96. See “A Letter of Protest,” in the March 1918 issue of The Chronicle, n.p.
97. “Major Higginson Replies,” Ibid.
98. “A Final Warning,” Ibid.
99. Ibid. Also banning Muck’s performances were Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Detroit, Washington, DC, and Springfield, Illinois. The list would soon include Cleveland, Providence, and Brooklyn. The American Defense Society demanded that the entire Boston Symphony be prohibited from performing anywhere in the country. See “Asks Ban on Boston Symphony Concerts,” Boston Globe, December 1, 1917. For another exchange of letters between Jay and Higginson, see “Mrs. Jay and Her Associates in a New Muck Attack,” New York Herald, March 9, 1918.
100. “Protests Fail to Bar Concert by Muck and Enemy Aliens: Shall Doktor Karl Muck with His 23 Enemy Aliens Play in Concert To-night?,” New York Herald, March 14, 1918.
101. Preceding quoted in Ibid.
102. “Dr. Manning Joins Attack on Dr. Muck,” New York Times, March 13, 1918; “Dr. Manning Joins Muck’s Opponents,” New York Sun, March 13, 1918.
103. “War on Dr. Muck Growing Warmer,” New York World, March 14, 1918. Note a sampling of stories in the New York press prior to the performances: “Opposition Grows to Doktor Muck as Concert Director,” New York Herald, March 12, 1918; “City Is Confident Ban Will Be Put on Doktor Muck,” Ibid., March 13, 1918; “Renews Dr. Muck Protest,” New York Times, March 12, 1918; “Major Higginson Defends Dr. Muck,” Ibid., March 14, 1918; “Muck Defended by Higginson,” New York Evening Sun, March 13, 1918; “Muck Will Not Be Barred Here,” Ibid., March 14, 1918; “Loyal Citizens Rally to Support Mrs. Jay in Fight to Bar Dr. Muck,” New York Telegram, March 13, 1918; “Keep Up Fight to Ban Dr. Muck Here To-night,” Ibid., March 14, 1918; “Fair Play Asked for Dr. Muck,” New York Evening Journal, March 14, 1918; “Mrs. William Jay Plays ‘Trumps’ in Fight to Bar Dr. Muck,” New York Tribune, March 14, 1918.
104. “Dr. Muck Unmolested at New York Concerts,” Musical Courier (March 21, 1918): 5. Note “Muck Plays Here, Guarded by Police,” New York Times, March 15, 1918; “No Jarring Note in Audience at Muck Concert,” New York Tribune, March 15, 1918; “Muck Leads Band and All Survive,” New York World, March 15, 1918. On the Brooklyn concert, see “Dr. Muck Plays again without Causing a Riot,” New York Tribune, March 16, 1918.
105. “Hun Sympathizers Hear Muck Concert,” New York Telegram, March 15, 1918.
106. “New York Bows Head in Shame as Muck Leads,” New York Herald, March 15, 1918. For a harsh condemnation, see “Doktor Muck Will Go,” The Chronicle (April 1918): n.p.
107. “Brooklyn Wants No More of Dr. Muck,” New York Times, March 17, 1918. Note “Institute Bars Dr. Karl Muck,” Brooklyn Citizen, March 16, 1918; “Brooklyn Bars Doktor Muck and His Enemy Aliens,” New York Herald, March 17, 1918; “Brooklyn Bars Dr. Muck and 22 Enemy Musicians; Sixth City Taking Action,” New York Telegram, March 17, 1918; “The Passing of Muck,” Brooklyn Eagle, March 18, 1918.
108. “Dr. Karl Muck Arrested as Alien Enemy,” Boston Herald, March 26, 1918. Note the March 26, 1918, edition of the Boston Globe, the front page of which was filled with coverage of the story, under the headline, “U.S. Agents Arrest Muck.”
109. “Muck Arrest Most Important of War,” Boston Traveller, March 26, 1918. On the Bach performance, see “St. Matthew Passion Given in Entirety,” Boston Record, March 27, 1918; “J. S. Bach’s ‘Passion’ Performed,” Boston Post, March 27, 1918; and obscured title, Boston Transcript, March 27, 1918. On his stay in the Federal Building, see “Muck Sent to Jail while Inquiry Is On,” New York Times, March 27, 1918.
