by Eric Reed
Dine, Philip, 11, 100, 202n14, 214n59
to, 54, 63 – 67, 80; team format, xiii – xiv;
Dion, Count de, 24 – 25
television’s value, 74 – 76, 165 – 66, 224n112. See
distances, Tour de France, xii, 26, 29, 38, 56 – 57
244
i n d e x
domestique functions, xvi, 99 – 100, 171– 72. See also
161, 166; during the 1990s, 151, 166, 224n106. See
drafting practices, team
also subventions, host towns
Dop Shampoo, 58
Finland, early bicycle history, 18
Dousset, Daniel, 96
fi rst Tour de France, 25 – 27
drafting practices, team, xiv – xvi, 91– 92, 142 – 43,
fl atland stages, overview, xiv
171
Flèche Wallonne, 163
Drais, Baron von, 12
Fontenay, Jean, 85, 87, 95
draisienne, 12
food industry sponsorship, 40 – 41
Dreyfus, Alfred, 20, 24 – 25
Football League, impact of media deregulation,
drug use, 107– 9, 168 – 69, 174 – 75, 183 – 84, 185 – 89,
151
190 – 95
Fox, Norman, 124
Duclos- Lassalle, Gilbert, 107
fox hunting, Pau area, 128 – 29
duel, Desgrange’s, 48
La Française des Jeux team, 186 – 87
Dunlop Rubber Company, 45 – 46, 86
France: bicycles sales /production statistics, 13,
DuPont sponsorship, 153, 158 – 59, 181– 82
20, 37, 62; broadcast media evolution, 55 – 58;
Durand, Georges, 98
map, x; radio/television ownership, 55, 60,
208n13; sporting culture developments, 11– 12,
Echevarria, Roberto Gonzalez, 204n45
14 – 15, 17, 205n74. See also specifi c topics, e.g.,
economic growth, post- WWII France, 53 – 54. See
Desgrange entries; hero persona; Pau entries
also Brest entries; tourism industry
France 3 Quest /Iroise, 126
education- oriented narrative, 33, 50, 58
La France Socialiste, 51
Elf- Aquitaine, 136, 137
Franco- Prussian War, 33
Elli, Alberto, 183
Fredericksburg, Virginia, 156 – 57
Englebert tire promotion, L’Auto, 40
Free Lance- Star, 156 – 57
EPO (Erythropoietin), 108 – 9, 183
Frenchness ideal, 6 – 7, 64, 166 – 67, 202n14,
Escartin, Fernando, 185
216n20. See also hero persona
European Common Market, 120 – 22
French Open, 77, 150
European Cup, 59
French School, star system development: over-
Europe No. 1 station, 57– 58, 72 – 73, 106
view, 82 – 83; commodifi cation processes, 66,
extra- sportif sponsors. See corporate sponsorships
88 – 93; as cultural allegories, 93 – 94, 99 – 100;
entries
cycling club importance, 83 – 88; drug use
impact, 107– 9, 168 – 69, 191– 92; image- making
Faber, François, 23, 36
processes, 94 – 99, 104 – 6; signifi cance of
Farrier, George, 177
Anquetil- Poulidor rivalry, 100 – 104
Faux, Ronald, 142
Frileuse Wine, Magne’s promotion, 90
Favé, François, 114
Fédération Française de Cyclisme (F.F.C.), 63, 66
Galibier climbs, 144, 185
Fédération Française de Football, 213n14
“galley slaves” controversy, 34, 35
Fédération Internationale de Football Association
Garin, Maurice, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28
(FIFA), 15
Garnault, Jean, 52f, 70
female emancipation and bicycles, 13 – 14
Gaul, Charly, 145, 171
ferry service, Breton coast, 121– 22
Gaulle, Charles de, 53, 57, 121
Festina team, 185
Gave River, in 1920 Tour, 33
Feuillet, Ludovic, 86
La Gazzetta dello Sport, 43 – 44
F.F.C. (Fédération Française de Cyclisme), 63, 66
Geminiani, Raphaël, 66, 91, 104
Fiat sponsorship, 75, 164, 165, 223n85
gender dynamics, sponsor advertising, 41– 42
FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football
Gentil, Edmond, 48, 115
Association), 15
geography narrative, 33 – 34, 112. See also itinerary
