by Pausanias
[3] Ἀλεξάνδρου δὲ ἀποθανόντος καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πόλεμον δεύτερον τότε ἀνῃρημένων πρὸς Μακεδόνας, μετέσχον καὶ οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τοῦ πολέμου, καθὰ καὶ πρότερον ἐδήλωσα ἐν τῇ Ἀτθίδι συγγραφῇ. Γαλάταις δὲ μεθ᾽ Ἑλλήνων οὐκ ἐμαχέσαντο, Κλεωνύμου καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων σπείσασθαι σπονδάς σφισιν οὐ θελησάντων.
[28.3] After the death of Alexander, when the Greeks had raised a second war against the Macedonians, the Messenians took part, as I have shown earlier in my account of Attica. They did not join the Greeks against the Gauls, as Cleonymus and the Lacedaemonians refused to grant them a truce.
[4] οὐ πολλῷ δὲ ὕστερον ἔσχον Ἦλιν Μεσσήνιοι, σοφίᾳ τε ὁμοῦ χρησάμενοι καὶ τολμήματι. Ἠλεῖοι γὰρ τὰ μὲν παλαιότατα εὐνομώτατοι Πελοποννησίων ἦσαν: Φιλίππου δὲ τοῦ Ἀμύντου τά τε ἄλλα ὁπόσα εἴρηται κακουργήσαντος τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ Ἠλείων τοὺς δυνατοὺς διαφθείραντος χρήμασι, στασιάζουσι πρῶτον τότε Ἠλεῖοι καὶ ἐς ὅπλα, ὡς λέγουσι, χωροῦσι.
[28.4] Not long afterwards the Messenians occupied Elis, employing strategy and daring alike. The Eleians in the earliest times were the most law-abiding of the Peloponnesians, but when Philip the son of Amyntas did all the harm to Greece that has been related, he also bribed the leading men in Elis; the Eleians were divided by factions for the first time and came to blows, it is said.
[5] τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου ῥᾷον ἔτι ἔμελλον ἀπεχθήσεσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους, οἷς γε καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων ἕνεκα διέστη τὰ βουλεύματα, καὶ ἐς ἔμφυλον προῆλθον πόλεμον. πυνθανόμενοι δὲ ταῦτα οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι παρεσκευάζοντο ὡς Ἠλείων τοῖς φρονοῦσι τὰ σφέτερα ἀμυνοῦντες. καὶ οἱ μὲν κατὰ τέλη τε ἐτάσσοντο καὶ διενέμοντο ἐς τοὺς λόχους: τῶν δὲ Μεσσηνίων λογάδες χίλιοι φθάνουσιν ἀφικόμενοι πρὸς τὴν Ἦλιν, σημεῖα ἐπὶ ταῖς ἀσπίσι Λακωνικὰ ἔχοντες.
[28.5] Henceforward it was likely to be more easy for quarrels to arise among men whose counsels were divided on account of the Lacedaemonians, and they arrived at civil war. Learning this, the Lacedaemonians were preparing to assist their partisans in Elis. While they were being organized in squadrons and distributed in companies, a thousand picked Messenian troops arrived hurriedly at Elis with Laconian blazons on their shields.
[6] ὡς δὲ τὰς ἀσπίδας ἐθεάσαντο ὅσοι τοῖς Σπαρτιάταις εὖνοι τῶν Ἠλείων ἦσαν, συμμαχίαν τε ἀφῖχθαί σφισιν ἤλπισαν καὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐδέχοντο ἐς τὸ τεῖχος: ἐσελθόντες δὲ τρόπον οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τὸν εἰρημένον τοὺς τὰ Λακεδαιμονίων φρονοῦντας ἐδίωξαν, καὶ ἐπιτρέπουσι τοῖς στασιώταις τοῖς αὑτῶν τὴν πόλιν.
