by Freedom- The Overthrow of the Slave Empires (retail) (epub)
Creole (slave ship) 151
creolised slaves 77, 84, 86, 131, 178, 213
crimes against humanity 249–50
criminal gangs 252, 253, 255, 258
Cropper, James 125
Cuba xii, 9, 11, 35, 37–41, 90, 234, 263
attacks on slavery 122, 146
distinctive nature of the slavery of 190
and the end of slavery 1873 222, 265
independence 195–6, 198–9
and ‘Maroon’ societies 62
slave population 191–2
Spanish 174–5, 181, 185, 189–99
and sugar 39–41, 49, 189–94, 196
Cuba Libre 196
Cuban economy 198
Cuban slave ships 16
Cugoano, Ottobah 114
Czech Republic 253
Danes 5, 6, 9
Dantos, Manoel Pinto de Souza 228
Dantos, Rodolfo 228
Davis, David Brion 3, 44–5, 163, 232
debt bondage 250, 256
Declaration of the Rights of Man 82
defiance 51, 52–73, 94–5, 173, 209, 216–20, 229, 229–30, 232, 263–7
acts of revenge 64
Brazilian 210–11
faux good nature 63–4
going slow 64, 67, 81
and Haiti 73, 74–95
see also escape attempts; fugitive slaves; revolts
Demerara slave revolt 131–3, 134, 135
Democratic Party 168
Denmark 13, 140, 145
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques 92, 93, 219
disease 4, 24, 93, 117
and the American Civil War 169
the ‘bloody flux’ (amoebic dysentery) 20, 21
Brazilian 208
and European invasions of the Americas 175–6
tropical 86, 90, 91
dismemberment of slaves 57, 64, 72, 131, 150
District of Columbia 152
Dom Pedro II, Emperor 224–5
domestic slaves 58, 63–4, 254, 255
Douglass, Frederick 70, 152–3, 162
Dred Scott decision 166–7,168
Drescher, Seymour 235–6
Duke of Cambridge (ship) 70–1
Dutch colonialism 38
Dutch compensation system 140
Dutch settlers 42
Dutch traders 5, 6, 9, 12–13, 15–16, 19, 22, 31, 35
earthenware 13
Ecuador 179
elderly slaves 32, 58
elites 36, 76, 183
Brazilian 30, 226
creole slave 86
Cuban 196
European 25
Elmina 5, 6
Emancipation Bill 1833 138
emancipation from slavery xi, xv, 83, 261–2, 266
Brazilian 225–6, 228–30, 262
English/British 124–6, 132–4, 135–41,142
and the ‘necessity’ of slavery 49–50
and the Quakers 101
and the Spanish Empire 180, 186, 195, 197, 199
in St-Dominigue 89, 90–3
US 167, 170, 173
Emancipation Proclamation 1863 170, 255
England
and abolition 81, 99, 106–8, 110–23
enforced removal of black people from 110
and the Quakers 103
and the slave trade 9–10, 12
and textiles 145
English Civil War 107
English colonies 31–2
English traders 6, 11
Enlightenment 183
enslavement process 12, 55–6
equality 45
political 215
racial 82–3, 93, 149, 167, 189
Equiano, Olaudah 111–12, 113–14, 117, 120–1
Erie, Lake 154
escape attempts 55–6, 59–63, 80, 178, 184
American slaves 149–50, 152–7, 263
Brazilian slaves 62–3, 203, 217, 220–1, 223–4, 229–30, 263
Cuban slaves 263
see also fugitive slaves
Espírito Santo 219
Ethiopia 3
Europe xi, xii–xiii, 1–3, 10–13, 16, 25–6, 36, 39–40
and abolition 237–41
and modern-age slavery 242, 257
northern 8
revolutionary turmoil 120
and the ‘scramble for Africa’ 235
and sugar 7
and trade 35
Western 246, 252
European colonialism 33, 184
European colonisation 42, 262
European immigrants 148, 222–3
evangelicals 127–8, 133, 161
