 17, 21.
141. Martin, Trois siècles de publicité en France, 327.
n o t e s t o p a g e s 8 0 – 9 1
213
142. Ibid., 283.
143. Victoria de Grazia argues that the business community’s adoption of American- style publicity began in the interwar years. De Grazia, Irresistible Empire, 186 – 270.
144. Intermarco- Conseil, memorandum, January 1981, 20, CL 58 AH 23.
Chapter Four
1. L. Bobet, Mes vélos et moi, 20, 56, 57, 81.
2. J. Bobet, Louison Bobet, 82.
3. On French infl uences on global food and fi lm culture, see Trubek, Haute Cuisine; Schwartz, It’s So French!
4. Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, 86, 95 – 96.
5. Pierre Chany, interview by Christophe Penot, in Penot, Pierre Chany, 16.
6. Ibid., 20.
7. Blondin, Sur le Tour de France, 7.
8. Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, 86.
9. La Dépêche de Brest et de l’Ouest, October 1, 1931.
10. L. Bobet, Mes vélos et moi, 28.
11. Magne and Terbeen, Antonin Magne, 9
12. Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, 86.
13. Gaboriau, “Sport populaire et pratiques symboliques nouvelles,” 151– 52.
14. For example, the number of soccer players registered with the Fédération Française de Football, the interwar period’s largest soccer federation, jumped from 95,000 in 1925 – 26 to 188,664 in 1938. Wahl, Les archives du football, 126.
15. Bidot, Souvenirs,19.
16. Leducq, Une fl eur au guidon, 86.
17. Ollivier, L’histoire du cyclisme breton, 331– 37; Cadiou, Les grands du cyclisme breton.
18. Ollivier, La légende de Louison Bobet, 22.
19. Robic, La vérité Robic, 25.
20. Leducq, Une fl eur au guidon, 189, 193.
21. Ibid., 186.
22. Magne and Terbeen, Antonin Magne.
23. Le Petit Parisien, July 1, 1922. Perhaps the name of the rider, Dejonghe, was not mentioned because he was Belgian.
24. Le Petit Parisien, July 12, 1927.
25. Leducq, Une fl eur au guidon, 231– 32.
26. Magne and Terbeen, Antonin Magne, 172.
27. L’Auto, June 14, 1937.
28. Le Petit Parisien, July 20, 1935.
29. Le Petit Parisien, July 18, 1936.
30. Le Petit Parisien, July 23, 1933.
31. Anquetil, Je suis comme ça, 25.
32. L. Bobet, Mes vélos et moi, 56 – 57; J. Bobet, Louison Bobet, 74 – 75.
33. Geminiani, Les années Anquetil, 108 – 10.
34. Magne, Poulidor et moi, 244.
35. Magne, Poulidor et moi, 33; J. Bobet, Louison Bobet, 49, 52. In 1956, on average, a senior
214
n o t e s t o p a g e s 9 2 – 1 0 0
manager earned 175,000 francs per month and an unskilled worker 36,000 francs per month.
Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 499.
36. Ollivier, La légende de Louison Bobet, 126 – 27.
37. L’Équipe, June 23 – 24, 1962; Le Monde, June 28, 1962; La République des Pyrénées, July 13, 1965.
38. Edouard Seidler, interview by Bernard Chevalier, Presse- actualité, June- July 1978.
39. Seidler, Le sport et la presse, 152, 154.
40. On the evolving meanings of such rider imagery, see Thompson, Tour de France.
41. Moulin, Peasantry and Society in France since 1789, 191.
42. Gildea, France since 1945, 227– 28.
43. Moulin, Peasantry and Society in France since 1789, 191.
44. On the packaging, marketing, and consumption of authenticity in the context of French tourism culture, see Ellen Furlough’s “Packaging Pleasures” and “Marketing Mass Vacations.”
45. Bart
ali, Mes mémoires; Coppi, Le drame de ma vie.
46. Seidler, Le sport et la presse, 135.
47. Coppi, Le drame de ma vie, 1.
48. Ibid., 2.
49. Ibid., 17, 28.
50. Ollivier, La légende de Louison Bobet, 112.
51. L. Bobet, Mes vélos et moi, 9.
52. Marchand, Le cyclisme, 54.
53. Ibid., 58.
54. L’Équipe, July 21, 1947.
55. Hervé le Boterf, forward to Robic, La verité Robic, 15.
56. Vélo Magazine, November 1980.
57. Barthes, The Eiffel Tower, 79.
58. Poulidor, La gloire sans maillot jaune, 12.
59. Philip Dine, employing the theoretical framework proposed by Georges Vigarello, analyzes Poulidor’s peasant persona as an example the cultural importance of self- referential Tour mythology in the process of reinforcing the imagery of “real France” ( la France profonde) in the popular imagination. Dine, “Stardom on Wheels: Raymond Poulidor”; Vigarello, “Le Tour de France.”
60. Television clip compilation videotape “Raymond Poulidor,” INA.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Poulidor, La gloire sans maillot jaune, 17.
64. Ibid., 28.
65. Ibid., 53.
66. Ibid., 74.
67. Magne, Poulidor et moi, 31, 33.
68. Poulidor, La gloire sans maillot jaune, 94.
69. Thompson, Tour de France.
70. Marchand and Debray, Pour le Tour de France, contre le Tour de France, 46 – 47.
71. Winock, Chronique des années soixante, 138 – 42; Dauncey, “French Cycling Heroes of the Tour de France” and French Cycling, 169 – 72; Dine, “Stardom on Wheels: Raymond Poulidor,” 96.
72. Anquetil, En brûlant les étapes, 27.
n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 0 0 – 1 1 0
215
73. Ibid., 36, 176 – 77.
74. Anquetil, Je suis comme ça, 6 – 8.
75. Ibid., 9 – 10.
76. Pierre Joly, forward to Anquetil, Je suis comme ça, 19 – 20.
77. Le Monde, November 19, 1987.
78. RTF, “Anquetil qui êtes- vous?,” Page des sports, May 26, 1962, INA online. INA dates this piece from 1962, but it is likely that it was recorded in the late 1950s. Fausto Coppi, the hunting companion Anquetil mentions in the interview, died in January 1960 following a different hunting expedition to Africa with Anquetil.