Power, for All

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Power, for All Page 30

by Julie Battilana


  7 Bertrand Russell, Power: A New Social Analysis (London: Allen and Unwin, 1938); Dennis Wrong, Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses (New York: Harper & Row, 1979).

  8 See, for example, John R. P. French and Bertram Raven, “The Bases of Social Power,” in Studies in Social Power, ed. D. Cartwright (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1959), 150–167.

  9 Manuel Castells, “A Sociology of Power: My Intellectual Journey,” Annual Review of Sociology 42 (2016): 1–19.

  10 Richard M. Emerson, “Power-Dependence Relations,” American Sociological Review 27, no. 1 (1962): 32.

  11 Edna B. Foa and Uriel G. Foa, “Resource Theory: Inter-personal Behavior as Social Exchange,” in Social Exchange: Advances in Theory and Research, eds. K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, and R. H. Willis (New York: Plenum Press, 1980): 78–79.

  12 Peter Morris, Power: A Philosophical Analysis, 2nd ed. (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2002).

  13 See, for example, Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald Salancik who applied Emerson’s exchange theory of power-dependence relations to organizations in their book, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).

  14 See, for example, Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1977); Joseph Nye, The Future of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011).

  15 Wrong, Power, xxii.

  16 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge (London: Penguin, 1998), 63.

  17 See Talcott Parsons, “On the Concept of Political Power,” in Sociological Theory and Modern Society, ed. T. Parsons (New York: The Free Press, 1967).

  18 Mary Parker Follett, Dynamic Administration: The Collected Papers of Mary Parker Follett, eds. H. C. Metcalf and L. Ur-wick (New York–London: Harper & Brothers, 1942).

  19 Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York: Harcourt, Inc., 1970).

  20 Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice: On the Significance of Ludwig Wittgenstein for Social and Political Thought (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972): 276–77.

  21 Pamela Pansardi, “Power to and Power over: Two Distinct Concepts of Power?” Journal of Political Power 5, no. 1 (2012): 73–89.

  22 For reviews of research on power in psychology, management, political science, sociology, and philosophy see Adam D. Galinsky, Derek D. Rucker, and Joe C. Magee, “Power: Past Findings, Present Considerations, and Future Directions,” in APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology: Interpersonal Relationships, eds. Mario Mikulincer and Philip R. Shaver, vol. 3 (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2015): 421–60; Peter Fleming and André Spicer, “Power in Management and Organization Science,” Academy of Management Annals 8, no. 1 (2014): 237–98; William Ocasio, Jo-Ellen Pozner, and Daniel Milner, “Varieties of Political Capital and Power in Organizations: A Review and Integrative Framework,” Academy of Management Annals 14, no. 1 (2020): 303–38; Marshall Ganz, “Speaking of Power” (Gettysburg Project, 2014); Archon Fung, “Four levels of Power: A Conception to Enable Liberation,” The Journal of Political Philosophy 28, no. 2 (2020): 131–157; Roderick Kramer and Margaret Neale, Power and Influence in Organizations, 1st ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1998); Amy Allen, “Rethinking Power,” Hypatia 13, no. 1 (2020): 21–40; Stewart Clegg, David Courpasson, and Nelson Phillips, Power and Organizations (London: SAGE, 2006); Gerhard Göhler, “ ‘Power to’ and ‘Power over,’ ” in Sage Handbook of Power, eds. S. R. Clegg and M. Haugaard (London: SAGE, 2009) 27–40; Rachel E. Sturm and John Antonakis, “Interpersonal Power: A Review, Critique, and Research Agenda,” Journal of Management 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 136–63.

  Index

  A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.