execution 57, 64, 67, 69, 72, 83, 131, 135, 150–2, 180, 191, 215
exploitation 175, 257
factories 27, 49, 133
family break-up, enforced 29, 47, 54, 60–1, 144, 181, 197, 209–10, 216, 221, 226, 262
Ferdinand VII of Spain 183, 184, 192
firearms 13, 14
First World War 240–1, 246
fish 13, 14
Five Year Plans 244
Flanders 12
Flemish traders 6
Fly (ship) 13
forced labour 92–3, 243, 244, 245, 246–7
forced marriage 250, 256
Foreign Office 192, 236
Slave Trade Dept 235
Fort Sumter 168
Fort Wagner 171
Fortaleza 227, 229
Fox, George 99
France 12, 13, 31–2, 35, 233
and the abolition of serfdom 82
American possessions 45
and Britain 90, 119, 121
collapse of its slave empire 32
and Portugal 183
and the Quakers 104
and slave defiance 62
and Spain 90, 183, 184
and St-Domingue/Haiti 74–6, 78–9, 81–2, 85–8, 90–1, 93–4
and the US 145
franchise 83, 134, 215
Franklin, Benjamin 102
free blacks 173
Brazilian 214
threat of fugitive laws to 163
of the US North 154, 156
free labour 201, 221, 222
free men of colour 105
of the Spanish Empire 190–1, 194–6
of St-Domingue 84–7, 89, 91–3
free mestiços, Brazilian 214
free people, contrast with slaves 54
free people of mixed race, in Spanish America 178
free press, Brazilian 224, 227
free slaves 37, 261, 266
Brazilian 206, 214, 214–15, 231
Haitian 77
slave ownership by 206
in the US North 148
Free Womb Law 1871 215, 219
freedom 178, 183, 189, 196, 201, 207, 219, 251, 263–7
buying of 190, 214
promise of 215
see also black freedom; emancipation; liberty
French army 93
French Atlantic slave trade 5, 6, 9, 10–11, 19, 179
French Caribbean 82
French colonialism 38, 79, 82, 92–3, 95
French colonies 28, 31–3, 35, 39, 40, 88
French compensation system 140
French Convention 88
French economy 82
French Enlightenment 76, 81
French Guiana 60
French navy 36–7
French prisoners-of-war 246
French Republic 91
French Revolution 1789 xi, 35, 39, 73–4, 78, 82, 84, 87–8, 90, 107, 119, 120, 182–3, 187
French trade 35
frigates 16
fruit 13
fugitive laws 156, 157, 163
Fugitive Slave Act 1850 156, 157
fugitive slaves 59–63, 165, 265
and Brazil 60, 62–3, 203, 217, 220–1, 223–4, 228–30, 263
in Britain 111, 120
communities 62–3
in the US 153–7, 163, 167–8, 170–1, 173, 266
see also escape attempts
Ga
mbia 5
Gambia River 70
gardens and plots, slave 216–17
Garrison, William Lloyd 161
gatherings, slave 80, 149, 160, 190–1, 218
Geggus, David 27, 88, 90, 93–4
General Act of Brussels 1890 239–40
‘General Plan for the East’ 1942 246
genocide 246, 250
gens de couleur (mixed race peoples) 75, 77–9, 82–3, 179–80
George III 102
Georgia 146, 152
German economy 246
German traders 5, 6, 9
Germany 145, 244, 245–50
Ghana 5
Girod-Chantrans, Justin 78
Global Slavery Index 258
God 159, 170
gods 18, 218–19
Goiás 28
gold 3, 4, 28
Gold Coast 4, 5, 6, 8
Gorée Island 5
Gospels 128
Goya, Francisco, The Disasters of War 183
Gran Colombia 184
grand blancs 76–7
Greece, classical 58
Grenada 72
Guadeloupe 31, 33, 74, 79
Guamacaro 194
Guanajay 194
guerrill tactics 62, 87
‘Guineamen’ type ship 16
Gujarat 13
Gulag system 244–5
Gulf of Guinea 7
guns, swivel 13
Habeas Corpus Act 1679 98–9, 110