[28.6] Seeing their shields, all the Laconising party in Elis thought their supporters had arrived and received them into the fortress. But having obtained admission in this way, the Messenians drove out the supporters of the Lacedaemonians and made over the city to their own partisans.
[7] ἔστι μὲν δὴ τὸ σόφισμα Ὁμήρου, φαίνονται δὲ αὐτὸ ἐν δέοντι μιμησάμενοι καὶ οἱ Μεσσήνιοι, ἐπεὶ Πάτροκλόν γε ἐποίησεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι Ὅμηρος Ἀχιλλέως τὰ ὅπλα ἐνδύντα, καὶ ἐγγενέσθαι τε ἔφη τοῖς βαρβάροις δόξαν ὡς Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐπίοι καὶ τοὺς προτεταγμένους αὐτῶν ταραχθῆναι. εὕρηται δὲ καὶ ἄλλα Ὁμήρῳ στρατηγήματα, δύο τε παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατασκόπους ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἀνθ᾽ ἑνὸς ἐς τοὺς Τρῶας ἀφικέσθαι καὶ ἄνδρα ὕστερον λόγῳ μὲν αὐτόμολον, ἔργῳ δὲ τὰ ἀπόρρητα πολυπραγμονήσοντα ἐς τὸ Ἴλιον ἐσελθεῖν.
[28.7] The trick is Homer’s, but the Messenians plainly imitated it opportunely, for Homer represents Patroclus in the Iliad clad in the arms of Achilles, and says that the barbarians were filled with the belief that it was Achilles attacking them, and that their front ranks were thrown into confusion. Other stratagems are the invention of Homer, the coming of the two Greek spies by night among the Trojans, instead of one and later a man coming to Troy, who pretends to be a deserter but actually is to find out their secrets.
[8] ἔτι δὲ τοὺς διὰ νεότητα ἐν τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἢ γῆρας οὐχ ὡραίους μάχεσθαι, τούτους μὲν τὸ τεῖχος φρουρεῖν ἔταξε, τῶν ἐν ἡλικίᾳ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐπηυλισμένων: Ἑλλήνων δὲ οἱ τὰ τραύματα ἔχοντες ὁπλίζουσιν αὐτῷ τὸ μάχιμον, ἵνα μηδὲ αὐτοὶ παντάπασιν ἀργοῖεν.
τὰ Ὁμήρου μὲν οὖν ὠφέλιμα ἐγένετο ἐς ἅπαντα ἀνθρώποις:
[28.8] Again, the Trojans who, through youth or years were not of fighting age, he posted as garrison of the walls, while the men of military age were encamped against the Greeks. The wounded Greeks in Homer arm the fighting men, so that even they may not be altogether idle. Indeed Homer’s ideas have proved useful to men in every matter.
29. μετὰ δὲ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον τοῦ ἔργου τοῦ πρὸς Ἤλιδι Μακεδόνες καὶ Δημήτριος ὁ Φιλίππου τοῦ Δημητρίου Μεσσήνην καταλαμβάνουσι. τὰ μὲν δὴ πολλὰ ἔς τε αὐτὸν Φίλιππον καὶ τὰ ἐς Δημήτριον τὸν Φιλίππου τολμηθέντα ἐκ Περσέως ἐν τοῖς Σικυωνίοις ἔγραψα ἤδη λόγοις: τὰ δὲ ἐς τὴν κατάληψιν τὴν Μεσσήνης ἔσχεν οὕτω.
[29.1] XXIX. Not long after the affair at Elis, the Macedonians and Demetrius the son of Philip, son of Demetrius, captured Messene. I have already, in my account of Sicyon, narrated most of the crimes of Perseus against Philip himself and against Demetrius the son of Philip. These are the facts relating to the capture of Messene.
