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How to Spend $50 Billion to Make the World a Better Place

Page 19

by Bjorn Lomborg


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  177

  in contracting, 84–85

  health services in, 35

  control of

  life expectancy in, 19, 36

  aid in, 89, 93

  malnutrition in, 96–97,

  international treaties in,

  105–106, 109, 110

  87–88, 89

  and migration, 119, 122, 127

  described, 77–78

  water needs in, 130, 133

  economy and, 79

  Development, migration for. See

  in Gambia, 85

  Economy

  governance and, 79, 82, 90–92

  DICE model of carbon

  and malnutrition, 111

  abatement, 7, 9

  in Mexico, 79

  Disability Affected Life Years

  migration and, 125

  (DALYs), 42, 53, 132

  in multinational companies,

  Discounting

  92–93

  and benefits, 5

  opponent’s views, 90–93

  described, 100

  in Pakistan, 85

  limitations of, 53

  policy strategies and, 81, 89

  time-based, 12, 14, 17

  as priority, 92, 171

  utility-based, 5

  reform proposals, 81–89

  Disease. See also HIV/AIDS,

  in Russia, 79, 86

  controlling; Malaria,

  in Singapore, 79

  controlling

  in Tanzania, 79

  burden, measurement of, 35

  in Uganda, 82

  controlling, xv, 19–20, 32

  in Ukraine, 79

  cost-benefit ratio, calculation

  in United Kingdom, 79

  of

  Cost Of Illness (COI) framework

  health services, 31

  described, 35

  HIV/AIDS, 29, 36

  Crony capitalism, 80, 82

  malaria, 25–27

  Customs reform, 85–86

  methodology, 22

  and economy, 20–23

  DALYs. See Disability Affected

  and malnutrition, 99

  Life Years (DALYs)

  opposing views, 33–37

  Demand and education, 59,

  as priority, 168–169

  66–68

  trade liberalization and, 158

  Developing countries

  water and, 131

  child mortality in, 19

  District Primary Education

  free trade in, 151, 154–155,

  Project (DPEP), 61

  160, 161

  Doha development agenda, 150,

  government reform and, 91

  153, 161

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  Index

  Dollar allocation, recommended,

  reform of, 68–69, 71, 72–73,

  xvi

  74–75

  Drinking water, improvement of,

  and trade liberalization, 158

  xvi.

  Education for All(Fast Track

  See also Water challenge

  Initiative (EFA/FTI), 69

  Drip irrigation, 138

  Enrollment. See also Education

  Drugs, hard and civil war, 48

  and achievement, 57

  factors affecting, 61, 66, 67,

  Earning power and malnutrition,

  73–74

  99

  Ethics and economic analysis, 36

  East Asia, health and economic

  European Union, 151, 157, 163

  performance in, 21

  Europe, water needs in, 130

  Economy

  Extractive Industries

  and civil war, 40, 44–48

  Transparency Initiative

  and corruption, 79

  (EITI), 47

  health and, 20–23

  and migration, 113–116, 117,

  Famine, 108

  122–124, 126–127

  Farming. See Agriculture

  and trade liberalization, 148,

  Financial instability

  152, 157–158, 162–163

  as priority, 174

  Education

  Food production, water needs

  achievement ( See Learning

  for, 130, 134, 143.

  achievement)

  See also Agriculture

  benefits of, 67, 71–72, 73

  Fossil fuel use, 15

  enrollment ( See Enrollment)