  2008 financial crisis, 118, 126

  48 Laws of Power, The (Greene), 19

  Aakash’s story, 82–84

  abuse of power, 21, 37, 43, 110–13

  access to valued resources changing power balance, 8–13, 194

  collective choices, 195

  expanding networks for, 194

  Ning’s story, 61, 63–64

  personal data surveillance, 151–54

  purposeful use of technology and, 148, 150

  reclaiming democratic power, 197

  Adbusters, 118

  Age of Surveillance Capitalism, The (Zuboff), 152

  agitation, 118–20, 137, 154, 195, 196, 238n7

  agricultural revolution, 142

  AI Now Institute, 160

  Aladdin, x

  algorithms, 148–51, 153, 158–60

  Alighieri, Dante, 41

  Alinsky, Saul D., 20

  Allegory of Good and Bad Government, The (Lorenzetti), 165

  Allen, Danielle, 186

  Alphabet Workers Union, 157–58

  altruism, 26, 30–31, 36–38, 55, 196

  Amazon, 112, 152, 153, 157, 159

  Amnesty International, 156

  Andersen, Lene Rachel, 187, 188, 258n83

  Anderson, Cameron, 211n25, 212n10, 212n13, 230n12, 250n3

  Anderson, Elizabeth, 177

  antitrust legislation, 11, 159

  apartheid, 117

  Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 218n18, 220n34

  Apple, 113, 151, 153, 157, 158

  Arab Spring, 109, 117, 118

  Ardern, Jacinda, 53–54

  Arendt, Hannah, 96

  Argentina’s marriage equality story, 131–37, 242n34

  Argentine LGBT Federation, 133–37, 242n34

  Aristotle, 55, 57

  artificial intelligence (AI), 148–49

  Associação Saúde Criança (Instituto DARA), 28

  attention economy, 152–53

  attraction strategy, 8–11, 9, 12, 194

  Austen, Jane, 46

  authoritarianism, xvii, 36–38, 43, 122, 152, 185

  authority-power relationship, 66–68, 69–70, 73

  #BalanceTonPorc, 137

  Banaji, Mahzarin R., 231n19, 231n20, 233n48

  Banerjee, Abhijit V., 114

  Barefoot College’s innovation, 144–46, 148, 161

  Bastida, Xiye, 121–24

  Beard, Mary, 101

  Beauvoir, Simone de, 102

  belonging, 2, 7, 58, 82, 105, 118, 133, 168, 187, 194, 221n40 See also valued resources: affiliation