Haiti (previously St-Domingue) 40, 46, 73
emergence 52
inauguration 1804 93–4
independence 82, 91, 92, 93–4
revolt 28, 39, 74–95, 120, 130, 134, 150, 161, 183, 184, 187, 191–3, 196, 212, 218, 219, 225, 262, 265 and sugar 181, 204
see also St-Domingue
Haitian Vodou 80
Hall, Lev 144
Hamburg 26
Hanbury, John 104
hangings 83
Harpers Ferry raid 168
Hausa 217
Havana 11, 37, 38, 39, 189, 194
Hawkins, Sir John 11
hereditary slavery 256
Higman, Barry 34
Hispaniola 11, 37–8
Hitler, Adolf 248
Honduras 62, 176
Horn of Africa 235
House of Commons 107, 116, 119, 134, 138
House of Lords 116, 134, 138
human trafficking 250, 252–5
Hutcheson, Francis 101
I. G. Farben 248
Iberian peninsula 183
Iberians xii
‘illicit’ phase of slave trading (post-1807) 16
Illinois 166, 167
imprisonment 220
Incas 179
indentured labour 32, 71
India xiv, 3, 5, 12, 46, 235, 236, 258
Indian Ocean 12, 235, 236
Indies 31
see also West Indies
indigo 74, 79
Indonesia 12
industry, heavy 146, 148
Irish migrants 165
iron bars 13
Isabel, Princess Regent 231
Islam 3, 213, 217, 218, 238
see also Muslims
Italian migrants 222
Jacobins 120
Jacobs, Harriet A. 162
Jamaica 28, 31, 74, 81, 92, 110, 174, 177, 261
‘Maroon societies 62
slave rebellions 72, 80, 89–90, 92, 134–6, 151, 161, 192
and sugar 33, 41
James Island 5
Jamestown 38
Japan 241, 250
Jefferson, Thomas 142
Jesuits 180, 181, 212
Jews 245, 246
Johnson, Dr 70, 102
Kentucky 152, 154
kettles, brass 13
knives 13
Korean slaves 250
La Escalera revolt 1843–4 194
La Guanábana 194
labour
forced 92–3, 243, 244, 245, 246–7
free 32, 201, 221, 222
global market 257
indentured 32, 71
penal 245
see also slavery
labour camps 245
labour disputes 133
Lagos 236
Lancashire 14
textiles 46, 49, 145, 146
Lancaster 9
language 217
barriers 65, 212
creole 77
Laranjeiras 219
lashes 67, 68, 182
see also whip, the
Latin America 46
Lauterpacht, Hersch 249
Lavigerie, Cardinal Charles 237–9
law xiv–xv, 33–4, 120, 256–7, 266
against gens de couleur 78
Brazilian 203, 207, 215–16, 219, 224–6, 229
British 98–9, 110–11, 115–16, 253
common 98–9
Cuban 197, 198
French 78
and fugitive slaves 155, 156, 157, 163
international 251
and the legality of slavery in England 110–11, 115–16
US 71, 155, 156, 157, 163
Le Havre 10
League of Nations 241, 243, 244, 245, 251
Leclerc, Charles 93
Leopold, King 239
liberation 261
Liberator (abolitionist newspaper) 161
liberty 45, 83, 90, 97, 102, 178
as non-saleable 101
see also freedom Lima 179
Lincoln, Abraham 167, 168, 169, 170, 171–2, 255
Lincolnshire 253
linen 13
Lisbon 6, 8, 12
Lisle, David 110
literacy for slaves 150–1, 160
literature/printed word, anti-slavery 97–8, 101–2, 103–5, 107, 110, 113–16, 164, 239, 263
Lithuanian gangs 253
Liverpool 9, 10, 13–14, 15, 16, 46–7, 145
Livingstone, Dr 239
Loango 17
London 10, 13–14, 26, 36, 85, 100, 102, 236, 256
black communities of 109–10, 112–14, 184
and textiles 47
London Missionary Society 128
Long Island 150
Louis XVI 85–6, 87–8
Louisiana 45–7, 71, 89, 145, 150, 152
L’Ouverture, Toussaint 91–3
Lowell 146
Luanda, Angola 17, 26, 177
Lyme Regis 9
Madeira 6–7
Madrid 192, 193, 195, 197