  France, water management in,

  funding, 64, 67–68, 72, 73–74

  131

  and government corruption, 82

  Free Trade Area of the Americas

  income and, 66, 74

  (FTAA), 151, 154, 162

  intervention opportunities,

  Friis Bach, Christian, xviii

  65–66

  lack of

  Gambia, corruption in, 85

  analytical methodologies,

  Germany, migration from, 121

  59–61

  Global warming. See also

  opposing views, 71, 75, 108

  Climate change

  overview, 57–58

  abatement, value-at-risk

  and migration, 119

  method of, 11–12, 13, 16

  as priority, 172

  issues, analytical, 4–7

  quality, improvement of,

  mitigation of

  62–66, 67

  benefits, 6

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  179

  cost-benefit analysis, 7–8, 14

  and disease, 99

  policy strategies, 9–12

  strengthening, 30–32, 34–35,

  as priority, 1

  36

  science/policy, state of, 2–4

  water and, 131, 144

  Governance

  HIV/AIDS, controlling, xv, 27–30,

  and corruption, 79, 82, 90–92

  31, 34, 36

  and economic growth, 78

  Hunger. See Malnutrition and

  improvement of, xvi, 15,

  hunger

  77–78, 81–89

  opponent’s views, 90–93

  Immigration. See Migration

  as priority, 171

  Income

  and trade liberalization, 149,

  and education, 66, 74

  162–163

  and migration, 115, 127

  and the water challenge,

  India

  130–131, 144

  education in, 61, 67

  Government subsidies, removal

  migration from, 119

  of

  trade liberalization in, 161

  benefit-cost ratios, 148–150,

  water in, 132, 136, 139, 142

  152–159

  Intergovernmental Panel on

  benefits, global, 159

  Climate Change (IPCC), 2

  opponent’s views, 160–163

  International treaties in

  opportunities regarding,

  corruption control, 87–88,

  149–151, 152–153

  89

  overview, 147–148

  Intervention impact, estimation

  Green Revolution, 67, 106

  of, 100

  Greenhouse gasses, emissions of,

  Intravenous drug users and

>   7, 15.

  HIV/AIDS, 30

  See also Carbon dioxide

  Iodine, deficiencies in, 98, 104

  Groundwater, 142

  IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel

  Growth rates and civil war, 42

  on Climate Change), 2

  Guest worker policies, 116,

  Iron, deficiencies in, 98, 103,

  119–121, 126

  104–105, 169

  Gulf Stream, 6

  Irrigation technology, 133,

  138–140, 143

  Health

  and civil war, 42, 43

  Kenya, malaria in, 24

  and economy, 20–23

  KwaZulu Natal, malaria in, 33

  education, impact of, 36

  Kyoto Protocol, xvii, 3–4, 10,

  services

  13

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  Index

  Labor market and free trade,

  of malaria, 24, 26

  153

  Micronutrients, deficiencies in,

  Latin America, trade

  98, 103, 104–105, 169

  liberalization in, 161

  Migration

  Learning achievement. See also

  active selection systems, 116,

  Education

  117–119, 126, 128

  improvement of, 60–61, 62–64,

  benefits, calculation of, 127

  65

  and civil war, 43

  levels of, 57

  corruption and, 125

  Life expectancy in developing

  and developing countries, 119,

  countries, 19, 36

  122, 127

  Living conditions, improvement

  economy and, 113–116, 117,

  of, xvi

  122–124, 126–127

  Low Birth Weight (LBW) and

  education and, 119

  malnutrition, 98, 101–103,

  and free trade, 123, 153

  169

  from Germany, 121

  guest worker policies, 116,

  Macroeconomic studies

  119–121, 126

  of health, 22

  income and, 115, 127

  of HIV/AIDS, 28

  from India, 119

  limitations of, 35

  opponent’s views, 125–128

  of malaria, 25

  opportunities regarding,

  Malaria, controlling, xv, 23–27,

  116–124

  31, 33, 103

  overview, 113–116, 124

  Malawi, malaria in, 24

  policy strategies, 121, 123,

  Malnutrition and hunger

  125

  benefit-cost ratios, 109–110

  as priority, 171

  causes of, 96–98

  from South Africa, 119

  control of, xv, 95–96, 98–99,

  and trade liberalization, 115,

  106, 108–109

  123, 153

  opponent’s views, 108–111

  to United States, 121, 128

  opportunities regarding,

  Military spending and civil war,

  99–106

  40, 42, 50–51

  as priority, 169

  Mosquito nets,

  Manual treadle pump, 139

  insecticide-treated, 26

  Mexico, corruption in, 79

  Multinational companies,

  Microeconomic studies

  corruption in, 92–93

  of health, 22

  of HIV/AIDS, 28

  Natural resource income, 46–48,

  limitations of, 35

  54

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  181

  Nepal

  setting, xvii, xix

  citizen involvement in, 82

  Procurement reform, 84–85, 89

  LBW prevention in, 103

  Pure time preference defined, 5

  Nigeria, malaria in, 24, 68–69

  Nonsmokers, life expectancy of,

  Rebel movements, reduction of,

  20

  48–49

  North Africa, HIV/AIDS in, 29

  Revenue streams, transparency

  Nutrition, improvement of,

  of, 47–48, 54.

