16. Descriptions from the Cincinnati press found in the CSO Scrapbooks, vol. 20: “Appearance of Director Is Barred,” Cincinnati Enquirer, November 22, 1917; “Pittsburgh Bars Dr. Kunwald; Date Cancelled,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, November 22, 1917. Note “Orchestra Muddle Elucidated by Manager Roberts,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, November 23, 1917.
17. “Jingoism and Practicality,” Cincinnati Enquirer, November 23, 1917.
18. “Attitude of Dr. Kunwald Made Plain,” Cincinnati Times-Star, November 22, 1917, CSO Scrapbooks, vol. 20. Note “Member of the Board,” n.d. newspaper clipping, Cincinnati Symphony 1915–1917, Clipping file, NYPLPA.
19. “Holds It to Contract,” Chillicothe News Advertiser, November 22, 1917, CSO Scrapbooks, vol. 20.
20. “Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra Gave Chillicothe Musical Treat,” Chillicothe Scioto Gazette, November 24, 1917; and “Just as Enjoyable,” Chillicothe News Advertiser, November 24, 1917, CSO Scrapbooks, vol. 19.
21. “Brilliant Audience Greets the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra,” Chillicothe News Advertiser, November 24, 1917, CSO Scrapbooks, vol. 19.
22. “Dr. Kunwald and Cincinnati,” Musical Courier (November 29, 1917): 19. “Resignation of Kunwald Given Symphony Head,” Cincinnati Post, November 22, 1917; “Successor to Kunwald for Director, Aim,” paper title uncertain, November 22, 1917 (both in CSO Scrapbooks, vol. 20). Note an October 15 editorial in the Cincinnati Times-Star, “They Are Working for Our City.”
23. “Kunwald Declares Loyalty to Austria after Arrest; Taken to Dayton Jail,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, December 9, 1917. Note “Kunwald Held,” Cincinnati Post, December 8, 1917.
24. “As Prisoner of War Kunwald Is Registered,” Ibid.
25. “Mum in Washington,” Ibid.
26. “Rothwell Makes Debut as Conductor of the Cincinnati Orchestra,” Musical Courier (December 20, 1917): 5.
27. “Swift Release Follows Dr. Kunwald’s Arrest; Whole Incident Mystery,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, December 10, 1917. Note “Alien Director Freed from Jail,” New York Morning Telegraph, December 10, 1917; “Dr. Kunwald Released from Jail,” Christian Science Monitor, December 10, 1917; “Dr. Kunwald Released,” New York Times, December 10, 1917.
28. “Kunwald Out as Director, Remains Here,” Cincinnati Post, December 11, 1917.
29. “Resignation of Kunwald Accepted,” Cincinnati Enquirer, December 11, 1917.
30. “Arrest of Kunwald,” Musical Leader, December 13, 1917, from the CSO Scrapbooks, vol. 20. One report (appearing to quote from the press) said Kunwald was arrested because of his anti-American remarks. See “Rothwell Makes Debut as Conductor of the Cincinnati Orchestra,” Musical Courier (December 20, 1917): 5.
31. “Arrest of Kunwald In Line with Policy Adopted by Washington,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, December 11, 1917.
32. “Arrest Any Time,” Cincinnati Enquirer, December 11, 1917. The dispatch noted the arrest was made under the authority of the attorney general, but without his “specific knowledge.”
33. “The Symphony Orchestra,” Cincinnati Post, December 12, 1917.
34. See “Selected as Guest-Conductor,” Cincinnati Times-Star, December 11, 1917; “Dvorak Symphony Feature of This Week’s Concerts,” Ibid., December 12, 1917; “To Direct Orchestra,” Cincinnati Enquirer, December 12, 1917; “New Conductor Arrives,” Ibid., December 13, 1917; “The Symphony Concert,” Ibid., December 15, 1917; “Conductor Rothwell Will Reach City Today,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, December 12, 1917; “Rothwell Arrives for Symphony Concerts,” Ibid., December 13, 1917.