[2] χρημάτων ἐσπανίζετο Φίλιππος, καὶ — ἔδει γὰρ πάντως οἱ γενέσθαι χρήματα — ἀποστέλλει Δημήτριον ναυσὶν ἐς Πελοπόννησον. Δημήτριος δὲ κατήγετό που τῆς Ἀργείας ἐς λιμένα τῶν ἐρημοτέρων: αὐτίκα δὲ ὡς εἶχε διὰ τῶν ἐπιτομωτάτων τῆς χώρας τὴν στρατιὰν ἦγεν ἐπὶ Μεσσήνης. προτάξας δὲ ὅσον ἦν τῶν τε ὅπλων τῇ σκευῇ κοῦφον καὶ τῆς ἐς τὴν Ἰθώμην εἶχεν ὁδοῦ οὐκ ἀπείρως, λανθάνει περὶ ὄρθρον μάλιστα ὑπερβὰς τὸ τεῖχος, καθὸ τῆς τε πόλεως μεταξὺ ἦν καὶ ἄκρας τῆς Ἰθώμης.
[29.2] Philip was in need of money, and as it was necessary to raise it at all costs, he sent Demetrius with a fleet to Peloponnese. He put in to one of the less frequented harbors of the Argolid, and at once marched his army by the shortest route to Messene. With an advance guard consisting of all the light-armed troops who knew the road to Ithome, he succeeded just before dawn in scaling the wall unnoticed at
a point where it lay between the city and the peak of Ithome.
[3] ὡς δὲ ἡμέρα τε ἐπέσχε καὶ ἤδη τοῖς ἔνδον αἴσθησις ἐγεγόνει τοῦ κατειληφότος κινδύνου, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αὐτοὺς ἐσῆλθεν ὑπόνοια ὡς οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι σὺν ὅπλοις παρέλθοιεν αὐτῶν ἐς τὴν πόλιν, ὥστε καὶ ὥρμησαν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἀφειδέστερον διὰ τὸ μῖσος τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐκ τε τῶν ὅπλων καὶ τῆς φωνῆς Μακεδόνας καὶ Δημήτριον τὸν Φιλίππου γνωρίζουσιν ὄντας, δεῖμα ἰσχυρὸν παρέστη σφίσι λογιζομένοις τήν τε ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ τῶν Μακεδόνων μελέτην καὶ τύχην ᾗ πρὸς ἅπαντα ἑώρων χρωμένους αὐτούς.
[29.3] When day dawned and the inhabitants had realized the danger that beset them, they were at first under the impression that the Lacedaemonians had forced an entry into the town, and attacked them more recklessly owing to their ancient hatred. But when they discovered from their equipment and speech that it was the Macedonians and Demetrius the son of Philip, they were filled with great fear, when they considered the Macedonian training in warfare and the good fortune which they saw that they enjoyed in all their ventures.
[4] ὅμως δὲ τοῦ τε παρόντος κακοῦ τὸ μέγεθος ἐδίδασκεν ἀνδρίαν τινὰ καὶ πέρα τοῦ δυνατοῦ γίνεσθαι καὶ ἅμα τὰ ἀμείνω παρίστατο αὐτοῖς ἐλπίζειν: οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἄνευ θεοῦ διὰ τοσούτου σφίσιν ὑπάρξαι τὴν ἐς Πελοπόννησον κάθοδον. οἵ τε οὖν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως Μεσσήνιοι θυμῷ παντὶ ἐς τοὺς Μακεδόνας ἐχώρουν καὶ οἱ φρουροῦντες τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἐπέκειντο ἐξ ὑπερδεξίων.
[29.4] Nevertheless the magnitude of the present evil caused them to display a courage beyond their strength, also they were inspired with hope for the best, since it seemed not without divine help that they had accomplished their return to Peloponnese after so long an absence. So the Messenians in the town went against the Macedonians full of courage, and the garrison on the acropolis attacked from the high ground above.
