Heroic Leadership
Page 29
Finally, but by no means least, I'm profoundly grateful for all the Jesuits have given me: an education, a moral foundation, many laughs, close friends, an informed faith, and the remarkable leadership vision that has guided their compania from its founding.
The support and counsel of all of the above made this a better book and saved me from not a few bloopers. Many inadequacies surely remain; for all of those I take full responsibility.
Notes
The Spiritual Exercises, the Autobiography of Ignatius Loyola, and the Constitutions of the Society of Jesus are cited by the standard paragraph numbers. Quotations from these sources have been taken from:
The Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius: A Translation and Commentary, trans. George E. Ganss (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992). Abbreviated Spiritual Exercises throughout.
A Pilgrim's Testament: The Memoirs of Ignatius of Loyola, As Faithfully Transcribed by Luis Gonsalves da Camara, trans. Parmananda R. Divarkar (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1995). Abbreviated Autobiography throughout.
The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, trans. George E. Ganss (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1970). Abbreviated Constitutions throughout.
Chapter 1: Of Jesuits and J. P. Morgan
1. The maxim is an eloquent paraphrase of a clumsier version recorded by one of Loyola's cofounders, "In all things pertaining to the service of our Lord which [Loyola] undertook he made use of all human means to succeed in them, with as much care and energy as if success depended on these means; and he trusted in God and remained dependent on His divine Providence as if all these other human means which he employed were of no effect at all." Edward C. Phillips, S.J., "St. Ignatius' Doctrine on the Interdependence of Work and Prayer," Woodstock Letters: A Historical Journal of Jesuit Educational and Missionary Activities 71, no. 1 (February 1942): 71.
The interpretation of this famous maxim has been a favored subject of learned squabbling among Jesuit scholars, and there is an alternative rendering that yields exactly the opposite meaning: "Pray as if everything depended on you; work as if everything depended on God." William A. Barry, S.J., a noted authority on Jesuit spirituality, argues for this interpretation in a recently published monograph, "Jesuit Spirituality for the Whole of Life," Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 35, no. 1 (January 2003): 11. I continue to be persuaded by Fr. Phillips's version, however, based on his analysis of source material for the maxim: Pedro Ribadeneira's firsthand accounts of Loyola as recorded in the Monumenta Historica Societatis lesu.
2. Joseph H. Fichter, S.J., James Laynez: Jesuit (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 1944), 77-78.
3. Strictly speaking, there are more followers of the Franciscan tradition than there are Jesuits, but the Franciscans are divided into branches, each governed by its own distinct leadership.
4. Matthew Bunson, ed., 2003 Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Almanac (Huntington, Ind.: Our Sunday Visitor, 2002), 464.
5. Thomas Hughes, S.J., History of the Society of Jesus in North America: Colonial and Federal (London: Longmans, Green, 1917), Text 2:604.
Chapter 2: What Leaders Do
1. Adapted from John P. Kotter, Leading Change (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1996), 26.
2. John P. Kotter, John P. Kotter on What Leaders Really Do (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999), 1.
3. Nicco16 Machiavelli, The Prince, ed. and trans. Robert M. Adams, 2d ed. (New York: Norton, 1992), 23, #7.
4. Ibid., 46, #17.
5. Ibid., 47, #18.
6. Ibid., 48, #18.
7. Strictly speaking, the term Vatican-as a synonym for the papal bureaucracy-is not appropriately used for the period before 1870. It is used throughout this work-admittedly anachronistically-as an informal, shorthand reference for the papal bureaucracy.
8. John J. O'Malley, S.J., "To Travel to Any Part of the World: Jeronimo Nadal and the Jesuit Vocation," Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 16, no. 2 (March 1984): 7.
9. Constitutions, #667.
10. Georg Schurhammer, S.J., Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times, trans. M. Joseph Costelloe, S.J. (Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1973-82), 4:438.
11. William J. Young, S.J., ed. and trans., Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1959), 245.
Chapter 3: The Jesuits
1. Joseph H. Fichter, S.J., James Laynez: Jesuit (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 1944), 271.
2. Joseph de Guibert, S.J., The Jesuits: Their Spiritual Doctrine and Practice, a Historical Study, ed. George E. Ganss, S.J., trans. William J. Young, S.J. (Chicago: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1964), 70.
3. Abraham Zaleznik, The Managerial Mystique: Restoring Leadership in Business (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 5.
4. de Guibert, Jesuits, 23.
5. W. W. Meissner, S.J., Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992), 31.
6. Autobiography, #8. Note: Throughout his autobiography, Loyola refers to himself in the third person.
7. Ibid., #12.
8. Ibid., #19.
9. Ibid., #41.
10. Ibid., #50.
11. Ibid., #30.
12. Dominic Maruca, S.J., trans., "Deliberation of Our First Fathers," Woodstock Letters: A Historical Journal of Jesuit Educational and Missionary Activities 95 (1966): 328.
13, Ibid., 331.
