Book Read Free

The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined

Page 123

by Steven Pinker


  Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. In press. Ecological rationality and the multimodular mind: Grounding normative theories in adaptive problems. In K. I. Manktelow & D. E. Over, eds., Reasoning and rationality. London: Routledge.

  Tooby, J., Cosmides, L., & Price, M. E. 2006. Cognitive adaptations for n-person exchange: The evolutionary roots of organizational behavior. Managerial & Decision Economics, 27, 103–29.

  Tooby, J., & DeVore, I. 1987. The reconstruction of hominid evolution through strategic modeling. In W. G. Kinzey, ed., The evolution of human behavior: Primate models. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press.

  Tooley, M. 1972. Abortion and infanticide. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 2, 37–65.

  Toye, R. 2010. Churchill’s empire: The world that made him and the world he made. New York: Henry Holt.

  Travers, J., & Milgram, S. 1969. An experimental study of the small-world problem. Sociometry, 32, 42 5–43 .

  Trivers, R. L. 1971. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57.

  Trivers, R. L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell, ed., Sexual selection and the descent of man. Chicago: Aldine.

  Trivers, R. L. 1974. Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist, 14, 249–64.

  Trivers, R. L. 1976. Foreword. In R. Dawkins, ed., The selfish gene. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Trivers, R. L. 1985. Social evolution. Reading, Mass.: Benjamin/Cummings.

  Trivers, R. L. In press. Deceit and self-deception.

  Trivers, R. L., & Willard, D. E. 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179, 90–91.

  Tuchman, B. W. 1978. A distant mirror: The calamitous 14th century. New York: Knopf.

  Tucker, G. R. & Lambert, W. E. 1969. White and Negro listeners’ reactions to various American-English dialects. Social Forces, 47, 465–68.

  Turing, A. M. 1936. On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 42, 230–65.

  Turing, A. M. 1950. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433–60.

  Turkheimer, E. 2000. Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 160–64.

  Turner, H. A. 1996. Hitler’s thirty days to power: January 1933. New York: Basic Books.

  Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. 1973. Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 207–32.

  Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–31.

  Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. 1981. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 45 3–58 .

  Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. 1983. Extensions versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review, 90, 293–315.

  Twenge, J. M. 1997. Attitudes toward women, 1970–1995: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 35–51.

  Twenge, J. M. 2009. Change over time in obedience: The jury’s still out, but it might be decreasing. American Psychologist, 64, 28–31.

  Tyrrell, M. 2007. Homage to Ruritania: Nationalism, identity, and diversity. Critical Review, 19, 511–12.

  Umbeck, J. 1981. Might makes rights: A theory of the formation and initial distribution of property rights. Economic Inquiry, 19, 38–59.

  United Kingdom. Home Office. 2010. Research development statistics: Crime. http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/bcs1.html.

  United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics. 2009. Population estimates for U.K., England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland—Current datasets. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106.

  United Nations. 2008. World population prospects: Population database, 2008 rev. http://esa.un.org/unpp/.

  United Nations Development Fund for Women. 2003. Not a minute more: Ending violence against women. New York: United Nations.

  United Nations Development Programme. 2003. Arab Human Development Report 2002: Creating opportunities for future generations. New York: Oxford University Press.

  United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2009. International homicide statistics. http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/IHS-rates-05012009.pdf.

  United Nations Population Fund. 2000. The state of world population: Lives together, worlds apart—Men and women in a time of change. New York: United Nations.

  U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2009. National crime victimization survey spreadsheet. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/glance/sheets/viortrd.csv.

  U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2010. Intimate partner violence in the U.S. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/intimate/victims.cfm.

  U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2011. Homicide trends in the U.S.: Intimate homicide. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/intimates.cfm.

  U.S. Census Bureau. 2010a. Historical estimates of world population. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.

  U.S. Census Bureau. 2010b. Income. Families. Table F-4: Gini ratios of families by race and Hispanic origin of householder. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/families/index.html.

