by Freedom- The Overthrow of the Slave Empires (retail) (epub)
Paraguay war 225
Paraíba do Sul River 204
Paris 36, 75, 79, 82–8, 193, 239
Parliament 104, 107–8, 114–18, 121, 125–6, 133–4, 136–7, 203, 230, 253
Parliamentary reform 134, 136
patrocinados (apprentices) 198
patronos (patrons) 198
pearls 13
peasants 244
Pedro II, Emperor 218
penal labour 245
penal reform 68
Pennsylvania 99, 143
Pernambuco 26, 206, 219
Persia 13
Peru 40, 179, 184, 186
Spanish 174
pewter 13
Philadelphia 89, 103, 106–7, 153
Philadelphia Quakers 100
Phillips, James 107
pipes 14
piracy 11, 243
Pitt the Younger, William 116
plantation codes 66–7
plantation conditions 97–8
Plymouth 103, 253
Pointe Coupée slave conspiracy 1795 150
Poles 246
police, Brazilian 220
Polish gangs 253
political equality 215
Poole 9
popular politics 120, 126, 134, 224, 228, 230
port cities 9–11, 26, 38, 40, 79
Port-au-Prince 76
Porto Alegre 30, 229
Portugal xii, 26, 97
and France 183
unification with Spain 1580 176
Portuguese Angola 211
Portuguese Atlantic slave trade 3–6, 8, 15, 25–6, 31, 96, 176, 200, 202
Portuguese colonies 174
Portuguese Crown 202
Portuguese empire 36
Portuguese governments 202
Postillion (slave ship) 70
poverty, extreme 257
preachers 128, 129, 135, 150, 159, 160, 213
precious stones 13
Presbyterians 158, 159
price of slaves
Brazilian 206–7, 222
and the British compensation system 136–7, 139–40
and buying one’s own freedom 190
contemporary 257
Princípe 7, 25
prison camps 244
prisoners of war 75, 246, 250
prisons, offshore 19–20
Prosser, Gabriel 150
prostitution 253, 254
Protestants 238
Prussia 90
public awareness raising 105
Puerto Rico 35, 38, 40, 41, 90
and the end of slavery 1873 222
‘Maroon’ societies of 62
slave population 191
Spanish 174, 181, 189, 191, 195
and sugar 190, 191
punishment of slaves 66–9, 150–2, 180, 182, 191, 193–4, 211, 215–16, 220, 264
slave owners’ recordings of 66, 67
and women 209
Quakers 99–109, 113–16, 125
English 103–4
and US fugitive slaves 154
Quilimane 17
quilombos (communities of escaped slaves) 63, 220
racial discrimination 82, 84, 87, 94
‘cradle-to-grave discrimination’ 154
racial equality 82–3, 93, 149, 167, 189
racial harmony, South American 188
racial ideology 79
racism, US 148, 149, 162–3, 163, 166–7
railways 189
ranching 27–8, 177, 204
Recife 11, 219
Red Army 245
Reform Act 1832 136
refugees 89, 90, 113, 170–1
registration schemes, slave 125, 226
religion 80, 126–7, 150–1, 208, 211–14
see also Catholicism; Christian conversion
religious persecution 132
Republicans 168
resistance 55, 69, 133, 188, 265
aboard slave ships 57
Brazilian 201, 210–11, 216, 220, 230, 232
in the Spanish Americas 177
US 149, 152–6
revolts 50–1, 69–72, 106, 127, 130–3, 134, 161, 265, 267
aboard slave ships 56–7, 70–1, 151–2
Aponte rebellion 190–1
Bacon’s rebellion 1676 71
Baptist War 1831–2 134–6
Brazilian 71, 210–11, 217–20, 229, 230
Cuban 193–4
Denmark Vesey’s revolt 1822 71
Fédon’s revolt 1795 72
Gabriel rebellion 1800 71
Nat Turner’s revolt 1831 71
and punishment 57
and the Spanish Americas 187–8
Stono Rebellion 1739 44, 71
Tacky’s revolt 1760 72
US 150–2, 166
Rhode Island 11, 42, 143
rice cultivation 43–4, 45, 143
Richmond 153
Rigaud, André 92
rights 85, 103, 108, 178, 195, 234–5, 251
African-American 166, 167
Brazilian 214–15, 217
to liberty 97
Rio Branco Law 1871 225–6
Rio de Janeiro 9, 11, 30, 200–2, 204–5, 217–20, 225, 227, 229
Río de la Plata 174
River Plate 1, 8, 40
Roma gangs 253
Roman slavery 2, 53, 247
Rothschilds 139
Royal Navy 16, 18, 36–7, 104, 114, 192, 202–3, 224–5, 233–4, 236
rum xii, 13, 35
Rush, Benjamin 102
Russia 241, 244–6
Sabbath 212
Sahara 2, 235
sailors 18, 22, 23, 55, 57, 117
St Germain-en-Laye treaty 1919 240
St Kitts 31, 33
St Vincent 62
salt fish 13
Salvador 9, 11, 26, 200, 205, 218
San Juan 38, 40
Sancho, Ignatius 113, 114, 121
sanctuary 59
Sands, Philippe 249
Santo Domingo 37, 38, 80, 83, 92, 181, 183
Santos 204, 229