Fignon, Laurent, xii, 107, 149, 180, 182
and rider rules, Tour de France
fi lms, bicycle racing, 152 – 53
Germany: at Brest during WWII, 117; broadcast-
fi nancing, Grand Prix de Pau, 131
ing industry, 57, 194; early bicycling history,
fi nancing /budgets, Tour de France: during the
18; interwar radio subsidies, 55; occupation era
early 1900s, 39 – 41, 42; during the 1940s, 62,
media, 202n12; participation in Tour de France,
63, 64, 67– 68; during the 1950s, 62, 63, 68, 122,
38 – 39, 44, 172, 177, 183, 195; Tour of, 44
133, 134 – 35; during the 1960s, 62, 210nn59 – 60;
Giddens, Anthony, 202n8
during the 1970s, 76; during the 1980s, 62, 76,
Giegerich, Steve, 156 – 57
i n d e x
245
Gienow- Hecht, Jessica, 142, 202n12
retirement careers, 106 – 7; role of time trials,
Giffard, Pierre, 20
56. See also LeMond, Greg; Poulidor, Raymond
gigantism theme, press reporting, 32
Hervé, Pascal, 185
Gimondi, Felice, 174
Hess, John, 143 – 44, 145
Giro d’Italia. See Italy, Tour of
Hinault, Bernard: autobiography, 97; LeMond
globalization processes, overview: Americaniza-
relationship, 139, 177, 179 – 80, photo section;
tion theme, 201n4, 202n9; elements summa-
retirement, 182; sponsor promotions, 78;
rized, 2 – 5, 139 – 41, 202n8; role of celebrities,
in STF management, 107, 162 – 63; Tour of
6 – 7; small community engagement, 5, 202n12;
America, 155, 157; win record, 79, 176
timeline debates, 201n2, 201n5, 202n8. See also
Hirondelle bicycles, 20
specifi c topics, e.g., corporate sponsorships; host
“Historical and Touristic Guide to the Tour de
towns, Tour de France; soccer; television entries
France,” 72, 125
Goasmat, Jean- Marie, 87, 114
history narratives: Desgrange’s vision, 112; in host
Goddet, Jacques: on Anquetil, 171; background,
town promotions, 72; in print coverage, 32 – 34,
59; founding of L’Équipe, 53; on Poulidor, 105;
50, 145 – 46; in television coverage, 133
on Robic, 97
Hoffman, Dustin, 153
Goddet, Jacques (and Tour de France): overview,
Holt, Richard, 20, 30, 201n7
53, 54; business interests, 67, 75, 76, 78; with
host towns, Tour de France: contemporary ben-
colleagues, 52f; commercialization resistance,
efi ts, 220n136; logistics management, 69 – 70,
54, 62 – 63, 64 – 67, 145; host town relationships,
134 – 35; and modernization confl icts, 110 – 11,
120, 122, 135; organizational structure changes,
138; promotions of, 72 – 73; selection require-
67– 74; post- retirement return, 16
2; sponsor-
ments, 70 – 71; US reporting about, 49 – 50. See
ship rule changes, 74, 212nn116 – 17; during
also Brest entries; Pau entries
World War II, 51
host towns, US bicycle racing, 156 – 57
Gold Challenge race, 78 – 79
Hôtel Continental, Pau, 135
golf, Pau area, 128, 129
hotel tax revenues, 129
Gourvennec, Alexis, 121– 23
Hounshell, David, 17– 18
Grand Prix de Nations, 65, 76, 100, 163
Hudson automobiles, 37
Grand Prix de Paris, 16, 22
Hurne, Ralph, 153
Grand Prix de Pau, 131– 32, 134 – 35
Hyland, Dick, 148
Grand Prix de Saint- Méen, 85
Grazia, Victoria de, 202n9
imperialism, role of sporting culture, 11– 12, 17
“Great War,” 23, 33, 50, 112, 116, 129
income growth, post- WWII France, 53 – 54
green jersey prize, xiii
Indurain (cyclist), 183
Greenville, South Carolina, 159
Ingraham, Rob, 155
Grenoble, 29, 34
International Cycling Union (UCI), xiii – xiv, 14,
Grey River Argus, 45, 46 – 47
66, 158 – 59, 175, 185, 188, 189, 194 – 95