35. “Former Director of Symphony Orchestra to Be Interned,” Cincinnati Post, January 12, 1918. The arrest was widely reported: “Dr. Ernst Kunwald Now on Way to Prison Camp,” New York Herald, January 13, 1918; “Former Symphony Director in Cincinnati to Be Interned,” St. Louis Dispatch, January 13, 1918; “Dr. Kunwald Sent to Internment Camp,” New York Times, January 13, 1918; “Dr. Ernst Kunwald Is Interned as Enemy,” Boston Globe, January 13, 1918; “Dr. Kunwald Interned,” Washington Post, January 13, 1918.
36. For the Kunwald quotations, which vary slightly, see: “Kunwald Sent to Ft. Oglethorpe,” Cincinnati Enquirer, January 13, 1918; “Kunwald Again Arrested; Washington Orders His Internment in the South,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, Ibid.
37. “Former Director of Symphony Orchestra to Be Interned,” Cincinnati Post, January 12, 1918.
38. “Kunwald Again Arrested; Washington Orders His Internment in the South,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, January 13, 1918. One allegation claimed Kunwald had praised the leadership of the German army as it rolled through France and Belgium, comparing its organization and execution to “the construction of Beethoven’s . . . symphonies.” See “A Symphony by von Moltke,” Musical America (October 24, 1914): 16.
39. Material from the following: “Sleuths Pose as ‘Guests’ to Hear Kunwald,” Cincinnati Post, January 14, 1918; “Talk Is Kunwald’s Undoing,” Cincinnati Enquirer, Ibid.
40. On camp life, see Bowles, 405–40; “Kunwald to Organize Orchestra,” Cincinnati Enquirer, January 31, 1918; and “Just How the Interned Germans Are Treated,” New York Times, July 7, 1918.
41. “Kunwald Takes Daily Exercise in Prison Camp,” Cincinnati Post, January 31, 1918.
42. See “Release Given to Dr. Kunwald by Government,” Cincinnati Times-Star, June 4, 1919. In the summer of 1918, it was reported that government officials had broken into the Kunwalds’ safety deposit boxes in their local bank. Press reports indicated incriminating documents were found linking Kunwald to German agents in the United States. See “Plot to Aid Huns Seen,” Cincinnati Enquirer, August 29, 1918; “Gold Coin is from Kunwald Box,” Ibid., August 30, 1918.
43. “Cincinnatians, in Varied Fields of Activity, Declare That Now, of All Times, Orchestra Should Be Fostered,” Cincinnati Times-Star, January 12, 1918; “Mayor Lauds Orchestra as Symbol of Pure Harmony,” Ibid.; “ ‘Now of All Times Should Orchestra Be Cherished,’ Says New Head of Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce,” Ibid.
44. See “Ysaÿe Leads Orchestra in Great Concert,” Cincinnati Times-Star, April 6, 1918; “The Symphony Concert,” Cincinnati Enquirer, Ibid.; “Ysaÿe Leads Orchestra in Inspiring Concert,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, Ibid. Note, too, “Master of the Violin also Master of Men,” Cincinnati Times-Star, April 2, 1918.
45. See “Kunwald Interned, Cincinnati Takes Ysaÿe as Leader,” New York Herald, n.d., CSO Scrapbooks, vol. 19; and “Suffers Much from Germans,” Chattanooga News, January 23, 1919, Ibid., vol. 21.
46. “Cincinnati Orchestra Led by Eugen [sic] Ysaÿe,” Musical Courier (April 11, 1918): 5. Note, too, “Ysaÿe Arouses Ovation as He Praises Loan,” Cincinnati Post, April 6, 1918; “Ysaÿe Led Orchestra in Inspiring Concert,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, Ibid.
47. Ysaÿe reported that his salary was $25,000; Kunwald’s was $17,000. See Louis Russell Thomas, “A History of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra to 1931” (PhD diss., University of Cincinnati, 1972), 442–43.