São Paulo 30, 204, 205, 219, 229
São Tomé 5, 25, 26, 32, 41
satin 13
Savannah 169
Scott, Dred 166
Scott, Harriet 166
Scottish Enlightenment 101
SEAST see Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
Second World War 243, 244, 246–50
Senate 165, 167
Senegambia 6, 8
Sengal 5
Sereny, Gitta 248
serfdom 98, 241, 250
Seurat 13
Seville 6, 8, 183
sex industry slaves 253, 254, 255
sexual harassment of slaves 58, 76
shadow of slavery 173
Sharp, Granville 110, 111, 112–13, 119
Sharpe, Sam 135
Sheffield 253
Sherbro 5
Sherman, William T. 169, 172
Sierra Leone 5, 8, 11, 184
silver 177
‘slave catchers’ 154
slave populations, natural increases 43, 121, 130, 143–4, 165–6, 177
slave ships 15–24, 113, 116
and abolition 120, 122, 233
‘bloody code’ of 57
and Brazil 8, 16, 200, 236
brutality of 64
captains 12, 20, 21–2
coastal waiting times 19–20
conditions aboard 16–17, 19, 21, 23, 97–8, 117
crews of 18, 21–3
escapes from 55–6
journey times 16, 20–1
and metalwork slaves 104
new arrivals from 24, 28, 57, 64
and overcrowding/packing aboard 15, 16, 19
Portuguese 8
provisions 22
and the Quakers 105
rebellions aboard 56–7, 70–1, 151–2
search and detention rights 240
sinking 22
and slave def
iance 55–7
slave mortality aboard 20, 21, 23, 117
stink of 23
US and Royal Navy interception of 234
and the weather 22
‘slave stealers’ 153
Slave Trade Database 258
Slavery Convention 1926 241, 243, 244, 245
Slavs 245
Smith, Gerrit 161
Smith, Revd John 128, 131, 132, 133
Société des Amis des Noirs 81, 83, 104
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (SEAST) 116
Society of Friends see Quakers
Somerset, James 110
Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité 88
South America 7, 31, 38, 62, 182, 186–8, 225
independence 188–9, 195, 265
Spanish 174, 179
South Asia 256
South Atlantic slave trade 7–8
South Carolina 43–5, 71, 143, 146, 150–1, 168
South (US) 29–30, 43–51, 59–61, 68, 143–59, 162–73, 188, 204, 209, 221–2, 257, 266
culture 148, 172
economy 146–7, 148
rural nature 146
slave population 184
Soviet Union 244, 245
Spain xii, 8, 12, 25, 31, 38–42, 96, 174
and abolition 195
and the Caribbean 37, 38–9, 40, 88, 91
and Central America 175, 177, 178
and France 90, 183, 184
and St-Domingue 74
Spaniards 15, 31, 44, 97
Spanish Americas 40, 174–89
break up of 183
independence 183–9, 196–7, 198–9
natural growth in slave numbers 177
variety of slave occupations 177
Spanish Caribbean 8, 41, 174–5, 179, 189–99
Spanish colonialism 181, 185–7, 191, 192
Spanish colonies 182, 185, 189, 192
Spanish colonisation 175, 176
Spanish conquerors 7, 176
Spanish conquistadors 179
Spanish Constitution of Cadiz 1812 185
Spanish Crown 176, 181–2
Spanish Cuba 174–5, 181, 185, 189–99
Spanish Empire
break-up 36, 183–9, 195–6, 198–9
end of slavery in 174–99, 222, 225
Spanish Florida 40
Spanish Peru 174
Spanish Puerto Rico 174, 181, 189, 191, 195
Spanish Town, Jamaica 89–90
Spartacus slave revolt 53
spices 3
spouses, enforced separation from 61
Sri Lanka 256
St-Domingue 10, 28, 31–2, 39–41, 62
and coffee 35, 74, 75, 77, 79, 201
failure of slaves to reproduce on 75
and the French Revolution 82
post-revolt upheavals 73
revolt 52, 106, 119, 183
sugar 33, 35, 41, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79
value of 74
see also Haiti (previously St-Domingue)
St-Sulpice, Paris 237
Stalin, Joseph 245
status, slaves as symbols of 27
steam power 49, 263
Stephen, James 125
stocks 215–16
storms 22
Stowe, Harriet Beacher, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) 164
Strong, Jonathan 110
sugar xii, 6–7, 29, 31–41, 45–6, 49–50, 74–5, 77–9, 89, 99, 104, 106, 131, 145–6, 176–7, 263
Brazilian 25–7, 33, 38, 43, 49, 201, 204, 206, 222
Caribbean 33, 34, 43, 49
Cuban 39–41, 49, 189–94, 196
Jamaican 33, 41
and Puerto Rico 190, 191
Spanish 181
sugar lobby 125
sugar refineries 26
suicide 64, 193, 209
Sumatra 28
Supplementary Convention 251
Supreme Court 166
Sweden 9, 13, 35