  benefit corporations (B-Corps), 176

  Bentham, Jeremy, 151, 245n30

  Berners-Lee, Tim, 147, 148

  betweenness, 79–81, 79, 153

  Bhatia, Karan, 157

  bias algorithmic, 150–51

  fundamental attribution error, 16

  negativity bias, 19

  status quo bias, 74

  confirmation bias, 88

  See also stereotypes, racism, gender inequality

  BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color), 88, 117, 151, 196

  Björkman, Tomas, 187, 188, 258n83

  Black Lives Matter movement, 117, 139, 141, 147–48

  Black Voters Matter Fund, 190

  Blau, Peter M., 261n4

  Bloomberg, Michael, 130

  Boards of Directors, 66, 86–89, 91–92, 128–130, 157, 169, 174–177, 188

  Bonaparte, Napoleon, 47

  Bourdieu, Pierre, 231n26, 232n34

  Brass, Daniel J., 226n12

  Brave New World (Huxley), 164

  Brock, Timothy, 135

  Brodsky, Greg, 162–63

  Brown, LaTosha, 190–91

  Browner, Carol, 80, 81, 84

  Buddhism, 32–33

  Buffett, Warren, 114

  Buolamwini, Joy, 150

  Burke, Tarana, 137

  Burt, Ronald S., 227n25, 228n36, 236n66

  Business Roundtable, 175–76 />
  Caesar, Julius, 101

  Cailliau, Robert, 147, 148

  Capital (Marx), 110

  Carnegie, Andrew, 110–11

  Caro, Robert A., 14–15

  Carus, Titus Lucretius, 41

  caste system, 91–92

  Castells, Manuel, 199, 231n26, 239n2, 261n9

  Catholic Church, 131, 135

  certified coaches, 5, 209n4

  change-makers, 74, 78

  Channapatna artisans, 47, 50

  chattel slavery, 91–92

  checks on power, 165–92 collective responsibility, 189–92

  employee representation, 177–82

  organizational power sharing, 167–73, 191–92

  oversight and accountability, 173–77

  societal power sharing, 182–84, 192, 256n63

  structural limits, 165–66

  See also civic education and engagement, civic vigilance

  Chenoweth, Erica, 124

  Chomsky, Noam, 219n25, 257n77

  Cialdini, Robert B., 210n15, 227n23

  Citizens United, 118

  civic education and engagement, 184–88

  civic vigilance, 184–86, 192, 257n74, 257n79

  Civil Rights Act, 14

  Clegg, Stewart, 236n64, 262n22

  Cleisthenes, 182, 256n63

  climate science, 45–46

  Clinton, Bill, 80

  Coats, Michael, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171

  Code of Hammurabi, 100–01

  codetermination, 181

  Cohen, Joshua, 257n75, 259n96

  collective action consolidation strategy, 11–12, 111, 112

  Google employees story, 154–58

  keeping power in check, 192

  power distribution responsibility, 195

  shifting power balance and, 115, 178–79

  collective movements, 117–39 agitation, 118–20, 137, 154, 195, 196, 239n6

  digital technology and, xvii, 137–39, 154–58, 242n40

  innovation, 119–20, 125–30, 147–49, 154, 195, 196

  orchestration, 119–20, 131–37, 154, 195, 196

  public agenda and, 120–25

  shifting power balance, 115

  collective orientation, 32, 36, 195

  collective responsibility, 189–92

  Community Interest Companies, 176

  concentration of wealth, 162, 175–76, 189–90

  confirmation bias, 88

  Confucius, 55

  consolidation strategy, 8, 9, 11–12, 111, 112, 142, 194

  Contract with America (Gingrich), 80

  Cook, Tim, 158

  cooperatives, 162–63, 179–81

  Cordeiro, Vera, 27–29, 33, 38–39, 166

  Courpasson, David, 247n57, 262n22

  COVID-19, 38, 49, 176

  Creighton, Mandell, 24

  CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), 162, 164, 249n79

  Crozier, Michel, 225n6

  Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 42

  Cuddy, Amy J. C., 224n76

  cultivation of empathy, 30–33, 36, 38, 135, 195

  cultivation of humility, 30, 34–36, 36, 38, 195, 215n55

  Dahl, Robert A., 259n98, 261n2

  Dalberg-Acton, John Emerich Edward (Lord Acton), 24

  dangers of hubris awareness of impermanence, 38

  cultivating humility and, 30, 34–36, 36

  Greek myths of, 23

  power sharing and accountability reinforced, 39, 166, 172–73

  Davis, Gerald F., 253n31, 253n32, 255n44

  De Beers, 11–13

  Declaration of Independence, 189

  Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 125–26, 189

  Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the [Female] Citizen (De Gouges), 125–26

  democracy, xiv, xvii, 68, 91, 156–58, 182–93, 197–98 See also civic education and engagement, participative democracy initiatives, separation of powers

  democratization of firms, 181, 197

  democratization of power, 162–64, 197

  demographic diversity, 168

  DeSantola, Alicia, 169

  Descartes, René, 146, 243n10

  Developmental Path to Power, 36

  Diamond, Jared M., 243n4

  Diana (princess of Wales), 30

  digital era power fundamentals, 141–64 algorithms and machine learning, 148–49, 150

  big tech control, 148–54

  control of algorithms, 149–51, 153, 159–61

  control of personal information, 151–53, 158–59, 190

  democratization of power, 162–64, 197

  laws and regulations, 158–62

  technology’s impacts on, 143–48, 190

  timelessness of, 142–44

  World Wide Web, 147–48

  digital revolution, 147–54, 162–63

  Dimaggio, Paul J., 233n46, 235n64

  disability, xiii, 4, 104, 193

  discrimination, 104, 132, 156, 170–71, 252n22 See also bias, gender inequality, racism

  Disney, Abigail, 114

  disruption of power, 108–15, 141–54 distributive change, 108–9, 143–44, 147–48, 150–54, 168–72

