Empress

by Miles Taylor

  12. Hans Harder (ed.), Literature and Nationalist Ideology: Writing Histories of Modern Indian Languages (New Delhi: Social Science Press, 2010); cf. Vasudha Dalmia, The Nationalisation of Hindu Traditions: Bharatendu Harischandra and Nineteenth-century Benares (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997); Sudhir Chandra, The Oppressive Present: Literature and Social Consciousness in Colonial India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992).

  13. The principal collection of these is in four boxes held in the India Office Records of the British Library, on loan from the Royal Collection: ‘Loyal addresses to the Sovereign from the inhabitants of various places in India, Burma, and Aden, etc.’, IOR Mss Eur. G55.

  14. Richard S. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy. Volume 2. From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000); Matthew Truesdell, Spectacular Politics: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte and the Fête Impériale, 1849–1870 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Sudhir Hazareesingh, ‘“A Common Sentiment of National Glory”: Civic Festivities and French Collective Sentiment under the Second Empire’, Journal of Modern History 76 (2004), 280–311; Takashi Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996); James Shedel, ‘Emperor, Church, and People: Religion and Dynastic Loyalty during the Golden Jubilee of Franz Joseph’, Catholic Historical Review 76 (1990), 71–92.

  15. Oliver Godsmark and William Gould, ‘Clientelism, Community and Collaboration: Loyalism in Nineteenth-century Colonial India’ in Allan Blackstock and Frank O’Gorman (eds), Loyalism and the Formation of the British World, 1775–1880 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2014), 263–86.

  16. Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 11–12; idem., Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (London: Zed 1986); cf. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincialising Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Its Discontents (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), ch. 1.

  17. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi before India (London: Allen Lane, 2013), ch. 6; P. H. N. van den Dungen, ‘Gandhi in 1919: Loyalist or Rebel?’ in R. Kumar (ed.), Essays on Gandhian Politics: The Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), 43–63.

  18. C. A. Bayly, Origins Of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical Government in the Making of Modern India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), esp. 89–92; cf. his ‘European Political Thought and the Wider World during the Nineteenth Century’ in Gareth Stedman Jones and Gregory Claeys (eds), The Cambridge History of Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 853; and his Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), esp. 13–14, 16–17, 26.

  19. Sukanya Banerjee, Becoming Imperial Citizens: Indians in the Late Victorian Empire (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010); Elleke Boehmer, Indian Arrivals, 1870–1915: Networks of British Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

  20. John Mackenzie, Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of Public Opinion, 1880–1960 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984); David Cannadine, ‘The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the “Invention of Tradition”, c. 1820–1977’ in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 101–64; idem., Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire (London: Allen Lane, 2001), ch. 4; William M. Kuhn, Democratic Royalism: The Transformation of the British Monarchy, 1861–1914 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), ch. 1.

  21. Monarchy as an agent of empire is at last being given due attention. See, for example, Robert Aldrich and Cindy McCreery (eds), Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016); Sarah Carter and Maria Nugent (eds), Mistress of Everything: Queen Victoria in Indigenous Worlds (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016); Milinda Banerjee, Charlotte Backerra and Cathleen Sarti (eds), Transnational Histories of the ‘Royal Nation’ (London: Palgrave, 2017). For dynastic rule, see: Johannes Paulmann, ‘Searching for a “Royal International”: The Mechanics of Monarchical Relationships in Nineteenth-century Europe’ in Martin H. Geyer and Johannes Paulmann (eds), The Mechanics of Internationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 145–76; Heidi Mehrkens and Frank-Lorenz Muller (eds), Sons and Heirs: Succession and Political Culture in Nineteenth-century Europe (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

  22. Colin Coates (ed.), Majesty in Canada: Essays on the Role of Royalty (Toronto: Dundurn, 2006); Philip Buckner, ‘The Creation of the Dominion of Canada, 1860–1901’ in Buckner (ed.), Canada and the British Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 66–86; James H. Murphy, Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland during the Reign of Queen Victoria (Cork: Cork University Press, 2001); James Loughlin, The British Monarchy and Ireland: 1800 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

  23. For a wry and perceptive account of how the court worked politically, see: Michael Bentley, Lord Salisbury’s World: Conservative Environments in Late-Victorian Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 73–6, 160–4, and idem., ‘Power and Authority in the Late Victorian and Edwardian Court’ in Andrezj Olechnowicz (ed.), The Monarchy and the British Nation, 1780 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 163–87.