  U.S. Census Bureau. 2010c. International data base (IDB): Total midyear population for the world: 1950–2020. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.php.

  U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2007. Crime in the United States. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/index.html .

  U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2010a. Hate crimes. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/civilrights/hate_crimes/hate_crimes .

  U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2010b. Uniform crime reports. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr.

  U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2011. Preliminary annual uniform crime report, January–December 2010. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/preliminary-annual-ucr-jan-dec-2010 .

  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. National survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://library.fws.gov/Pubs/nat_survey2006.pdf.

  Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. 2008. The duality of virtue: Deconstructing the moral hypocrite. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1334–38.

  Valentino, B. 2004. Final solutions: Mass killing and genocide in the 20th century. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

  Valero, H., & Biocca, E. 1970. Yanoama: The narrative of a white girl kidnapped by Amazonian Indians. New York: Dutton.

  van Beijsterveldt, C.E.M., Bartels, M., Hudziak, J. J., & Boomsma, D. I. 2003. Causes of stability of aggression from early childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal genetic analysis in Dutch twins. Behavior Genetics, 33, 591–605.

  van Creveld, M. 2008. The culture of war. New York: Ballantine.

  van den Oord, E.J.C.G., Boomsma, D. I., & Verhulst, F. C. 1994. A study of problem behaviors in 10- to 15-year-old biologically related and unrelated international adoptees. Biological Genetics, 24, 193–205.

  Van der Dennen, J.M.G. 1995. The origin of war: The evolution of a male-coalitional reproductive strategy. Groningen, Netherlands: Origin Press.

  Van der Dennen, J.M.G. 2005. Querela pacis: Confession of an irreparably benighted researcher on war and peace. An open letter to Frans de Waal and the “Peace and Harmony Mafia.” University of Groningen.

  van Evera, S. 1994. Hypotheses on nationalism and war. International Security, 18, 5–39.

  Vasquez, J. A. 2009. The war puzzle revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  Vegetarian Society. 2010. Information sheet. http://www.vegsoc.org/info/statveg.html.

  Vincent, D. 2000. The rise of mass literacy: Reading and writing in modern Europe. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.

  von Hippel, W., & Trivers, R. L. 2011. The evolution and psychology of self-deception. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 34, 1–56.

  Wade, N. 2006. Before the dawn: Recovering the lost history of our ancestors. New York: Penguin.

&n
bsp; Wakefield, J. C. 1992. The concept of mental disorder: On the boundary between biological facts and social values. American Psychologist, 47, 373–88.

  Waldrep, C. 2002. The many faces of Judge Lynch: Extralegal violence and punishment in America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

  Walker, A., Flatley, J., Kershaw, C., & Moon, D. 2009. Crime in England and Wales 2008/09. London: U. K. Home Office.

  Walker, P. L. 2001. A bioarchaeological perspective on the history of violence. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30, 573–96.

  Walzer, M. 2004. Political action: The problem of dirty hands. In S. Levinson, ed., Torture: A collection. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. 2007. Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11, 271–94.

  Watson, G. 1985. The idea of liberalism. London: Macmillan.

  Wattenberg, B. J. 1984. The good news is the bad news is wrong. New York: Simon & Schuster.

  Wearing, J. P., ed. 2010. Bernard Shaw on war. London: Hesperus Press.

  Weede, E. 2010. The capitalist peace and the rise of China: Establishing global harmony by economic independence. International Interactions, 36, 206–13.

  Weedon, M., & Frayling, T. 2008. Reaching new heights: Insights into the genetics of human stature. Trends in Genetics, 24, 595–603.

  Weiss, H. K. 1963. Stochastic models for the duration and magnitude of a “deadly quarrel.” Operations Research, 11, 101–21.

  White, M. 1999. Who’s the most important person of the twentieth century? http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/20c-vip.htm.

  White, M. 2004. 30 worst atrocities of the 20th century. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/atrox.htm.