110. “Dr. Karl Muck Taken to the Jail at East Cambridge,” Boston Globe, March 27, 1918.
111. “Muck Broken by Jail Life,” Boston Herald, April 2, 1918. Note “Seize Papers Belonging to Dr. Karl Muck,” Ibid., March 27, 1918; “Dokter Muck’s Papers Imperil German Friends,” New York Herald, March 28, 1918.
112. The Department of Justice said his arrest was approved “on the ground that his presence at large was a danger to the peace and safety of the country.” “Approved Muck’s Arrest,” New York Times, March 29, 1918.
113. “Accepts Muck Resignation,” Boston Traveller, March 30, 1918; “Dr. Muck in Jail, His Resignation is Finally Accepted,” Musical America (April 6, 1918): 1.
114. “Dr. Muck Interned,” Boston Globe, April 6, 1918; “Dr. Muck to Be Interned Today,” Boston Herald, April 6, 1918; “Muck on Way to Fort Oglethorpe,” Boston Globe, April 7, 1918; “Doktor Karl Muck Ordered Sent to Internment Camp,” New York Herald, April 6, 1918. Note “To Intern Muck in South,” Boston American, March 26, 1918; “Internment at Oglethorpe for Muck,” Ibid., March 27, 1918.
115. “Dr. Muck, Citizen of Switzerland,” New York Times, December 8, 1917.
116. “Dr. Karl Muck, Switzer,” Musical America (December 15, 1917): 24. See “Says Muck Is Swiss Citizen, Not German,” Ibid., 2.
117. On Muck’s citizenship, see “Calls on Dr. Muck for Proof That He Is Swiss Citizen,” New York Evening World, March 14, 1918; “Muck Plays Here, Guarded by Police,” New York Times, March 15, 1918; “Swiss Minister Will Take Up Case, If Asked,” Boston Globe, March 27, 1918; “Dr. Muck Is Citizen of Switzerland,” Boston Post, March 27, 1918; “Swiss Query on Dr. Muck,” Washington Post, April 8, 1918.
118. “Swiss Reject Muck’s Claim,” Boston Herald, April 25, 1918. Note “Deny Dr. Muck Is Citizen of Switzerland,” Boston Advertiser, April 10, 1918; and “Trying to Prove Dr. Muck Is Not a Swiss,” Boston Globe, April 10, 1918.
119. “Muck’s ‘Citizenship’,” Boston Record, April 25, 1918.
120. On Muck’s questionable activities, covered widely, see “Charge Muck Sent Money to Germany,” Boston Record, March 26, 1918; “Scrutinizing Muck Papers,” Boston Post, March 29, 1918; “See Move to Seize Muck’s Properties,” Boston Globe, March 29, 1918; “Muck’s Arrest Leads to Talk of Wireless,” Boston America, March 29, 1918; “Muck Had Wireless Station, Is Rumor,” Baltimore Sun, March 29, 1918; “Try to Link Muck with Propaganda,” New York World, April 1, 1918; “Muck Seizure Brings Wide Plot to Light,” New York Telegram, date unclear (late March or early April), Clipping file, Pres 56, BSOA.
121. Discussed in Bowles, 405–439.
122. Apparently, Higginson had made the decision in February 1918. M. A. DeWolfe Howe, The Boston Symphony Orchestra, 137–39.
123. “Major Higginson Bids Touching Farewell to Boston Symphony,” Musical Courier (May 9, 1918): 26. Note “Major Higginson Quits Symphony,” Boston Herald, April 28, 1918; “Major Higginson to Give Up Orchestra,” Boston Globe, April 28, 1918.