Guerini, Giuseppe, 147
International Olympic Committee, 14 – 15
“Guide for Use by Local Organizing Commit-
Internet use, Tour promotion, 125, 218n72
tees,” 71
Irish riders, 161, 177, 183
Guimard, Cyrille, 97, 179
Italy: automobile racing interest, 131, 134; in
Breaking Away fi lm, 152; broadcast advertising,
Halles St.- Louis renovation, Brest, 118, 120
57; road racing interest, 15, 16
Hawley, Hudson, 115 – 16
Italy, Tour de France participation: before World
Hay, Thomas, 25
War II, 31, 38 – 39, 44; after World War II, 53,
The Head and the Legs (Desgrange), 24
75, 94 – 95, 146, 147, 174, 183, 185, 226n46, photo
Heimrath, Ludwig, 134
section. See also Bartali, Gino; Coppi, Fausto
Hélias, Pierre- Jakez, 113, 115
Italy, Tour of: overview, 43 – 44; creation of, 2,
hero persona: in Breton culture, 113 – 14; com-
16; sponsorship approach, 63, 65, 66; winners,
modifi cation of, 66, 88 – 93; and drug use, 107–
95, 101
9, 192, 210n66, 226n70; in foreign newspapers,
itinerary and rider rules, Tour de France: during
49, 148 – 49, 169 – 70; Killy’s skiing, 172 – 73;
the early 1900s, 26, 27, 29 – 30; during the 1910s,
in modernization tensions, 93 – 94, 99 – 100;
29 – 30, 33; during the 1920s, 30, 31, 56 – 57; dur-
peasant character archetype, 94 – 100, 102 – 6,
ing the 1930s, 38 – 39, 56 – 57; during the 1970s,
214n59; print portrayals, 30, 31– 33, 49, 84, 148 –
79 – 80, 122; during the 1980s, 161; during the
49, 169 – 70; respectability ideal, 104 – 5, 107; and
early 2000s, 124 – 25
246
i n d e x
Jacquelin, Edmond, 22
LeMond, Greg, xii, 139, 154, 158, 168, 176 – 82, 190 –
Japan: baseball development, 12, 17; early bicy-
91, photo section
cling history, 16, 18 – 19; Tour participation, 44,
LeMond, Kathy, 179
145, 160, 223n83
LeMond, Robert, 179
Jaussley Plan, Pau’s, 130
L’Équipe: circulation statistics, 62; competition
Jenkins, Dan, 173
ownership, 65; fi nances, 68, 93; founding of, 53;
Jiminénez, Julio, 144
management changes, 162; race reporting, 78,
Jockey, circulation statistics, 205n19
123; sale of, 75; sponsorship award, 77
Joly, Charles, 52f, 70
Letorey, Robert, 52f, 70
Joly, Pierre, 98
Levenstein, Harvey, 219n97
Jones, Phil, 182
Lévitan, Félix: and Amaury Group, 76; back-
Jordan, Matthew, 202n12
ground, 69; globalizing initiatives, 152, 160,
Julich, Bobby, 184
161; Gold Challenge competition, 78 – 79;
sponsorship philosophy, 66, 69, 78; US race
Kalifa, Dominique, 202n3
organizing, 154 – 55, 157
Kashirin, Yuri, 154
L’Humanité, 35, 182, 188
Katz, Michael, 145
Liège – Bastogne – Liège race, 15, 16, 21, 163
Kazakhstan riders, 189
Liggett, Phil, 126
Kenealy, Arabella, 13 – 14
Lignières- Cassou, Martine, 136
Kerdraon, Noël, 113, 115
Limoge, theater festival, 215n3
Kiernan, John, 50
Liotard, Philippe, 209n49
Killy, Jean- Claude, 163, 172 – 73
Littwin, Mike, 144
King, Betsy, 180
Lombardy, Tour of, 16
Kirkham, Don, 45, 46
Londres, Albert, 34
Koblet, Hugo, 44
Long, Judith Grant, 220n136
Kroes, Rob, 201n4
Longo, Jeannie, 161
Lorraine, 33, 112
Labor bicycles, 89
Los Angeles Times, 128 – 29, 144 – 45, 148 – 49
Lacq discovery, Pau impact, 136
L’Ouest- Éclair, 87
l’Alpe d’Huez climb, 108
Louy, Xavier, 223n90
Lambrecht, Roger, photo section
Luchon – Pau stage, photo section
Landis, Floyd, 189, 194
Lucky Strike cigarettes, cyclist promotions, 90
landowners, farm, 106, 215n91
Luxembourg, 27, 44, 56
Lapize, Octave, 23, 36, 146
Lyon, in fi rst Tour, 26