  24. Mithi Mukherjee, India in the Shadows of Empire: A Legal and Political History, 1774–1950 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010), 79–80, 89.

  25. Bernard S. Cohn, ‘Representing Authority in Victorian India’ in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 165–210; idem., ‘Cloth, Clothes and Colonialism: India in the Nineteenth Century’ [1989] in Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 106–62.

  26. Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1999); Jennifer Pitts, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), ch. 5; Karuna Mantena, Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010).

  27. Partha Mitter, ‘Cartoons of the Raj’, History Today 47 (1997), 16–21; Mushirul Hasan, The Avadh Punch: Wit and Humour in Colonial North India (New Delhi: Nyogi Books, 2007); Ritu G. Khanduri, ‘Vernacular Punches: Cartoons and Politics in Colonial India’, History and Anthropology 20 (2009), 459–86.

  28. For social reform movements, see: Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women and Imperial Culture, 1865–1915 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994). For nursing, see: Geraldine Forbes, Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine and Historiography (New Delhi: Chronicle Books, 2005).

  29. Sugata Bose, ‘Nation as Mother: Representations and Contestations of “India” in Bengali Literature and Culture’ in Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal (eds), Nationalism, Democracy and Development: State and Politics in India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996), 50–72; Sugata Bose, The Nation as Mother and other Visions of Nationhood (Delhi: Penguin, 2017); Sumathi Ramaswamy, The Goddess and the Nation: Mapping Mother India (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), 80–4.

  30. ‘Composite Patriotism II’ (27 May 1905) in The New Spirit: A Selection from the Writings and Speeches of Bipinchandra Pal on Social, Political and Religious Subjects (Calcutta: Sinha, Sarvadhikari & Co., 1907), 212–13.

  1 Crown and Company

  1. Hobhouse to Elphinstone, 4 August 1837, IOR Mss Eur. F87, fols 13–14; entries for 14 July, 7 November in Lord Broughton, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester, 6 vols (London: John Murray, 1911), v, 88, 103. On Elphinstone, see: H. M. Stephens, ‘Elphinst
one, John, Thirteenth Lord Elphinstone and First Baron Elphinstone (1807–1860)’, rev. Elizabeth Baigent, ODNB.

  2. Leslie Mitchell, Lord Melbourne, 1779–1848 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 235–40; Monica Charlot, Victoria: The Young Queen (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), chs 5–6.

  3. On the later years of the East India Company, see especially: Cyril Phillips, The East India Company, 1784–1834, 2nd edn (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1961), chs 9–10; Philip Lawson, The East India Company: A History, 1600–1857 (Harlow: Longman, 1993), ch. 8; Anthony Webster, The Twilight of the East India Company: The Evolution of Anglo-Asian Commerce and Politics, 1790–1860 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2009), chs 5–6.

  4. Eric Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959); John Rosselli, Lord William Bentinck: The Making of a Liberal Imperialist 1774–1839 (London: Chatto and Windus for Sussex University Press, 1974), 214–24; Martin Moir and Lynn Zastoupil, ‘Introduction’ to idem. (eds), The Great Indian Education Debate: Documents Relating to the Orientalist–Anglicist Controversy, 1781–1843 (Richmond: Curzon, 1999), 1–70.

  5. [Philip Meadows Taylor], ‘The Native Princes of India’, British and Foreign Review 8 (January 1839), 154–245; Robert Travers, ‘A British Empire by Treaty in Eighteenth-century India’ in Saliha Belmessous (ed.), Empire by Treaty: Negotiating European Expansion, 1600–1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 132–60.

  6. For background, see: M. E. Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran, and Afghanistan, 1798–1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980); James Onley, ‘The Raj Reconsidered: British India’s Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa’, Asian Affairs 20 (2009), 44–62.

  7. J. Sutherland, Sketches of the Relations Subsisting between the British Government of India and the Different Native States (1833, 2nd edn, Calcutta: G. H. Huttman, 1837); C. U. Aitchison, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sunnuds Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, 7 vols (Calcutta: Bengal Printing Co., 1862–5). There was a partial list presented to Parliament in 1825, and a fuller one in 1856: ‘Treaties with Native Powers in India’, Parl. Papers (1825), Cd. 005; ‘Copies of all Treaties, Conventions and Arrangements with the Native States of India, made since the 1st day of May 1834’, Parl. Papers (1856), Cd. 341.