  White, M. 2005a. Deaths by mass unpleasantness: Estimated totals for the entire 20th century. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat8.htm.

  White, M. 2005b. Democracies do not make war on each other . . . or do they? http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/demowar.htm.

  White, M. 2007. Death tolls for the man-made megadeaths of the 20th century: FAQ. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/war-faq.htm.

  White, M. 2010a. Selected death tolls for wars, massacres and atrocities before the 20th century. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm.

  White, M. 2010b. Selected death tolls for wars, massacres and atrocities before the 20th century, page 2. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstatv.htm#Primitive.

  White, M. 2010c. Death tolls for the man-made megadeaths of the twentieth century. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/battles.htm.

  White, M. 2011.The great big book of horrible things. The definitive chronicle of history’s 100 worst atrocities. New York: Norton.

  White, S. H. 1996. The relationships of developmental psychology to social policy. In E. Zigler, S. L. Kagan, & N. Hall, eds., Children, family, and government: Preparing for the 21st century. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  White, T. D., Asfaw, B., Beyene, Y., Haile-Selassie, Y., Lovejoy, C. O., Suwa, G., & WoldeGabriel, G. 2009. Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. Science, 326, 64–86.

  Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Hessen, D. J., Oosterveld, P., Van Baal, G. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., & Span, M. M. 2004. Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence, 32, 509–37.

  Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. 2003. Both of us are disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655–64.

  Widom, C., & Brzustowicz, L. 2006. MAOA and the “cycle of violence”: Childhood abuse and neglect, MAOA genotype, and risk for violent and antisocial behavior. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 684–89.

  Wiener, M. J. 2004. Men of blood: Violence, manliness, and criminal justice in Victorian England. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  Wiessner, P. 2006. From spears to M-16s: Testing the imbalance of power hypothesis among the Enga. Journal of Anthropological Research, 62, 165–91.

  Wiessner, P. 2010. Youth, elders, and the wages of war in Enga Province, PNG. Working Papers in State, Society, and Governance in Melanesia. Canberra: Australian National University.

  Wilkinson, D. 1980. Deadly quarrels: Lewis F. Richardson and the statistical study of war. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Wilkinson, D. L., Beaty, C. C., & Lurry, R. M. 2009. Youth violence—crime or self help? Marginalized urban males’ perspectives on the limited efficacy of the criminal justice system to stop youth violence. Annals of the American Association for Political Science, 623, 25–38.

  Willer, R., Kuwabara, K., & Macy, M. 2009. The false enforcement of unpopular norms. American Journal of Sociology, 115, 451–90.

  Williams, G. C. 1988. Huxley’s evolution and ethics in sociobiological perspective. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 23, 383–407.

  Williamson, L. 1978. Infanticide: An anthropological analysis. In M. Kohl, ed., Infanticide and the value of life. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.

  Wilson, E. O. 1978. On human nature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

  Wilson, J. Q. 1974. Thinking about crime. New York: Basic Books.

  Wilson, J. Q., & Herrnstein, R. J. 1985. Crime and human nature. New York: Simon & Schuster.

  Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. 1982. Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly, 249, 29–38.

  Wilson, M., & Daly, M. 1992. The man who mistook his wife for a chattel. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby, eds., The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Wilson, M., & Daly, M. 1997. Life expectancy, economic inequality, homicide, and reproductive timing in Chicago neighborhoods. British Medical Journal, 314, 1271–74.

  Wilson, M., & Daly, M. 2006. Are juvenile offenders extreme future discounters? Psychological Science, 17, 989–94.

  Wilson, M. L., & Wrangham, R. W. 2003. Intergroup relations in chimpanzees. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32, 363–92.

  Winship, C. 2004. The end of a miracle? Crime, faith, and partnership in Boston in the 1990’s. In R. D. Smith, ed., Long march ahead: The public influences of African American churches. Raleigh, N.C.: Duke University Press.