124. On the dismissals and the French replacements, see “Boston Symphony Ousts 18 Players as Enemy Aliens,” Musical America (June 29, 1918): 1; “Symphony Gets Five from French Band,” Boston Globe, June 22, 1918; “Symphony Drops Huns,” Boston American, June 22, 1918. Note “Symphony Proves Patriotism, Discharges Germans; Hires French,” Boston Post, June 30, 1918; “Rebuilding the Boston Symphony,” Musical Leader, May 2, 1918; “Advice to Boston Symphony Trustees and Others,” Musical America (June 29, 1918): 36; and “Music World Agog over Question of Muck’s Successor,” Musical America (April 27, 1918): 1.
125. On the premiere of Le Sacre du Printemps, see Thomas Forrest Kelly, First Nights: Five Musical Premieres (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), ch. 5.
126. “German Music Announced by the Boston Symphony,” Musical Courier (October 3, 1918): 3; and “Monteux Will Not Taboo the Works of German Masters,” Musical America (October 5, 1918): 2.
127. Ibid.
128. On Monteux, see “Symphony Orchestra Resumes in Triumph,” Boston Globe, October 26, 1918. Note “Boston Symphony Orchestra in Victory Concert,” New York Sun, November 8, 1918.
129. “Symphony Orchestra Resumes in Triumph,” Boston Globe, October 26, 1918.
130. “A Ballad of Boston,” Musical Courier (September 19, 1918): 23.
131. For the New York interview, see “Older
Composers German, Not Boches,” Boston Globe, October 29, 1918. For Paris, see “Proud to Conduct Boston Musicians, Says Mr. Rabaud,” New York Herald, October 12, 1918. Note “Rabaud Succeeds Muck in Boston Symphony,” New York Times, October 5, 1918.
132. On Rabaud’s selection, see “Americans Not Wanted,” Musical America (October 12, 1918): 18; and “Mephisto’s Musings,” Ibid. (October 19, 1918): 13.
133. “Will Play Best Music of Germany,” Boston Post, October 30, 1918. On the same date, note “Wagner’s Works Barred in Boston,” Boston Globe; and “New Symphony Conductor Here,” Boston Herald.
134. “When Grim War Ceases,” Musical Courier (October 18, 1917): 20.
135. “The German Myth,” Musical America (October 19, 1918): 1–3. Note the subheadings: “How the Doctrine of World Domination for the Benefit of Humanity Was Propagated”; “The Germans Lacking in Inventive Genius”; “The State Supreme—the Individual Nothing”; “Germany’s False Claim for Supremacy in the Musical Industries”; “Germany’s Moral Degradation.”
136. “ ‘The German Myth’,” Musical America (November 9, 1918): 33. Note “German Propaganda in Music,” a letter from an Ohioan in the same issue, 32.
137. In 1917 and 1918, Musical America and the Musical Courier pondered the war’s effect on classical music. They considered the extent to which the United States, after the war, would no longer occupy an inferior musical position vis-a-vis Europe. See website.
138. On the source of the false espionage charges leveled against Muck, see “The Muck Affair,” Boston Globe Magazine (November 5, 2017): 16–29. According to this well-researched article, the stories about Muck’s treacherous activities were fabrications provided to an editor of the Providence Journal by British intelligence sources engaged in an anti-German propaganda campaign. See also Gayle Kathryn Turk, “The Case of Dr. Karl Muck: Anti-German Hysteria and Enemy Alien Internment during World War I” (Harvard University undergraduate thesis, 1994).
Chapter Three: “There Is No Visible Relationship between a Wagner Opera and a Submarine”: From Manhattan Riots to Wagner’s Piano
1. “Opera Season Ushered in on ‘Victory Night,” Musical America (November 16, 1918): 1.
2. Ibid. Note “Mephisto’s Musings” in Ibid., 7. The Musical Courier praised the company and its director Gatti-Casazza for his wartime skill. See “Brilliant ‘Samson’ Commences Metropolitan Opera Season,” Musical Courier (November 14, 1918): 3; and “New Baritone Features Joyous Opening of Season in ‘Samson and Dalila,’ ” New York Tribune, November 12, 1918.
3. See “Millions Join in ‘Victory Sing’ on Thanksgiving Day,” Musical America (December 7, 1918): 1–2.
4. Musical Courier (December 3, 1918): 3.
5. “German Music or Not?—‘That Is the Question,’ ” Musical America (December 18, 1918): 24.
6. “Prof. Phelps Praises Musical Alliance,” Ibid. (November 30, 1918): 15.
7. “Wants German Music Again,” Ibid. (November 23, 1918): 9. A piece in a Minneapolis literary magazine criticized the “virtual exclusion” of all German music from the nation’s concert halls and opera houses. See “German Music Once More,” The Bellman (December 28, 1918): 708.
8. “The Victory Sing and Some Other Singers,” New York Herald, December 1, 1918. Note De Koven, “Are American Audiences Ready Again for Wagner?,” Ibid., January 12, 1919.
9. “German Music’s Return,” Los Angeles Times, November 17, 1918. Note “Mephisto’s Musings,” Musical America (November 30, 1918): 7; and “What Should the Policy of the Alliance Be with Regard to German Music and Musicians of the Future?” Ibid. (November 23, 1918): 20.
10. “Auspicious Opening of Symphony Concert Season, Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, November 23, 1918. Note “Ysaÿe Assumes Musical Reins,” Cincinnati Enquirer, Ibid.; and “Brilliant Concert at Opening of Symphony Season,” Cincinnati Times-Star, Ibid. Note a nationalistic episode in Philadelphia. See “A Peace Celebration,” Musical Courier (November 28, 1918): 22.
11. “Cordial Welcome for Rabaud in New York Debut,” Musical America (December 14, 1918): 1.
12. “Philharmonic Plays Wagner as Wounded Return from before the ‘Siegfried’ Line,” New York Herald, December 20, 1918. De Koven asserted when Wagner returned to the Met, the operas should be sung in English. See “Comment and Criticism: ‘Oberon,’ Von Weber and German Music,” Ibid., December 22, 1918.
13. “Pittsburgh Enjoys French Orchestra,” Musical Courier (January 9, 1919): 31. Note “Parisian Musicians Please Big Audience,” Pittsburg Dispatch, January 2, 1919; “Paris Orchestra Pleases Audience,” Pittsburgh Press, January 2, 1919. In February, Leopold Stokowski led the Philadelphia Orchestra in Beethoven’s Fifth. See “Stokowski Concerts Delight Pittsburgh,” Musical America (March 1, 1919): 45.
14. “Detroit Visited by Damrosch Forces,” Musical America (January 25, 1919): 34. The audience comprised many soldiers. “Damrosch Gives Drab Reading of Symphony,” Detroit News, January 15, 1919. Damrosch next offered a Baltimore audience the chance to experience Wagner.
15. “Need Stokowski Bar Wagner Any Longer? Asks Philadelphia Critic,” Musical America (January 11, 1919): 33.
16. “Philadelphia Enthusiastic over Restoration of Wagner’s Music,” Musical America (February 1, 1919): 30. When Stokowski conducted excerpts from the Ring, with Margaret Matzenauer singing in English, the response was thunderous. See “Stirring Welcome for Return of ‘Ring’ to Philadelphia,” Musical America (November 22, 1919): 33. See also “Philadelphia Cheers Return of Wagner,” Ibid. (March 20, 1920): 22.
17. “Let Us Have German Opera,” Musical America (July 26, 1919): 24. Note “U.S. Senators Say War Should Not Bias Americans against Great German Music,” Ibid.
18. “Advocates Open-Door Policy toward Music of Germany,” Musical America (August 16, 1919): 26.
19. “A Plea for German Music,” Musical America (August 23, 1919): 19.
20. “Need Nourishment of Greatest of All Music,” Musical America (August 2, 1919): 34. Note “Music Propaganda, French and German,” Musical Courier (April 10, 1919): 12.
21. “Blamed for Singing in German Songs She Gave in Norwegian,” Musical America (July 26, 1919): 36. Note “Facts and Fancies,” Ibid. (August 16, 1919): 20.
22. “No German Music—Lest We Forget,” New York Times, April 20, 1919. Another American singer, Amparito Farrar, claimed the Germans had used music during the war to advance their “wicked purposes.” See “Eliminate Singing in German Language, Urges Amparito Farrar,” Musical America (August 16, 1919): 18.
23. “Women Would Ban Kreisler,” Pittsburgh Daily Dispatch, November 7, 1917; “Police Close Pittsburgh to Fritz Kreisler,” Ibid., November 8, 1917; “Kreisler Concert Permit Is Refused,” Pittsburgh Post, November 8, 1917; “Statement Issued by Fritz Kreisler,” Pittsburgh Sun, November 8, 1917.
24. “Kreisler Defies Mob,” Musical America (December 20, 1919): 30.
25. On Louisville’s response: “Unabashed,” Louisville Courier-Journal, December 15, 1919. Kreisler was welcomed back to Carnegie Hall in October 1919. See “Fritz Kreisler” in Richard Aldrich, Concert Life in New York, 1902–1923 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1971), 602–3.
26. “10-Minute Ovation for Fritz Kreisler,” Musical America (January 10, 1920): 27.
27. “Treat Them All Alike,” Musical Courier (November 27, 1919): 15. Kreisler’s return led to controversy over scheduled performances in Massachusetts.
28. “Pittsburgh Split on Kreisler’s Visit,” Musical America (January 17, 1920): 30.
29. “Kreisler, McCormack and Cortot Make Pittsburgh’s Week Thrice Notable,” Musical America (January 20, 1920): 43.
30. “Kreisler Gives All His Savings to Suffering European Children,” Musical Courier (August 28, 1920): 25; “Kreisler as Ambassador?,” Ibid. (December 3, 1921): 2.
31. “Rabaud Is Muck’s Superior,” Boston Post, March 16, 1919; and “Music,” Nation, December 14, 1918. Note “Wagner Still unde
r Ban at Symphony Hall,” Boston Record, February 12, 1919. The Boston newspaper accounts cited in this chapter are from the Boston Symphony Clipping file, Pres 56, Boston Symphony Orchestra Archives, Symphony Hall, Boston, MA (BSOA).
32. “Wagner Still under Ban at Symphony Hall,” Boston Record, February 12, 1919. “News of Music,” Boston Transcript, February 12, 1919. Note “Bringing Back Wagner to Our Concerts,” Boston newspaper source unclear, early 1919.
33. M. A. DeWolfe Howe, The Boston Symphony Orchestra, 1881–1931 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 143–44.
34. “American Music Has Not Yet ‘Arrived,’ Declares New Leader of Boston Symphony,” Musical America (September 6, 1919): 16.
35. Ibid. Note “Intends to Give Music Asked For,” Boston Globe, August 26, 1919.
36. Boston Symphony Orchestra Program Books (1919–1920), 1778, BSOA.
37. “Karl Muck Tells Post His Plans,” Boston Post, June 25, 1919. Note “Dr. Muck Will Soon Sail Away for German Shores,” Boston Globe, June 29, 1919.
38. Account from “Muck Finally Bids Adieu to America,” Musical America (August 30, 1919): 5; and “Dr. Muck Bitter at Sailing,” New York Times, August 22, 1919.
39. “With the Orchestras,” New York Times, August 31, 1919.
40. The Boston Post series (found in the Boston Symphony Clipping file), which appeared on the front page, ran through much of November 1919. The headlines quoted here were published, respectively, on November 19, November 15, November 24, and November 22. For an excellent assessment of the Muck case, see Gayle Kathryn Turk, “The Case of Dr. Karl Muck: Anti-German Hysteria and Enemy Alien Internment during World War I” (Harvard University undergraduate thesis, 1994). Note, too, “The Muck Affair,” Boston Globe Magazine (November 5, 2017): 16–29. Both the Globe piece and the Turk thesis conclude that Muck was not a spy. See also ch. 2, n. 138 above.
41. On Muck’s supposedly nefarious secret meetings, which were almost certainly social encounters, see the following from the Boston Post: “Muck an Official Spy for Germany,” November 15, 1919; and “Dr. Muck Was Audacious in Use of Cipher,” November 17, 1919. On the seaside cottage, see Turk, 79, 44–45.
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