Malê rebellion 1835 218
Malembo 17
Manchester 14
Maniel 62
Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice 110–111, 112
manumission 178, 214
Maranhão 28
Maroon communities 62, 265
Maroon Wars
First 62
Second 62
marriage
forced 250, 256
slave 209
marronage (slave escapes) 80
Martinique 31, 74, 79, 82–3
Marvians 127
Maryland 38, 42
Mason–Dixon line 147
mass killings 92, 93
Massachusetts 42, 143, 146
Maya people 31
mechanisation 222
medicine 208
metal industry 104
Methodists 127, 158, 160
Mexico 74, 149, 152, 174, 186, 255
independence 178–9
and Spanish colonisation 175–8
Middle East 46, 240
‘Middle Passage (Atlantic Crossing) xiii, 16–17, 19–23
migrants
British 42
economic 252
European 148, 222–3
Italian 222
military
Brazilian 220, 232
deserters 63
militias 36, 69, 78, 135, 218–19, 262
Minas 201
Minas Gerais 28, 219
mining 176, 177, 179
missi
onaries 127–30, 131, 135–6, 159, 212–13, 237–9
Mississippi 46
Mississippi River 47, 48, 143, 166
Missouri 166
Missouri Compromise 1820 166
Missouri crisis 1820–1 166
mixed race peoples 5, 7, 75, 77–9, 82–3, 179–80
mocambos (communities of escaped slaves) 220
modern-age slavery 242, 243–59
Modern Slavery Act 2015 253
molasses 27
Montesquieu, Baron de 101
Montevideo 11
Monticello 143
Montserrat 31, 33
Moret Law 1870 197
mortality, slave
aboard slave ships 16, 20, 21, 23, 117
see also executions; suicide; Zong (slave ship) massacre
Mozambique 6, 8
murder 53, 111–12, 193, 220
see also Zong (slave ship) massacre
Muslims 244
see also Islam
mutilation 150
mutual aid-societies 190
Myanmar 256
Nago 217
Nantes 10–11, 79
Napoleon Bonaparte 93, 121, 183
narratives, slave (voices) 50, 122, 266
National Assembly (French) 82–3
Nazi Germany 245, 246–50
Nevis 31, 33
New Amsterdam 42
New England 11, 46, 158
New Hampshire 143
New Jersey 42, 99, 143
New Orleans 47, 48, 89, 150, 152
New Spain 174
New World 3, 7, 57
New York 42, 143, 150, 153
Newcastle 103
Newfoundland 13
Nicaragua 176
Niger Delta 4
Norfolk, Virginia 47, 153
North America 1, 5, 8, 20, 32, 42–51, 97, 164, 173, 184, 222, 233, 266
anti-British feeling of 165
British 182
coffee demand of 205
and South America 189
North American colonies 34–5, 36
North American slavery 44–51
and abolition 121
and the friends of black freedom 99–100, 103
and natural slave population increase 43, 121, 143–4
range of occupations 42, 48
and slave defiance 55, 56, 59, 60, 61
and slave ownership rates 48
and slave rebellions 71–2, 89
and slaves as possessions 54
and violence 50
North Atlantic 233
North Atlantic slave trade 8, 16, 47, 108, 179
North (US) 60, 143, 146–9, 152–61, 163, 166–70, 172
economy 146–7
and ‘The Awakening’ 159–60
Northern Plain, St-Domingue 77, 81, 84, 86
Northrup, Solomon 162
Northwest Ordinance 1787 143
Norway 246
Nova Scotia 62, 184
Nuremberg trials 249–50, 252
objects/possessions, slaves as xiv, 54, 61, 140
Ogé, Vincent, revolt of 83, 85
Ohio 154
Old Calabar 17
Oliveira, João Alfredo Correa de 231
Orisa 213
Ouidah 5, 17
Oulton 9
Ouro Preto 229
overseers 48
Oyo Empire 194
pacifism 101, 103
Pact of Zanjón 1878 196
pans 13
Pará 28
Paraguay 179, 187