14. Jules J. Toner, S.J., "The Deliberation That Started the Jesuits," Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 6, no. 4 (June 1974): 204,
15. Dauril Alden, The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996), 26.
16. Matthew Bunson, ed., 2003 Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Almanac (Huntington, Ind.: Our Sunday Visitor, 2002), 340.
17. See introduction, endnote 3.
18. Thomas M. Lucas, S.J., Landmarking: City, Church and Jesuit Urban Strategy (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1997), 149.
Chapter 4: Leadership Role Models
1. Jonathan D. Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York: Penguin Books, 1985), 126.
2. M. Joseph Costelloe, S.J., trans., The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992), 180.
3. Spence, Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci, 66.
4. Cornelius J. Wessels, S.J., Early Jesuit Travellers in Central Asia, 1603-1721 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1924), 17.
5. Ibid., 21.
6. Ibid., 37.
7. Manfred Barthel, The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus, trans. and adapt. Mark Howson (New York: William Morrow, 1984), 141.
8. Jean Lacouture, Jesuits: A Multibiography, trans. Jeremy Leggatt (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), 186.
9. George H. Dunne, S.J., Generation of Giants: The Story of the Jesuits in China in the Last Decades of the Ming Dynasty (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1962), 44.
10. Spence, Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci, 115.
11. Lacouture, Jesuits, 192.
12. Spence, Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci, 97.
13. Dunne, Generation of Giants, 79.
14. Michael John Gorman, "Consuming Jesuit Science, 1600-1665," in The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773, ed. John W. O'Malley, S.J., Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Steven J. Harris, and T. Frank Kennedy, S.J. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 172.
15. James M. Lattis, Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 198.
16. Ibid., 181.
Chapter 5: "To Order One's Life"
1. Joseph L. Badaracco Jr., "The Discipline of Building Character," Harvard Business Review (March/April 1998): 116.
2. W. W. Meissner, "Psychological Notes on the Spiritual Exercises," Woodstock Letters: A Historical Journal of Jesuit Educational and Missionary Activities 92, no. 4 (November 1963): 355.
3. William V. Bange
rt, S.J., A History of the Society of Jesus, 2d ed. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit sources, 1986), 22.
4. William J. Young, S.J., Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1959), 320.
5. James Brodrick, Saint Peter Canisius, S.J., 1521-1597 (London: Sheed and Ward, 1935), 451-52.
6. Antonio M. de Aldama, S.J., An Introductory Commentary on the Constitutions, trans. Aloysius J. Owen, S.J. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1989), 81.
7. Ibid., 82.
8. Peter F. Drucker, "Managing Oneself," Harvard Business Review (March April 1999): 70.
9. Ibid, 66.
10. Daniel Goleman, "What Makes a Leader?" Harvard Business Review (November/December 1998): 94.
11. Adapted from ibid., 95.
Chapter 6: The Spiritual Exercises
1. Spiritual Exercises, #1.
2. Ibid., #15.
3. W. W. Meissner, "Psychological Notes on the Spiritual Exercises," Woodstock Letters: A Historical Journal of Jesuit Educational and Missionary Activities 92, no. 4 (November 1963): 355.
4. Spiritual Exercises, #21.
5. Ibid., #63.
6. Ibid., #66-68.
7. Ibid., #23.
8. E. Edward Kinerk, S.J., "Eliciting Great Desires: Their Place in the Spirituality of the Society of Jesus," Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 16, no.-5 (November 1984): 9.
9. Spiritual Exercises, #155.
10. Joseph de Guibert, S.J., The Jesuits: Their Spiritual Doctrine and Practice, a Historical Study, ed. George E. Ganss, S.J., trans. William J. Young, S.J. (Chicago: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1964), 100.
11. Spiritual Exercises, #93.
12. Ibid., #96.
13. Ibid., #97.
14. Ibid., #233.
15. John A. Hardon, S.J., All My Liberty: Theology of the Spiritual Exercises (Westminster, Md.: Newman Press, 1959), 71.
16. Spiritual Exercises, #230-231, 235, 236.
17. Ibid., #43.
18. Ibid., #25.
Chapter 7: "The Whole World Becomes Our House"
1. Georg Schurhammer, S.J., Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times, trans. M.-Joseph Costelloe, S.J. (Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1973-82), 1:554.
2. Ibid., 1:543.
3. Ibid., 1:549.
4. Ibid., 2:17.
5. John W. Padberg, S.J., "The Three Forgotten Founders of the Society of Jesus: Paschase Broet (1500-1562), Jean Codure (1508-1541), Claude Jay (1504-1552)," Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 29, no. 2 (March 1997): 34.
6. Ibid., 35.
7. Jean Lacouture, Jesuits: A Multibiography, trans. Jeremy Leggatt (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), 133.
8. William J. Young, S.J., Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1959), 299.
9. David Mitchell, The Jesuits: A History (New York: Franklin Watts, 1981), 81.
10. St. Benedict, Rule for Monasteries, trans. Leonard J. Doyle (Collegeville, Minn.: St. John's Abbey Press, 1948), 29, #8.