48. “Ysaÿe Reveals Great Plans for Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra,” Cincinnati Times-Star, April 16, 1918; “Cincinnati Jubilant over New Director,” Musical America, article dated April 20, 1918, CSO Scrapbooks, vol. 19.
49. “Orchestra to Omit All German Music,” Pittsburgh Post, November 8, 1917. Pittsburgh also stopped Fritz Kreisler, the Austrian violin virtuoso, from performing in the city. Several women’s organizations demanded that he be prevented from playing.
50. “Orchestra to Omit All German Music,” Pittsburgh Post, November 8, 1917; note “German Orchestra Music Is Barred,” Pittsburgh Sun, November 8, 1917.
51. “Bar Kreisler and Hempel,” New York Times, November 10, 1917. Note “Ban German Music,” Pittsburgh Dispatch, November 10, 1917; and “German Music under Ban in the East,” Los Angeles Times, November 10, 1917.
52. “Dissenting Aliens and Pacifists Flayed by Ex-Envoy,” Pittsburgh Post, November 14, 1917.
53. “Music
al Comments and Current Events,” Pittsburgh Sunday Post, November 11, 1917. Note Ibid., November 18, 1917.
54. “Even with Their Music, These Germans Make War,” Pittsburgh Dispatch, December 9, 1917.
55. Ibid.
56. Letter excerpted in “ ‘Enemy Music,’ ” Musical Courier (December 27, 1917): 22.
57. “Beethoven and the Great War,” New York Tribune, November 14, 1917. The president of the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh rejected the premise of the editorial. See “Why Pittsburgh Banishes German Music and German Artists,” Ibid., November 16, 1917. On the Pittsburgh decision, see “Where Pittsburgh Leads,” The Chronicle (January 1918): n.p.; “Pittsburgh Regrets ‘Chauvinistic’ Stand,” Musical America (January 19, 1918): 26.
58. Bliss Perry, Life and Letters of Henry Lee Higginson (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1921), 319–22.
59. “Muck Opens with German Program,” Musical America (October 24, 1914): 8.
60. Higginson letter quoted in Perry, 470.
61. Numbers from the 1920 census. Total population: 748,060; foreign-born: 238,919; native-born with foreign-born parents: 238,241; native-born with “mixed parentage”: 71,514. United States Census Bureau, Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920, vol. 3: Population, 445. The Massachusetts State Census of 1915 reflects similar numbers. The 1915 Massachusetts Census provides these numbers on Bostonians of German heritage: foreign-born: 8,402; German-born father: 14,979; German-born mother: 12,413; two German parents: 10,050. It appears the single-parent numbers include those who had two German-born parents. Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics, The Decennial Census 1915 (Boston: Wright and Potter, 1918), 292, 334.
62. Perry, 484.
63. Description of the afternoon of October 30 from Perry, 486–87. On the Providence events, see “Symphony Does Not Play U.S. Anthem,” Boston Globe, October 31, 1917; “Threat to Disband Boston Symphony,” New York Times, November 1, 1917; “Dr. Muck Resigns under a Storm of Public Criticism,” Musical America (November 10, 1917): 1, 4–5; “Dr. Muck Balks at ‘The Star-Spangled Banner,’ ” New York Tribune, November 11, 1917; and “Patriotic Fury Directed at Boston Orchestra,” Musical Courier (November 8, 1917): 5, 19.
64. Providence Evening Journal quotation in M. A. Dewolfe Howe, The Boston Symphony Orchestra, 1881–1931 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 132–33. Note “The Case of Dr. Karl Muck,” Providence Evening Journal, November 1, 1917. Note that all newspaper accounts from Boston and Providence (through the end of this chapter) are from the Clipping file, Pres 56, Boston Symphony Orchestra Archives (hereafter BSOA), Symphony Hall, Boston, MA.