  imbalances and, 111–15, 158

  motivation and opportunity convergence, 109–12

  See also hierarchies of power

  distribution of power challenges to, 108–9

  critical aspects of, 150–54

  equitable and diverse, 168–72, 193–94, 197

  technological change and, 143–44

  World Wide Web and, 147–48

  domestic workers’ Bill of Rights, 179

  DoorDash, 179

  Dorsey, Cheryl, 104–6, 107, 108

  Dorsey, Jack, 153

  Douglas, Mary, 229n1

  Duflo, Esther, 114

  Durkheim, David Émile, 223n58

  dynastic rule, 91–92

  Echoing Green, 107

  Edmondson, Amy C., 35

  Egyptian revolution (2011), 118

  Eichmann, Adolf, 95, 96

  elements of power, xvi–xvii, 2–3, 16, 39–40, 192, 194, 195

  Elliott, Jane, 92–94, 99

  Emerson, Richard M., 200, 210n10, 211n21, 261n10

  empathic accuracy, 31

  empathy, 30–33, 36, 38, 97, 98, 195

  Enlightenment, 109

  Enlightenment Now (Pinker), 146

  Enron, 174

  Epic Games, 113

  Epicurus, 55

  equitable power distribution, 168–72, 193–94, 197

  ethical decisions on power, 20

  eugenics, 102–3

  European Union, 159, 248n67

  evolutionary psychology, 49

  expansion strategy, 8, 9, 12–13

  experience of power, 22–25

  Facebook, 152, 153, 157, 159, 184, 248n66

  facial recognition algorithms, 150, 160, 161

  fallacies of power, xii–xiv, 16, 20, 70 See also positional power fallacy, possession of power fallacy, power is dirty fallacy

  Fallone, Meagan, 146, 161

  Farage, Nigel, 52

  fascination for power, x–xii

  Ferreras, Isabelle, 181, 254n42, 255n44, 256n58, 256n59

  Festinger, Leon, 213n30, 223n67

  Fiske, Susan T., 218n16, 224n76

  Fligstein, Neil, 235n63, 235n64

  Floyd, George, 92

  folk-Bildung, 187–88, 258n84

  Follett, Mary Parker, 8

  foot-binding, 48, 57, 220n33

  formal power and networks, 70–71, 71

  Foucault, Michel, 151, 202, 245n30, 261n16

  Founding Fathers of the United States, 183

  French Revolution, 47, 109

  French Yellow Vests, 117

  Frick, Henry Clay, 110

  Fridays for Future, 56, 121–25

  Friedman, Milton, 46, 219n27

  fundamental attribution error, 16

  fundamentals of power, xvi–xvii, 2–3, 16, 39–40, 192
, 194, 195

  Fung, Archon, 259n96, 262n22

  g0v (gov zero), 191

  Galinsky, Adam D., 211n7, 212n13, 217n11, 222n48, 230n12, 230n14, 230n18, 231n24, 232n39, 237n72, 240n15, 262n22

  Galton, Francis, 102

  Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 56, 119, 124

  Ganz, Marshall, 122, 139

  Garza, Alicia, 139

  Gates, Bill, 114

  Gates, Melinda, 114

  Geddes, Patrick, 102

  Gelfand, Michele J., 67, 225n4

  gender inequality, 91–92, 101–02, 106–08

  gender solidarity, 4–8, 85–87

  gene editing technology, 162, 249n79

  General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 159

  Gergen, David, 24

  gig economy, 163, 179, 181

  Gingrich, Newt, 80

  Giridharadas, Anand, 114

  global climate strike (2019), 121–23

  Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 127

  global warming, 45–46, 120–25, 163 renewable energy, 144–46

  Godfather II, The, 77, 227n21

  Google employees story, 154–58

  Epic Games and, 113

  European legislators, 159, 248n66

  privacy policies lawsuits, 159

  Project Dragonfly, 156

  Project Maven, 155, 156

  search history, 124

  user data and, 152–54

  Gottfried, David, 127

  Gouze, Marie (Olympe de Gouges), 125–26

  Government of the Nine, 165, 166, 250n2

  Gramsci, Antonio, 186–87

  Grant, Adam M., 215n55

  Great Depression, 9, 114

  Great Society, 14

  Green, Melanie C., 135

  Greene, Robert, 19

  greenhouse gas effect See global warming

  Grimanis, Lia, 1, 4–8, 10, 20

  Gruenfeld, Deborah H., 212n7, 230n12, 230n14

  Grunitzky, Claude, 228n39

  Gutenberg, Johannes, 142, 143

  Hammurabi (Babylonian king), 100

  Harari, Yuval Noah, 243n3, 245n31, 250n85

  Harry, Prince (Duke of Sussex), 30

  Harvard Study of Adult Development, 49

  Heimans, Jeremy, 141

  Heroic Failure: Brexit and the Politics of Pain (O’Toole), 52

 

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