La Rochelle, 27, 29
Lauritzen, Dag Otto, 158
Madiot, Marc, 139
L’Auto: advertising in, 36 – 37, 40, 89 – 90; Brittany
Magne, Antonin: background, 85, 87; with col-
area disputes, 114 – 15; circulation statistics,
leagues, photo section; contracts /salaries, 37–
28 – 29, 43, 197, 202n3, 205n19; dissolution of,
38, 87– 88, 89; and Poulidor, 66, 98, 99; product
53; founding, 24 – 25; as L’Auto- Vélo, 25; Tour
promotions, 90, 91; US press portrayal, 49;
coverage, 31, 32, 33 – 34. See also Desgrange,
Vietto’s sacrifi ce, 193, 226n69
Henri (and Tour de France)
Maier, Charles S., 202n8
Lauzé, Georges, 106
La Maison du Café, 107
Leblanc, Jean- Marie, 154, 159, 163
managers, rise of, 96
Le Bonal wine, cyclists’ promotions, 90
Mantle, Mickey, 170
le Boterf, Hervé, 97
Marchand, Jacques, 65
Le Drogo, Ferdinand, 113
Marinelli, Jacques, photo section
Leducq, André, 39, 86, 87, 89
Maritime Festival, Brest, 125 – 26
Lefèbvre, Michel, 77
Marseille, in fi rst Tour, 26
Lefèvre, Géo, 24, 25, 26 – 27, 28
Martin, Marianne, 180
Le Grèves, René, 90
Massoon, Marcel, 88
Le Guével, Lucien, 87
Me and My Bikes (Bobet), 82
Leipheimer, Levi, 189
Meisler, Stanley, 144 – 45
leisure time, changes, 9 – 10
, 54, 61. See also bicy-
Mercier, Emile, 89
cling history, overview; tourism industry
Mercier, Fernand, 27
i n d e x
247
Mercier- BP team, 66, 91
New Zealand Truth, 47
Merckx, Eddy, 137, 169, 173 – 74
Nike sponsorship, 166, 224n112
Merlin, Louis, 56, 57, 72 – 73
Nord, cobblestone roads, 32
Messick, Andrew, 166
Normand, Bernard, 77, 79
Metz stage, 33 – 34, 187
Michelin company, 21– 22
Offi ce de la Radiodiffusion et Télévision Française
Milan – San Remo race, 16, 98
(ORTF), 58
military support, Tour logistics, 69 – 70, 71– 72, 73
“Offi cial Partners” category, sponsorship, 164,
Millar, David (cyclist), 193
224n106
Miller, David (columnist), 149
“Offi cial Providers” category, sponsorship, 164,
Miller, Michael B., 201n5
224n106
Miroir des Sports, 42 – 43, 104, 105
Oldenziel, Ruth, 204n48
modernization tensions: Americanization debate,
Olympic Games, 25, 60, 140, 150, 154, 163, 173
54, 55, 58 – 59, 208n7; bicycle symbolism, 13 – 14;
Oman, Tour of, 165
host town navigations, 110 – 11, 216n6; role of
Oosterbosch, Bert, 157
peasant archetype, 93 – 94, 99 – 100, 214n59
Operation Puerto, Spain, 192
Le Monde, 162, 183, 186, 188, 189, 192
Opperman, Hubert, 46, 47– 48
Montmartre- Sportif club, 86
ORTF (Offi ce de la Radiodiffusion et Télévision
Mont Ventoux climbs, 146, 191
Française), 58
Morgul– Bismarck circuit, Coors Classic, 154
Otago Witness, 45
mountain climbs: overview, xiv, xvi; additions to
itinerary, 30; Anquetil- Poulidor rivalry, 102 – 3,
pacers, in fi rst Tour, 26
170; Armstrong’s performances, 185, 186, 191;
Packer, Billy, 157, 159
Coors Classic, 154; images of, photo section;
Palais des Sports, 76
Landis’s performance, 189; and leisurely paces,
Palais Omnisports de Bercy, 78
142 – 43; press coverage, 49, 143 – 44; rider
Palmer, Mr., 124
comments about, 46, 146; Simpson’s death, 108;
Pantani, Marco, 183, 185, 191– 92, 194
Spanish riders, 183; Virenque’s performance,
Parc des Expositions, 76
186
Parc des Princes, 24, 70, 76
Mourenx, Tour hosting, 137
Paris – Brest – Paris race, 20, 21, 22, 48, 76, 112
movies, bicycle racing, 152 – 53
Paris – Brussells race, 21
“Mr. Average Bike Racer” (Daley), 143
Paris – Clermont- Ferrand race, 21– 22
Munro, Ivor, 46