  Wolfgang, M., Figlio, R., & Sellin, T. 1972. Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Wolin, R. 2004. The seduction of unreason: The intellectual romance with fascism from Nietzsche to post-modernism . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

  Wood, J. C. 2003. Self-policing and the policing of the self: Violence, protection, and the civilizing bargain in Britain. Crime, History, & Societies, 7, 109–28.

  Wood, J. C. 2004. Violence and crime in nineteenth-century England: The shadow of our refinement. London: Routledge.

  Woolf, G. 2007. Et tu, Brute? A short history of political murder. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

  Wouters, C. 2007. Informalization: Manners and emotions since 1890. Los Angeles: Sage.

  Wrangham, R. W. 1999a. Evolution of coalitionary killing. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 42, 1–30.

  Wrangham, R. W. 1999b. Is military incompetence adaptive? Evolution & Human Behavior, 20, 3–17.

  Wrangham, R. W. 2009a. Catching fire: How cooking made us human. New York: Basic Books.

  Wrangham, R. W. 2009b. The evolution of cooking: A talk with Richard Wrangham. Edge. http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/wrangham/wrangham_index.html.

  Wrangham, R. W., & Peterson, D. 1996. Demonic males: Apes and the origins of human violence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

  Wrangham, R. W., & Pilbeam, D. 2001. African apes as time machines. In B.M.F. Galdikas, N. E. Briggs, L. K. Sheeran, G. L. Shapiro, & J. Goodall, eds., All apes great and small. New York: Kluwer.

  Wrangham, R. W., Wilson, M. L., & Muller, M. N. 2006. Comparative rates of violence in chimpanzees and humans. Primates, 47, 14–26.

  Wright, J. P., & Beaver, K. M. 2005. Do parents matter in creating self-control in their children? A g
enetically informed test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory of low self-control. Criminology, 43, 1169–202.

  Wright, Q. 1942. A study of war, vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Wright, Q. 1942/1964. A study of war, 2nd ed. Abridged by Louise Leonard Wright. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Wright, Q. 1942/1965. A study of war, 2nd ed., with a commentary on war since 1942. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Wright, R. 2000. Nonzero: The logic of human destiny. New York: Pantheon.

  Xu, J., Kochanek, M. A., & Tejada-Vera, B. 2009. Deaths: Preliminary data for 2007. Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics.

  Young, L., & Saxe, R. 2009. Innocent intentions: A correlation between forgiveness for accidental harm and neural activity. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2065–72.

  Zacher, M. W. 2001. The territorial integrity norm: International boundaries and the use of force. International Organization, 55, 215–50.

  Zahn, M. A., & McCall, P. L. 1999. Trends and patterns of homicide in the 20th century United States. In M. D. Smith & M. A. Zahn, eds., Homicide: A sourcebook of social research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.

  Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. 1992. Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28, 126–36.

  Zak, P. J., Stanton, A. A., Ahmadi, S., & Brosnan, S. 2007. Oxytocin increases generosity in humans. PLoS ONE, 2, e1128.

  Zebrowitz, L. A., & McDonald, S. M. 1991. The impact of litigants’ babyfacedness and attractiveness on adjudications in small claims courts. Law & Human Behavior, 15, 603–23.

  Zelizer, V. A. 1985. Pricing the priceless child: The changing social value of children. New York: Basic Books.

  Zelizer, V. A. 2005. The purchase of intimacy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

  Zerjal, T., Xue, Y., Bertorelle, G., Wells, R. S., Bao, W., Zhu, S., Qamar, R., Ayub, Q., Mohyuddin, A., Fu, S., Li, P., Yuldasheva, N., Ruzibakiev, R., Xu, J., Shu, Q., Du, R., Yang, H., Hurles, M. E., Robinson, E., Gerelsaikhan, T., Dashnyam, B., Mehdi, S. Q., & Tyler-Smith, C. 2003. The genetic legacy of the Mongols. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 717–21.

  Zimbardo, P. G. 2007. The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. New York: Random House.

 

‹ Prev