  8. Philip J. Stern, The Company-state: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011); Sudipta Sen, ‘Colonial Frontiers of the Georgian State: East India Company Rule in India’, Journal of Historical Sociology 7, (1994) 368–92.

  9. M. Z. A. Shakeb, A Descriptive Catalogue of Persian Letters from Arcot and Baroda (London: India Office Library, 1982), 5–6; J. D. Gurney, ‘Fresh Light on the Character of the Nawab of Arcot’ in A. Whiteman, J. S. Bromley and P. G. M. Dickson (eds), Statesmen, Scholars and Merchants: Essays in Eighteenth-century History Presented to Dame Lucy Sutherland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), 200–41; Natasha Eaton, ‘Between Mimesis and Alterity: Art, Gift and Diplomacy in Colonial India’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 46 (2004), 816–44.

  10. Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, British Government in India: The Story of Viceroys and Government Houses, 2 vols (London: Cassell and Co., 1925), i, ch. 3; Jan Morris, Stones of Empire: The Buildings of British India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 67–8; J. P. Losty, Calcutta: City of Palaces: A Survey of the City in the Days of the East India Company, 1690–1858 (London: BL, 1990), 74–6.

  11. Peter Gray and Olwen Purdue, ‘Introduction’ in idem. (eds), The Irish Lord Lieutenancy: c. 1541–1922 (Dublin: Dublin University College Press, 2012), 3. For the wider comparisons, see: Christopher Bayly, ‘Ireland, India and the Empire, 1780–1914’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 10 (2000), 377–98.

  12. Jac Weller, Wellington in India (London: Longman, 1972); Kate Brittlebank, ‘The White Raja of Srirangapattana: Was Arthur Wellesley Tipu Sultan’s True Successor?’, South Asia 26 (2003), 23–35; Michael Fisher, ‘The Imperial Coronations of 1819: Awadh, the British and the Mughals’, Modern Asian Studies 19 (1985), 239–77.

  13. For examples of royal salute, see: Asiatic Journal 9 (January–June 1820), 510 (Baroda); ibid. 13 (January–June 1822), 86 (Bhopal).

  14. The Private Journal of the Marquess of Hastings, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief in India, ed. Marchioness of Bute, 2 vols (London: Saunders and Otley 1858), i, 66–9; Abraham Eraly, The Mughal World: Life in India’s Last Golden Age (New Delhi: Penguin, 2007), 42–52; Piyel Haldar, Law, Orientalism and Post-colonialism: The Jurisdiction of the Lotus-eaters (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007), ch. 6.

  15. For Amherst’s tour of 1827, see: Asiatic Journal 24 (July 1827), 92–3. For Bentinck’s tour in 1831: Bentinck to Captain Wade, 9 June 1831, in The Correspondence of Lord William Cavendish Bentinck, Governor-General of India, 1828–1835, ed. C. H. Phillips, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), i, 652–3.

  16. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajast’han, or, the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, 2 vols (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1829–1832), ii. For Tod, see: Norbert Peabody, ‘Tod’s Rajast’han and the Boundaries of Imperial Rule in Nineteenth-century India’, Modern Asian Studies 30 (1996), 185–220; Jason Freitag, Serving Empire, Serving Nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan (Boston: Brill, 2009); Florence D’Souza, Knowledge, Mediation and Empire: James Tod’s Journeys among the Rajputs (Manchester: Manchester University Press: 2015).

  17. On Akbar II, see: Salman Khurshid, ‘Life in Shahjahanabad’ in J. P. Losty (ed.), Delhi: Red Fort to Raisna (New Delhi: Roli, 2012), 207–10; John Reeve, The Lives of the Mughal Emperors (London: BL, 2012), 31; G. S. Mukherjee, ‘Nature of Political Relationship between the Residents and Shah Akbar II’, Journal of Indian History 60 (1982), 53–70.