[5] ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ οἱ Μακεδόνες ὑπό τε ἀρετῆς καὶ ἐμπειρίας τὸ κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς ἠμύνοντο ἐρρωμένως: ἅτε δὲ ὁδοιπορίᾳ προαπειρηκότες καὶ ὁμοῦ τῶν τε ἀνδρῶν σφισιν ἐγκειμένων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γυναικῶν κεράμῳ καὶ λίθοις βαλλόμενοι, σὺν οὐδενὶ ἔφευγον κόσμῳ. καὶ τὸ μὲν πολὺ αὐτῶν ἀπώλετο ὠθούμενοι κατὰ τῶν κρημνῶν, ἀπότομος γὰρ δὴ ταύτῃ μάλιστά ἐστιν ἡ Ἰθώμη: ὀλίγοι δέ τινες καὶ ῥίψαντες τὰ ὅπλα ἀπεσώθησαν.
[29.5] In like manner the Macedonians, brave and experienced troops, at first offered a firm resistance. But worn out by their march, attacked by the men and bombarded with tiles and stones by the women, they took to flight in disorder. The majority were pushed over the precipices and killed, for Ithome is very steep at this point. A few escaped by throwing away their arms.
[6] ἐς δὲ τὸ συνέδριον οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τὸ Ἀχαιῶν ἐπὶ τῷδε οὔ μοι δοκοῦσιν ἐσελθεῖν κατ᾽ ἀρχάς. Λακεδαιμονίοις αὐτεπάγγελτοι βοηθήσοντες ἀφίκοντο ὑπὸ Πύρρου τοῦ Αἰακίδου πολεμουμένοις, καί σφισιν ἀπὸ τῆς εὐεργεσίας ταύτης ἤδη τὰ ἐκ τῆς Σπάρτης εἰρηνικώτερα ὑπῆρχεν. οὔκουν ἀνακινῆσαι τὸ ἔχθος ἐβούλοντο ἐς τὸ συνέδριον συγχωρήσαντες, οἳ Λακεδαιμονίων μάλιστα πολέμιοι ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ καθεστήκεσαν.
[29.6] The Messenians refrained at first from joining the Achaean league for the following reason, I think. When Pyrrhus the son of Aeacides made war on the Lacedaemonians, they came unasked to their assistance, and as a result of this service a more peaceful disposition towards them came to be established at Sparta. Therefore they were unwilling to revive the feud by joining the league, which was openly declared the bitterest enemy of the Lacedaemonians.
[7] ὃ δὲ οὐ λέληθεν ἐμέ, οὐδὲ Μεσσηνίους ἐλελήθει δήπου, καὶ μὴ συντελοῦσιν αὐτοῖς ἐς τὸ συνέδριον ὡς ἐπὶ Λακεδαιμονίους τὰ Ἀχαιῶν ὑπάρχοι: ἐν γὰρ δὴ τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς καὶ Ἀργεῖοι καὶ τὸ Ἀρκαδικὸν οὐκ ἐλαχίστη μοῖρα ἦσαν. ἀνὰ χρόνον μέντοι προσεχώρησαν ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν. οὐ πολλῷ δὲ ὕστερον Κλεομένης ὁ Λεωνίδου τοῦ Κλεωνύμου Μεγάλην πόλιν εἷλεν Ἀρκάδων ἐν σπονδαῖς:
[29.7] I realize, as of course did the Messenians, that even without their joining the league the policy of the Achaeans was hostile to the Lacedaemonians. For the Argives and the Arcadian group formed not the smallest element in the league. However, in the course of time they joined the league. And not long afterwards Cleomenes the son of Leonidas, son of Cleonymus, captured the Arcadian Megalopolis in peace-time.
[8] τῶν δὲ οἱ καταληφθέντες οἳ μὲν ἀπώλοντο ὑπὸ τὴν ἅλωσιν, Φιλοποίμενα δὲ τὸν Κραύγιδος καὶ ὅσοι μετὰ Φιλοποίμενος ἀπεχώρησαν — γενέσθαι δὲ τῶν Μεγαλοπολιτῶν τὸ διαφυγὸν καὶ ὑπὲρ τὰς δύο μοίρας λέγουσι — τούτους ὑπεδέξαντο οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τῶν τε ἀρχαίων ἔργων ἕνεκα ὁπόσα ἐπὶ Ἀριστομένους ὑπῆρκτο Ἀρκάσι καὶ ὕστερον ἐπὶ τοῦ οἰκισμοῦ τοῦ Μεσσήνης, ἀποδιδόντες σφίσι τὴν ὁμοίαν.