  103–104

  See also Commodity trading

  system reform and civil

  Overseas Development Aid

  war

  (ODA), 122

  Roll Back Malaria program, 33

  Russia

  Pakistan, corruption in, 85

  corruption in, 79, 86

  Permits for greenhouse gas

  and Kyoto Protocol

  emissions, 15

  ratification, 3

  Plant breeding, 106

  tax rate in, 86

  Policy strategies

  and corruption, 81, 89

  Sanitation of water. See Water

  education, 60–68

  supply and sanitation,

  global warming, 9–12

  community-managed

  migration, 121, 123, 125

  Schools

  trade liberalization, 149,

  in education, 61–68

  162–163

  reform of, 68–69, 71, 72–73,

  water, 130–131, 144

  74–75

  Post-conflict risk reduction,

  Selection systems, active, 116,

  49–51, 54

  117–119, 126, 128

  Poverty

  Sierra Leone, military spending

  and agriculture, 133

  in, 51

  and free trade, 147, 158,

  Singapore, corruption in, 79

  163

  Social Rate of Time Preference

  reduction of, 108, 110

  (SRTP) defined, 5

  Pregnancy

  South Africa, immigration from,

  LBW and, 103

  119

  and malaria, 24, 26

  State capture, 80

  Principle of comparative

  Sub-Saharan Africa

  advantage, 148

  HIV/AIDS in, 29, 30, 34

  Prioritization

  life expectancy in, 19

  global, xii

  malaria in, 23, 25–27

  political, xi

  trade liberalization in, 155

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  Index

  Subsidies. See Government

  opportunities regarding,

  subsidies, removal of

  149–151

  Supply and education, 60, 61–66

  overview, 147–148

  policy strategies, 149, 162–163

  Tanzania, corruption in, 79

  poverty and, 147, 158, 163

  Tax administration reform,

  as priority, 169–170

  85–86, 89

  progress towards, 155–156

  Temperatures. See also Global

  in Sub-Saharan Africa, 155

  warming

  war and, 158

  and the carbon emissions tax,

  10

  Uganda

  and the Kyoto Protocol, 10

  corruption in, 82

  predicted increase in, 2–3, 7–9

  education in, 74, 82

  Thailand, HIV/AIDS in,28, 30, 34

  HIV/AIDS in, 28

  Thermohaline circulation, 6, 15

/>   LBW, control of,

  Third Assessment Report (TAR),

  study priorities, xviii

  IPCC 2001, 2–3

  Ukraine, corruption in, 79

  Trade liberalization

  United Kingdom

  in agriculture, 54, 123

  corruption in, 79

  benefit-cost ratios,xv, 148–150,

  water management in, 131

  152–159, 163

  United Nations

  benefits

  Intergovernmental Panel

  global, 159, 160

  on Climate Change, xiv

  gross, 156, 161

  United Nations Task Force on

  social/environmental, 158

  Water and Sanitation

  in Chile, 161

  report 2003, 131

  in China, 161, 162

  United Nations World Water

  in developing countries, 151,

  Development Report 2003,

  154–155, 160, 161

  136

  and disease, 158

  United States

  economy and, 148, 152,

  and Kyoto Protocol

  157–158, 162–163

  ratification, 3

  education and, 158

  migration to, 121, 128

  governance and, 149, 162–163

  water needs in, 130

  in India, 161

  Utility-based discounting, 5

  and the labor market, 153

  in Latin America, 161

  Value-at-risk method of global

  and migration, 115, 123, 153

  warming abatement,

  opponent’s views, 160–163

  11–12, 13, 16

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  Vietnam, education in, 66

  opportunities regarding,

  Vitamin A, deficiencies in,

  133–140, 144–145

  104–105, 106

  overview, 129–130, 140

  policy strategies, 130–131,

  War. See also Civil wars,

  144

  reduction of

  as priority, 170

  international, 56

  quality issues, xvi, 142

  as priority, 173–174

  scarcity and, 142

  and trade liberalization, 158

  Water supply and sanitation,

  Waste water, reuse of, 133

  community-managed,

  Water challenge

  134–138

  bad management,

  Welfare and civil war, 40

  consequences of, 131–133

  Wetlands, agriculture in, 134

  benefit-cost ratios, 137–138,

  World Development Report

  139

  1993, 31

  economic nature of water, 143

  World Development Report

  government involvement in,

  2004, 68

  130–131

  needs, domestic, 130

  Zambia, HIV/AIDS in, 29

  opponent’s views, 145

  Zinc, deficiencies in, 105

 

 

 


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