  18. On the farman, see: F. W. Buckler, ‘The Political Theory of the Indian Mutiny of 1857’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th ser., 5 (1922), 71–100. For Akbar II, see: Mukherjee, ‘Nature of Political Relationship’; Rosselli, Bentinck, 231. For the 1830 portrait, see: Morning Post, 5 July 1830, 3; and for Ram Mohan Roy’s mission in 1832, see: Mary Carpenter, The Last Days in England of the Rajah Rammohun Roy (London: E. T. Whitfield, 1875); Lynn Zastoupil, Rammohun Roy and the Making of Victorian Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 20–1.

  19. The Times, 17 March 1836, 2; ibid., 22 April 1836, 6; Short Statement Relative to the Presents Transmitted to England in 1835, by the King of Oude . . . to be Laid before their Majesties the King and Queen of England, as a Mark of Attachment and Fidelity, etc. (London: R. Clay, 1837).

  20. Foreign Dept Proceedings, 11 September 1837, P. C. 144, NAI; R. B. Boswell, A Sermon Preached in St James’ Church, Calcutta . . . on Occasion of the Ascension to the British Throne of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria (Calcutta: Church Mission Press, 1837), 2–3.

  21. Asiatic Journal, n. s., 23 (August 1837), 323–5; The Times, 10 November 1837, 4.

  22. H. Torrens to Lt. Col. N. Alves, 4 June 1838, Foreign Dept Proceedings, P. C. 41, NAI.

  23. Friend of India, 5 October 1837, 313–14; Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register (January–June, 1838), 1–3.

  24. Letter of 27 October 1837, Julia Charlotte Maitland, Letters from Madras during the Years 1836–1839, ed. Alyson Price, orig. pub. 1846 (Otley: Woodstock Books, 2003), 54; Letter of 17 September 1837, Letters from India by the Hon. Emily Eden, ed. Eleanor Eden, 2 vols (London: Richard Bentley, 1872), ii, 86–7.

  25. Foreign Dept Proceedings, 21 March 1838, P. C. 84, NAI.

  26. In the Koran, a spring, fountain or river in paradise.

  27. C. M. Wade to H. Macnaughten, 11 December 1837, Foreign Dept Proceedings, P. C. 4, NAI.

  28. Edward Ingram, ‘India and the North-west Frontier: The First Afghan War’ in A. Hamish Ion and Elizabeth Errington (eds), Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993), 31–52; Wil
liam Dalrymple, The Return of the King: The Battle for Afghanistan (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), chs 2–3.

  29. Auckland to Hobhouse, 9 December 1838, BL, Add. Mss, 36, 473, fols 359–68; The Times, 4 February 1839, 5; Parbury’s Oriental Herald, 4 (January–June, 1839), 258–9, 278–81.

  30. C. J. Blomfield, A Sermon Preached at the Coronation of Her Most Excellent Majesty Queen, etc. (London: B. Fellowes, 1838), 15; ‘Sermon on the Duties of a Queen’ in The Works of Sydney Smith, 3 vols (London: Longman, 1845), iii, 293.

  31. QVJl., 26 December 1837, 5 July 1838.

  32. For Blomfield, see: Arthur Burns, ‘Blomfield, Charles James (1786–1857)’, ODNB. The Life of William Wilberforce, written by Wilberforce’s sons Robert and Samuel, was published in five volumes in 1838.

  33. For the background, see: Robert E. Frykenberg, ‘Episcopal Establishment in India to 1914’ in R. Strong (ed.), The Oxford History of Anglicanism, vol. III: Partisan Anglicanism and its Global Expansion, 1829–c. 1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 296–317.

  34. Bishop Wilson’s Journal Letters . . . during the First Nine Years of his Episcopate, ed. Daniel Wilson (London: J. Nisbet, 1863), 227–8. For Wilson, see: Andrew Porter, ‘Wilson, Daniel (1778–1858)’, ODNB.

  35. For Duff, see: A. A. Millar, Alexander Duff of India (Edinburgh: Canongate, 1992); Philip Constable, ‘Scottish Missionaries, “Protestant Hinduism” and the Scottish Sense of Empire in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century India’, Scottish Historical Review 86 (2007), 278–313.

  36. Kenneth Ballhatchet, ‘The East India Company and Roman Catholic Missionaries’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 44 (1993), 273–88; Barry Crosbie, Irish Imperial Networks: Migration, Social Communication and Exchange in Nineteenth-century India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 136–40.