taffeta 13
Taney, Roger B. 166
tea 28–9, 99
Ten Years War 1868–78 196–7, 198
Tennessee 152
terror policies 67, 92
Texas 46, 152
textile industry 12–13, 14, 46, 49, 145, 146, 177, 263
see also cotton Third Reich 247, 249
Thirteenth Amendment 1872 172
timber xii, 99
tobacco xii, 33, 38, 42–3, 99, 104, 106, 263
Brazilian 13, 14, 201
Caribbean 32
US 13, 45, 143
torture 72, 87
total war 169
Trans-Saharan caravans 235
treasure 31
Trelawny Town 62
trials 71, 72, 135, 152
Trinidad 125
‘truants’ 156
Truth, Sojourner 162
Tubman, Harriet 153
Turkey 232
Turner, Nat 71, 151
Underground Railroad 59, 153–4, 162, 170, 266
Union 147, 155, 168, 169–70, 171, 266
Union army 169, 171
Unitarians 158
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) 248
United Nations (UN) 243, 250–1, 256
Charter 251
United States 8, 42, 95, 262–3
and abolition 108–9, 121, 147–9, 151–4, 156–7, 160–3, 165–9, 192, 241
and coffee 28–9
and contemporary slavery 252, 255
and cotton 143–7, 155,182, 188, 201, 204
and Cuban sugar 189
Declaration of Independence 44–5, 167
and Denmark 145
economy 45, 46, 48
emergence from British colonialism 44–5
and European immigrants 148
and the fall of slavery 142–73
and France 145
and Germany 145, 248–9
and Haiti 92
internal proliferation of slaves 165–6
and ‘Maroon’ societies 62
and the rise of democracy 149
slave population 45
and slave punishment 68
and slave revolts 150–2, 166
and sugar production 45–6, 145–6
and tobacco 13, 45, 143
value of American slaves 169
see also North American slavery; North (US); South (US)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 250
Upper Guinea 12–13, 20
Uruguay 60
US navy 16, 234
Venezuela 40, 140, 179, 184, 186
Veracruz 176
Vermont 42, 143
Versailles 240
Vesey, Denmark 71, 150–1, 166
Vietnam 255
Vikings 2
violence
against slaves 50, 53, 55–6, 64, 66–9, 72, 75, 77, 79, 97, 176, 180, 191, 193, 262
slave defiance against 64
and slave revolts 87, 89, 101, 103, 217, 220
threat of 65–6
Virginia 13, 38, 42, 71, 102, 143, 150–1, 153, 166
Vodun of Gbe 213
voices of slavery 50, 122, 266
Voltaire 81
voodoo 80
Wales 103
Waley, Ann 144
Wallace, George 101
warfare 22, 257
Washington 48, 165, 166, 261
Washington, George 142
West India lobby 137–8
West Indies 70, 127
wheel, breaking on the 72, 83
whip, the 66–9, 180, 194, 197, 216
see also lashes
Whitehaven 9
whites
Brazilian 213, 219
Cuban 194, 196
indentured 71
racial ‘superiority’ of 167
and slave revolts 130, 131, 135, 194
of St-Domingue/Haiti 75–8, 79, 80, 82–8
US 144, 148–9, 163, 166–7
Whitney, Eli 45, 145
Wilberf
orce, William 89–90, 104, 116, 118–21, 125, 130, 138
William (slave ship) 71
Windward Coast 8, 13
women slaves
and Atlantic transportation 19, 75
damaged fertility of 75
and manumission 214
and modern-day slavery 253, 254, 256
old 58
pregnancy 67
and punishment 67
women’s campaigners 108
woollen goods 12–13
Woolman, John 100
Yoruba people 190, 213, 217–18
Zanzibar 235, 240
Zong (slave ship) massacre 22, 107, 111–13, 115–117, 119
Also by James Walvin:
Slavery in Small Things: Slavery and Modern Cultural Habits
Different Times: Growing Up in Post-War England
Crossings: Africa, the Americas and the Atlantic Slave Trade
The Zong: A Massacre, the Law and the End of Slavery
The Trader, The Owner, The Slave:
Parallel Lives in the Age of Slavery
Atlas of Slavery
Black Ivory: Slavery in the British Empire
Questioning Slavery
An African’s Life:
The Life and Times of Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797
Making the Black Atlantic: Britain and the African Diaspora
How Sugar Corrupted the World: From Slavery to Obesity
FREEDOM
Pegasus Books Ltd.
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Copyright © 2019 by James Walvin
First Pegasus Books hardcover edition September 2019
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ISBN: 978-1-64313-206-8
ISBN: 978-1-64313-206-8 (ebk.)
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