[29.8] Of the people of Megalopolis who were caught in the city, some were killed at the time of its capture, but Philopoemen the son of Craugis and all who withdrew with him (the number of the citizens who escaped is said to have been more than two-thirds) were received by the Messenians, who for the sake of the former services rendered by the Arcadians in the time of Aristomenes and again at the founding of Messene now repaid the like.
[9] πέφυκε δὲ ἄρα ὡς ἐπίπαν μεταπίπτειν τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, εἰ δὴ Μεσσηνίοις Ἀρκάδας τε ἀντισῶσαι καὶ τὸ ἀδοκητότερον ἔτι ἑλεῖν Σπάρτην ὁ δαίμων ἔδωκεν: Κλεομένει γὰρ περὶ Σελλασίαν ἐμαχέσαντο ἐναντία καὶ τὴν Σπάρτην Ἀράτῳ καὶ Ἀχαιοῖς συγκαθεῖλον.
[29.9] Such, it would seem, are the vicissitudes of human affairs, that it was the will of heaven that the Messenians should in their turn preserve the Arcadians, and what is still more surprising, that they should capture Sparta. For they fought against Cleomenes at Sellasia and joined with Aratus and the Achaeans to capture Sparta.
[10] Λακεδαιμονίοις δὲ ἀπηλλαγμένοις Κλεομένους ἐπανίσταται τύραννος Μαχανίδας, ἐκείνου δὲ ἀποθανόντος Νάβις ἀνέφυ σφίσιν αὖθις τύραννος: ἅτε δὲ οὐ τὰ ἀνθρώπων ἀναρπάζοντι αὐτῷ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἱερὰ συλῶντι, ἐν οὐ πολλῷ χρόνῳ χρήματά τε ἄφθονα καὶ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν στρατιὰ συνείλεκτο. τούτου τοῦ Νάβιδος Με
σσήνην καταλαβόντος Φιλοποίμην καὶ οἱ Μεγαλοπολῖται νυκτὸς ἀφίκοντο τῆς αὐτῆς:
[29.10] When the Lacedaemonians were rid of Cleomenes there rose to power a tyrant Machanidas, and after his death a second tyrant arose in Nabis. As he plundered human property and robbed temples alike, he amassed vast wealth in a short time and with it raised an army. This Nabis seized Messene, but when Philopoemen and the people of Megalopolis arrived during the same night,
[11] καὶ ὁ μὲν Σπαρτιάτης τύραννος ἀπῆλθεν ὑπόσπονδος, Ἀχαιοὶ δὲ ὕστερον τούτων μεμφόμενοί τι Μεσσηνίοις στρατεύουσιν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς παρασκευῇ τῇ πάσῃ καὶ τὰ πολλὰ ἔτεμον τῆς χώρας. καὶ οἳ μὲν αὖθις περὶ ἀκμὴν σίτου συνελέγοντο ὡς ἐς τὴν Μεσσηνίαν ἐσβαλοῦντες: Δεινοκράτης δὲ δήμου τε προεστηκὼς καὶ Μεσσηνίων ἄρχειν ἐν τῷ τότε ᾑρημένος Λυκόρταν μὲν καὶ τὴν σὺν αὐτῷ στρατιὰν ἀναχωρῆσαι παρεσκεύασεν ἄπρακτον, τὰς ἐς τὴν Μεσσηνίαν ἐκ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας παρόδους προλαβὼν τοῖς τε ἐκ τῆς πόλεως Μεσσηνίοις καὶ ὅσοι τῶν περιοίκων σφίσιν ἤμυναν: