Raising Humans in a Digital World

by Diana Graber

  29.“Grand Theft Auto V.” Common Sense Media website. Retrieved on April 16, 2018 from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/game-reviews/grand-theft-auto-v.

  30.Weinberger, A. H., Gbedemah, M., Martinez, A. M., Nash, D., Galea, S., and Goodwin, R. D., “Trends in Depression Prevalence in the USA from 2005 to 2015: Widening Disparities in Vulnerable Groups.” Psychological Medicine 1 (2017). DOI: 10.1017/S0033291717002781.

  31.Twenge, Jean M., iGen, pp. 77–78.

  32.Wong, C., Merchant, R., and Moreno, M., “Using Social Media to Engage Adolescents and Young Adults with Their Health,” Healthc 2(4) (Amst), December 2014, pp. 220–224. DOI: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2014.10.005.

  33.Davis, K., Weinstein, E., and Gardner, H., “In Defense of Complexity: Beware of Simplistic Narratives about Teens and Technology,” Medium (August 13, 2017). Retrieved on February 14, 2018 from https://medium.com/@kedavis/in-defense-of-complexity-beware-of-simplistic-narratives-about-teens-and-technology-f9a7cb59176.

  34.Rutledge, discussion.

  35.Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. N., and Campbell, W. K., “Decreases in Psychological Well-Being Among American Adolescents After 2012 and Links to Screen Time During the Rise of Smartphone Technology,” Emotion (January 22, 2018). Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000403.

  36.Przybylski, Andrew K. and Weinstein, Netta, “A Large-Scale Test of the Goldilocks Hypothesis: Quantifying the Relations Between Digital-Screen Use and the Mental Well-Being of Adolescents,” Psychological Science 28(2), 2017, pp. 204–215. DOI: 10.1177/0956797616678438.

  37.Madden, Mary, Lenhart, Amanda, Cortesi, Sandra, Gasser, Urs, Duggan, Maeve, Smith, Aaron, and Beaton, Meredith, “Teens, Social Media and Privacy,” Pew Research Center (May 21, 2013). Retrieved on January 27, 2018 from http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/.

  38.Dunbar, R. I. M., “Coevolution of Neocortical Size, Group Size and Language in Humans,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16 (1993), pp. 681–735.

  39.Konnikova, Maria, “The Limits of Friendship,” New Yorker (October 7, 2014). Retrieved on February 9, 2018 from https://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/social-media-affect-math-dunbar-number-friendships.

  40.Koons, Stephanie, “Penn State Researchers Study Nuances of Social Media ‘Likes,’” Penn State News (June 23, 2016). Retrieved on February 9, 2018 from http://news.psu.edu/story/415749/2016/06/23/research/penn-state-researchers-study-nuances-social-media-%E2%80%98likes%E2%80%99.

  41.Yau, Joanna C., and Reich, Stephanie M., “It’s Just a Lot of Work: Self-Presentation Norms and Practices on Facebook and Instagram,” Journal of Research on Adolescence (February 12, 2018), DOI 10.1111/jora.12376 [epub ahead of print].

  42.“Digital Friendships: The Role of Technology in Young People’s Relationships,” UK Safer Internet Center (February 6, 2018). Retrieved on February 26, 2018 from https://www.saferinternet.org.uk/digital-friendships.

  43.Koons, Stephanie, “Penn State Researchers Study Nuances of Social Media ‘Likes.’”

  44.“Life in ‘Likes’: Children’s Commissioner Report Into Social Media Use Among 8–12 Year Olds.” Children’s Commissioner (2017). Retrieved on February 10, 2018 from https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Childrens-Commissioner-for-England-Life-in-Likes-3.pdf.

  45.“Status of Mind: Social Media and Young People’s Mental Health and Wellbeing,” Royal Society for Public Health (2017). Retrieved on October 19, 2017 from https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/policy/social-media-and-young-people-s-mental-health-and-wellbeing.html.

  46.Ibid.

  47.“Life in ‘Likes.’”

  48.Liz Repking (founder and CEO of Cyber Safety Consulting), in discussion with author, February 16, 2018. Used with permission.

  49.Peter Kelley (outreach director of Cyber Civics), in discussion with author, October 21, 2017. Used with permission.

  50.Kelley, discussion.

  51.Mobile Guard Media, “California Laws Pertaining to Sexting in the State of California,” Retrieved on January 27, 2018 from http://mobilemediaguard.com/states/sexting_laws_california.html.

  52.Madigan S., Ly A., Rash C. L., Van Ouytsel, J., and Temple, J. R., “Prevalence of Multiple Forms of Sexting Behavior Among Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” JAMA Pediatrics (February 26, 2018). Published online. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5314.

  53.Dr. Michele Drouin (developmental psychologist and professor of psychology at Purdue University Fort Wayne), in discussion with author, January 23, 2018. Used with permission.

  54.Drouin, discussion.

  55.Hayworth, Bret, “Storm Lake Students Charged in Connection with Sexting of Nude Photos,” Sioux City Journal (February 13, 2018). Retrieved on February 14, 2018 from http://siouxcityjournal.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/storm-lake-students-charged-in-connection-with-sexting-of-nude/article_32d83af0-35a8-52fa-be30-48b5181f9d97.html.

  56.Shropshire, Terry, “High School Teen Faces 10 Years in Prison for Sexting Female Classmate,” Michigan Chronicle (February 28, 2017). Retrieved on February 14, 2018 from https://michronicleonline.com/2017/02/28/high-school-teen-faces-10-years-in-prison-for-sexting-female-classmate/.

  57.Duncan, Jericka, “20 Students Suspended in Long Island Sexting Scandal,” CBS Evening News (November 11, 2015). Retrieved on January 14, 2018 from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/20-students-suspended-in-long-island-sexting-scandal/.

  58.Rosenberg, Eli, “One in Four Teens Are Sexting, A New Study Shows. Relax, Researchers Say, It’s Mostly Normal,” Washington Post (February 27, 2018). Retrieved on February 28, 2018 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/02/27/a-new-study-shows-one-in-four-teens-are-sexting-relax-experts-say-its-mostly-normal/?utm_term=.77847d5900fa.

  59.Patchin, Justin, “You Received a ‘Sext,’ Now What? Advice for Teens,” Cyberbullying Research Center Blog (February 22, 2011). Retrieved on November 9, 2017 from https://cyberbullying.org/you-received-a-sext-now-what-advice-for-teens.

  60.Dr. Sameer Hinduja (co-director of the Cyberbullying Research Center and professor of criminology and criminal justice), email communication with author, February 28, 2018. Used with permission.

  61.Lenhart, Amanda, et al., “Teens, Kindness and Cruelty on Social Network Sites,” Pew Research Center (November 9, 2011), Retrieved on April 17, 2018 from http://www.pewinternet.org/2011/11/09/teens-kindness-and-cruelty-on-social-network-sites/.

  62.Myers, Gene, “Family of 12-Year-Old Who Committed Suicide After Cyberbullying to Sue School District,” USA Today (August 2, 2017). Retrieved March 1, 2018 from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/08/02/mallory-grossmans-parents-say-school-district-didnt-do-enough-save-their-daughter/532165001/.

  63.Eltagouri, Marwa, “A 10-year-old’s Schoolyard Fight Was Posted on Social Media. She Hanged Herself Two Weeks Later,” Washington Post (December 1, 2017). Retrieved on March 1, 2018 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2017/12/01/a-10-year-olds-schoolyard-fight-was-posted-on-social-media-she-hanged-herself-two-weeks-later/?utm_term=.28540c25356e.

  64.Almasy, Steve, Segal, Kim, and Couwels, John, “Sheriff: Taunting Post Leads to Arrests in Rebecca Sedwick Bullying Death,” CNN (October 16, 2013). Retrieved on March 1, 2018 from https://www.cnn.com/2013/10/15/justice/rebecca-sedwick-bullying-death-arrests/index.html.

  65.Ross Ellis (founder and CEO of STOMP Out Bullying™), in discussion with author, February 19, 2018. Used with permission.

  66.Hinduja, email communication.

  67.Smith, Craig, “22 Musical.ly Statistics and Facts | By the Numbers,” DMR Business Statistics | Fun Gadgets (December 10, 2017). Retrieved on December 27, 2017 from https://expandedramblings.com/index.php/musically-statistics/.

  68.Herrman, John, “Who’s Too Young for an App? Musical.ly Tests the Limits,” Gulf News (September 23, 2016). Retrieved on December 27, 2017 from http://gulfnews.com/business/sme/who-s-too-young-for-an-app-musical-ly-tests-the-limits-1.1900779.

  69.McPherson,
Emily, “Predator Posing as Teen Star JoJo Siwa Asks Victorian Girl for Nude Videos,” 9News (December 21, 2017). Retrieved on January 31, 2018 from https://www.9news.com.au/national/2017/12/21/10/34/sexual-predator-posing-as-us-teen-star-targets-nine-year-old-victorian-girl.

  70.Hinduja, email communication.

  71.Lenhart, Amanda, et al., “Teens, Kindness, and Cruelty on Social Network Sites.”

  72.Ibid.

  73.Hinduja, email communication.

  74.Ellis, discussion.

  75.Van Evra, Jennifer, “Sarah Silverman’s Response to a Twitter Troll is a Master Class in Compassion,” CBC (January 3, 2018). Retrieved on March 10, 2018 from http://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/blog/sarah-silverman-s-response-to-a-twitter-troll-is-a-master-class-in-compassion-1.4471337.

  Chapter 6

  1.Taplin, Jonathan, Move Fast and Break Things: How Facebook, Google, and Amazon Cornered Culture and Undermined Democracy (New York:Little, Brown and Company, 2017), p. 150.

  2.Shear and Social Media Law & Tech Blog. Retrieved on February 15, 2018 from http://www.shearsocialmedia.com/2017/06/june-30th-national-student-data-deletion-day-k-12-schools.html.

  3.Bradley Shear (founder and general counsel of Digital Armour), discussion with author, March 8, 2018. Used with permission.

  4.Herold, Benjamin, “Maryland Dad Wants June 30 to Be ‘National Student Data Deletion’ Day,” Education Week (June 30, 2017). Retrieved on February 28, 2018 from http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/DigitalEducation/2017/06/dad_wants_june_30_student_data_deletion_day.html.

  5.Strauss, Valerie, “How the SAT and PSAT Collect Personal Data on Students—And What the College Board Does With It,” Washington Post (March 30, 2017). Retrieved on March 12, 2018 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2017/03/30/how-the-sat-and-psat-collect-personal-data-on-students-and-what-the-college-board-does-with-it/?utm_term=.fc872303d185.

  6.Herold, Benjamin, “Google Acknowledges Data Mining Student Users Outside Apps for Education,” Education Week (February 17, 2016). Retrieved on February 15, 2018 from http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/DigitalEducation/2016/02/google_acknowledges_data_mining_GAFE_users.html.

  7.Maheshwari, Sapna, “YouTube is Improperly Collecting Children’s Data, Consumer Group Says,” New York Times (April 9, 2018). Retrieved on April 15, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/09/business/media/youtube-kids-ftc-complaint.html?mtrref=www.google.com.

  8.Shear, discussion.

  9.Hart Research Associates, “Parents, Privacy & Technology Use,” Family Online Safety Institute (November 17, 2015).

  10.Shauna Leff (vice president of marketing and communications of PRIVO), discussion with author, March 18, 2018. Used with permission.

  11.“Snap Inc. Terms of Service.” Retrieved on July 10, 2018 from https://www.snap.com/en-US/terms/.

  12.Ibid.

  13.Ibid.

  14.“Your Brain on Tech: Technology and Teachable Moments,” NBC Today Show (March 22, 2018). Retrieved on July 10, 2018 from https://www.today.com/video/the-average-teen-spends-more-time-online-than-they-do-sleeping-1192061507944.

  15.Meyer, Robinson, “The Cambridge Analytica Scandal, in 3 Paragraphs,” The Atlantic (March 20, 2018). Retrieved on March 22, 2018 from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/03/the-cambridge-analytica-scandal-in-three-paragraphs/556046/.

  16.Leff, discussion.

  17.Sunstein, Cass R., Republic.com (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 8.

  18.Pariser, Eli, “Beware Online Filter Bubbles,” TED Ideas Worth Spreading video (March 2011). Retrieved on March 19, 2018 from https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles.

  19.Ibid.

  20.Ibid.

  21.Ibid.

  22.“New Survey: Snapchat and Instagram Are Most Popular Social Media Platforms Among American Teens,” Science Daily (April 21, 2017). Retrieved on March 19, 2018 from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170421113306.htm.

  23.“See the Moments You Care About,” Instagram Terms of Service (March 15, 2016). Retrieved on March 21, 2018 from http://blog.instagram.com/post/141107034797/160315-news.

  24.Delaney, Kevin, “Filter Bubbles are a Serious Problem with News, Says Gates,” Quartz (February 21, 2017). Retrieved on March 21, 2018 from https://qz.com/913114/bill-gates-says-filter-bubbles-are-a-serious-problem-with-news/.

  25.“Teen Privacy and Safety Online: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices,” Youth + Tech + Health, Digital Trust Foundation, and Vodaphone (2015). Retrieved on March 25, 2018 from http://yth.org/wp-content/uploads/Teen-Privacy-and-Safety-Online-Knowledge-Attitudes-and-Practices.pdf.

  26.Puchko, Kristy, “15 Things You Should Know About Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird,” Mental Floss (June 1, 2015). Retrieved on March 28, 2018 from http://mentalfloss.com/article/64204/15-facts-about-frida-kahlos-self-portrait-thorn-necklace-and-hummingbird.

  27.“The Bright Side: Social Media, Selfies, and Gaming,” Better Worldians, Podcast #144 (February 12, 2018). Retrieved on March 29, 2018 from https://www.betterworldians.org/Dr-Pamela-Rutledge-The-Bright-Side-Social-media-selfies—gaming.

  28.Rutledge, discussion.

  29.Steinmetz, Katy, “Top 10 Everything of 2012,” Time (December 4, 2012). Retrieved on March 29, 2018 from http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/12/04/top-10-news-lists/slide/selfie/.

  Chapter 7

  1.Anderson, Janna, and Rainie, Lee, “The Future of Truth and Misinformation Online,” Pew Research Center Internet & Technology (October 19, 2017). Retrieved on April 2, 2018 from http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/10/19/the-future-of-truth-and-misinformation-online/.

  2.Reilly, discussion.

  3.Michelle Ciulla Lipkin (executive director of the National Association for Media Literacy in Education), discussion with author, April 2, 2018.

  4.“Word of the Year Is. . .” English Oxford Living Dictionaries website. Retrieved on April 2, 2018 from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016.

  5.Ciulla Lipkin, discussion.

  6.Shearer, Elisa, and Gottfried, Jeffrey, “News Use Across Social Media Platforms,” Pew Research Center (September 7, 2017). Retrieved on March 18, 2018 from http://www.journalism.org/2017/09/07/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2017/.

  7.Silverman, Craig, and Alexander, Lawrence, “How Teens in the Balkans are Duping Trump Supporters with Fake News,” BuzzFeed News (November 3, 2016). Retrieved on March 18, 2018 from https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo?utm_term=.gbq7XBV3q#.uyy9QlZ87.

  8.Silverman, Craig, “This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News on Facebook,” BuzzFeed News (November 16, 2016). Retrieved on April 3, 2018 from https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.pjMR7evdj#.mvY7AdMaq.

  9.Stevan, Alex, “Pence: ‘Michelle Obama Is the Most Vulgar First Lady We’ve Ever Had,’ Newslo (October 14, 2016). Retrieved on March 18, 2018 from http://www.newslo.com/pence-michelle-obama-vulgar-first-lady-weve-ever/.

  10.“Evaluating Information: The Cornerstone of Civic Online Reasoning,” Stanford History Education Group (November 22, 2016). Retrieved on April 3, 2018 from https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:fv751yt5934/SHEG%20Evaluating%20Information%20Online.pdf.

  11.Rheingold, Howard, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Basic Books, 2002), p. 194.

  12.Rheingold, Howard, Net Smart: How to Thrive Online (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2012), p. 16.

  13.Ibid.

  14.Zeal, Cillian, “Shock Revelation: Obama Admin Actively Sabotaged Gun Background Check System,” Conservative Tribune (March 16, 2018). Retrieved on July 10, 2018 from https://www.westernjournal.com/ct/obama-admin-gun-background/.

  15.“Media Bias/Fact Check” website. Retrived on July 10, 2018 from https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/about/.

  16.“Media Bias/Fact Check” website. Retrieved on July 10, 2018 from https://m
ediabiasfactcheck.com/conservative-tribune/.

  17.Gibbs, Samuel, “Apple’s Tim Cook: ‘I Don’t Want my Nephew on a Social Network.’”; The Guardian, January 19, 2018. Retrieved on April 5, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/19/tim-cook-i-dont-want-my-nephew-on-a-social-network; Gates, Melinda, “Melinda Gates: I Spent My Career in Technology. I Wasn’t Prepared For Its Effect On My Kids.” Washington Post, August 24, 2017. Retrieved on April 5, 2018 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/parenting/wp/2017/08/24/melinda-gates-i-spent-my-career-in-technology-i-wasnt-prepared-for-its-effect-on-my-kids/?utm_term=.8993865fd0be.

  18.Johnson, Stephen, Everything Bad is Good For You (New York: Penguin Group, 2005), p. xvi.

  19.Reilly, discussion.

  20.Jennifer Lynn Alvarez (author of The Guardian Herd series), in discussion with author, April 15, 2018. Used with permission.

  21.Kirci, Hazal, “The Tales Teens Tell: What Wattpad Did for Girls,” The Guardian (August 16, 2014). Retrieved on April 6, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/16/teen-writing-reading-wattpad-young-adults.

  22.Reilly, discussion.

  23.Jenkins, et al., “Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture Media Education for the 21st Century,” The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (2009), p. 3.

  24.Terdiman, Daniel, “Study: Wikipedia as Accurate as Britannica,” CNET (December 16, 2005). Retrieved on April 18, 2018 from https://www.cnet.com/news/study-wikipedia-as-accurate-as-britannica/.

  25.Surowiecki, James, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), p. xiii.

  26.“Ski Cross” on Wikipedia. Retrieved on July 10, 2018 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_cross.

  27.“Media and Technology at Journey School,” Journey School website. Retrieved on May 3, 2018 from http://www.journeyschool.net/media-technology-at-journey-school/.

  28.Glaze-Kelley, discussion.

  29.Pennycook, Gordon, Cannon, Tyrone, and Rand, David G., “Implausibility and Illusory Truth: Prior Exposure Increases Perceived Accuracy of Fake News but Has No Effect on Entirely Implausible Statements,” Journal of Experimental Psychology (forthcoming). Retrieved on March 16, 2018 from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2958246 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2958246.