65. See “Boston Orchestra May Be Barred in Providence,” Boston Globe, November 1, 1917; “Providence Business Men Would Bar Karl Muck,” Boston Globe, November 2, 1917; “Symphony’s Action Is Put before Board of Aldermen,” Providence Evening Bulletin, November 1, 1917; “The National Anthem in Concerts,” Providence Evening Bulletin, November 2, 1917; “War Council Here Indorses Move to Bar Out Dr. Muck,” Providence Evening Bulletin, November 7, 1917; and “Threat to Disband Boston Symphony,” New York Times, November 1, 1917. Note letters to the Baltimore Sun on November 3, 1917, “Which Is the More Valuable, Patriotism or Symphonies?”
66. “Dr. Muck Resigns Under a Storm of Public Criticism,” Musical America (November 10, 1917): 1, 4–5. Note “Major H. L. Higginson Defends Symphony,” Boston Globe, November 1, 1917; “Symphony Orchestra May Be Obliged to Disband,” Providence Evening Bulletin, November 1, 1917; and “Muck Resigns as Conductor of Boston Symphony,” Providence Evening Bulletin, November 2, 1917.
67. “Threat to Disband Boston Symphony,” New York Times, November 1, 1917.
68. “Dr. Muck Balks at ‘The Star-Spangled Banner,’ ” New York Tribune, November 11, 1917.
69. On the performances, see Perry, 487, and the following: “Boston Symphony Plays Anthem, Dr. Karl Muck Ready to Resign,” Boston Globe, November 3, 1917; “Dr. Muck Leader in Playing of Anthem,” Ibid., November 3, 1917; “Muck Leads Boston Symphony in National Anthem,” Providence Evening Bulletin, November 3, 1917; “Plays It and Resigns,” Baltimore Sun, November 3, 1917; “Dr. Karl Muck Resigns; Then Leads Anthem,” New York Herald, November 3, 1917; “Dr. Muck Resigns, Then Plays Anthem,” New York Times, November 3, 1917; “Muck Renders Anthem,” Washington Post, November 3, 1917; “Anthem on All Muck’s Programs; His Resignation Is Still Pending,” Ibid., November 4, 1917.
70. See “Symphony Headed for More Trouble,” Boston Globe, November 5, 1917; and “Muck Blameless, Higginson Insists,” New York Times, November 5, 1917.
71. Perry, 487–88. On the Philadelphia concert, see “Philadelphia Tense at Dr. Muck’s Concert,” Musical America (November 10, 1917): 23; “Bulk of Music Lovers Want Muck Retained,” Boston Globe, November 7, 1917; “Bostonians Won’t Come,” Baltimore Sun, November 5, 1917. For Carnegie Hall, see “Dr. Muck Plays National Anthem to Tense Audience,” New York Herald, November 9, 1917. For Washington, DC, see “Doubt as to Reception Dr. Muck Will Get Today from Concert Audience,” Washington Post, November 6, 1917; “Society,” Ibid., November 7, 1917; and “Muck Twice Leads in Playing Anthem,” Boston Globe, November 7, 1917.
72. “Ex-Gov. Warfield Would Mob Muck,” New York Times, November 5, 1917. On Warfield’s opposition, see “To Resent Muck’s Slur,” Baltimore Sun, November 4, 1917. Note, too, “Ex-Governor Threatening Baltimore Mob Violence,” Boston Globe, November 4, 1917; and “Muck Likely to Be Mobbed if He Visits Baltimore,” Providence Evening Bulletin, November 5, 1917.
73. Quotations from “Ex-Gov. Warfield Would Mob Muck,” New York Times, November 5, 1917. From the Baltimore Sun, see “Soldiers Oppose Muck,” November 5, 1917; and an anti-Muck letter published on November 5, from Dr. B. Merrill Hopkinson.
74. “Baltimore Forbids Dr. Muck’s Concert,” November 6, 1917, New York Times. Note “Bar Symphony in Baltimore,” Boston Globe, November 6, 1917; “Baltimore Grand Jury Forbids Muck Concert,” Providence Evening Bulletin, November 6, 1917; and “ ‘The Star-Spangled Banner,’ ” Ibid.
75. Ibid. See also “Baltimore Police Board Forbids Appearance of Boston Orchestra,” Washington Post, November 6, 1917.
76. For quotations and a description of the event, see “Dr. Muck Denounced at Mass Meeting,” Baltimore Sun, November 7, 1917; and “Denounce Muck at Rally,” New York Times, November 7, 1917.
77. As above, see “Dr. Muck Denounced at Mass Meeting,” Baltimore Sun, November 7, 1917; and “Denounce Muck at Rally,” New York Times, November 7, 1917. From the Baltimore Sun, note “Anti-Muck Patriots Like Minute Men of ’75,” November 8, 1917; “Frederick Extols Flag,” November 10, 1917; and letters to the Sun’s editor on November 7, 1917.
78. “Muck Resigns Under a Storm of Public Criticism,” Musical Courier (November 10, 1917): 1. Note “Prussianizing of Musical Institutions in America Stirs Bitter Controversy,” New York Herald, November 2, 1917.
79. “Walter Damrosch Assails Dr. Muck’s Stand as Cowardly,” New York Herald, November 3, 1917.
80. Ibid. For letters to Damrosch on the Muck affair, see Stearns Morse to Walter Damrosch, November 3, 1917, and Morse to Damrosch, November 14, 1917, Conductors: Muck, Karl, Damrosch Collection, NYPLPA. On Damrosch’s uncharitable postwar discussion of Muck, see Walter Damrosch, My Musical Life (New York: Scribner, 1923), 338–43.
81. “Dr. Muck Resigns under a Storm of Public Criticism,” Musical America (November 10, 1917): 1, 4.
82. Ibid.
83. “Patriotic Fury Directed at Boston Orchestra,” Musical Courier (November 8, 1917): 5, 19. Note “Internment of Muck Urged by Roosevelt,” Providence Evening Bulletin, November 3, 1917.
84. “Patriotic Fury Directed at Boston Orchestra,” Musical Courier (November 8, 1917): 5, 19.
85. “Musical America’s Open Forum,” Musical America (November 17, 1917): 26.
86. Letter reprinted in “Must Not Disregard Sanctity of ‘The Star-Spangled Banner,’ ” Presto (November 8, 1917)
: 17. NYPLA Clipping file, Walter Damrosch, 1911–1919.
87. “ ‘Yankee Doodle’ for Muck,” New York Times, November 4, 1917. Note “Good Symphony Music,” from the Waterbury American (reprinted in the November 14, 1917, Providence Evening Bulletin), in which a Yale professor proclaimed the virtues of playing the piece at a symphony concert.
88. “Musical America’s Open Forum,” Musical America (December 8, 1917): 46. Note “The Case of Dr. Muck, Major Higginson, and ‘The Star-Spangled Banner,’ ” New York Times, November 4, 1917.
89. “Music and Patriotism,” Outlook (November 14, 1917): 407.
90. Ibid.
91. Francis Grierson, “The Pernicious Influence of German Music in America,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, December 18, 1917, Clipping file, Pres 56, BSOA.
92. Ibid.
93. Joseph Horowitz writes that no “New York critic played so influential a role within the city’s community of artists” as did Krehbiel. See Horowitz, Wagner Nights: An American History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 5.
94. “The National Anthem at Orchestral Concerts,” New York Tribune, November 4, 1917. Note “A Musician Makes a Mistake,” New York Times, November 2, 1917; “An Artist’s Grave Indiscretion,” Ibid., November 3, 1917. For an inane piece linking art and patriotism, see a November 4, 1917, Washington Post editorial, “Finishing His Education.”
95. On the New York concerts, see “Karl Muck Plays Our Anthem Here,” New York Times, November 9, 1917; “Dr. Karl Muck Leads Boston Symphony Orchestra in Carnegie Hall,” New York Tribune, November 9, 1917; “New York Receives Dr. Muck Generously,” Musical America (November 17, 1917): 3; “Boston Symphony Gives Brooklyn a Real Treat,” Ibid., 4; and “New York Hears Anthem Conducted by Dr. Muck,” Musical Courier (November 15, 1917): 17.
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