11. Ibid., 7, #1.
12. Constitutions, #308.
13. Ibid., #588.
14. Ibid., #603.
15. John J. O'Malley, S.J., "To Travel to Any Part of the World: Jeronimo Nadal and the Jesuit Vocation," Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 16, no. 2 (March 1984): 8.
16. Ibid, 6.
17. Robert McNally, S.J., "St. Ignatius, Prayer and the Early Society of Jesus," Woodstock Letters: A Historical Journal of Jesuit Educational and Missionary Activities 94, no. 2 (Spring 1965): 121.
18. Ibid.
19. Joseph de Guibert, S.J., The Jesuits: Their Spiritual Doctrine and Practice, a Historical Study, ed. George E. Ganss, S.J., trans. William J. Young, S.J. (Chicago: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1964), 45.
20, Friedrich Wulf, S.J., et al., Ignatius of Loyola, His Personality and Spiritual Heritage, 1556-1956: Studies on the 400th Anniversary of His Death (St.-Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1977), 151.
21. Constitutions, #577.
22. John W. Padberg, S.J., Martin D. O'Keefe, S.J., and John L. McCarthy, S.J., For Matters of Greater Moment: The First Thirty Jesuit General Congregations, a Brief History and a Translation of the Decrees (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1994), 9.
23. Roberto de Nobili, "The Report on Certain Customs of the Indian Nation," in Preaching Wisdom to the Wise: Three Treatises, trans. Anand Amaladass, S.J., and Francis X. Clooney, S.J. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2000), 63.
24. Ibid., 220.
25. Ibid., 179.
26. Ibid., 226.
27. Francis X. Clooney, S.J., a noted scholar of the Hindu faith, eloquently elaborates on this tension between "interreligious dialogue" and "proclaiming the gospel" in his recent monograph, "A Charism for Dialog: Advice from the Early Jesuit Missionaries in Our World of Religious Pluralism," Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 34, no. 2 (March 2002). Readers of his essay will be able to appreciate the current state of discussion on this question and will also be reminded how much Jesuits such as Xavier, de Nobili, and others can still teach their modern successors.
Many of the stories in this book are drawn from an age when the prevalent mindset among Christian missioners was driven by "making conversions," plain and simple. No Jesuit today-and certainly not this author-would condone what we now understand to be a simplistic (and sometimes disrespectful) approach to dialogue with those of the Jewish, Hindu, and Muslim faiths, or those of any other religious faiths. Rather, inherent in any Christian's mandate to "proclaim the gospel" is a genuine, deep respect for other humans, their free will, their beliefs, and what we have to learn from those beliefs even as we share our own.
28. George H. Dunne, S.J., Generation of Giants: The Story of the Jesuits in China in the Last Decades of the Ming Dynasty (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1962), 272.
29. Ibid., 273.
30. Vincent Cronin, A Pearl to India: The Life of Roberto de Nobili (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1959), 226.
31. Ibid., 229.
32. Constitutions, #547.
33. Ibid.
34. de Guibert, Jesuits, 100.
35. Young, Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola, 401.
36. Ibid., 59.
37. de Guibert, Jesuits, 102.
38. Ibid.
Chapter 8: "Refuse No Talent, Nor Any Man of Quality"
1. Joseph H. Fichter, S.J., James Laynez: Jesuit (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 1944), 282.
2. James J. Reites, S.J., "St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jews," Studies of the Spirituality of Jesuits 13, no. 4 (September 1981): 17.
3. Charles W. Reinhardt, S.J., "An Apostle of Europe," Woodstock Letters: A Historical Journal of Jesuit Educational and Missionary Activities 71, no. 2 (June 1942): 151.
4. William J. Young, S.J., Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1959), 270-71.
5. Ibid., 272-73.
6. Jean Lacouture, Jesuits: A Multibiography, trans. Jeremy Leggatt (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), 168.
7. Reites, "St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jews," 23.
8. Lacouture, Jesuits, 166.
9. Spiritual Exercises, #230.
10. Joseph de Guibert, S.J., The Jesuits: Their Spiritual Doctrine and Practice, a Historical Study, ed. George E. Ganss, S.J., trans. William J. Young, S.J. (Chicago: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1964), 93.
11. Ibid.
12. Young, Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola, 242.
13. Constitutions, #667.
14. Niccolb Machiavelli, The Prince, ed. and trans. Robert M. Adams, 2d ed. (New York: Norton, 1992), 46, #17.
15. Edgar H. Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2d ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992), 125.
16. Ibid.
17. Louis Uchitelle, "These Days, Layoffs Compete with Loyalty," New York Times, 19 August 2001, sec. 3, p. 4.
18. Frederick J. Reiter, They Built Utopia: The Jesuit Missions in Paraguay, 1610-1768 (Potomac, Md.: Scripta Humanistica, 1995), 24.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 29.
21. C. J. McNaspy, S.J., Conquistador without Sword: The Life of Roque Gonzalez, S.J. (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1984), 137.
22. Ibid, 138.
23. Reiter, They Built Utopia, 87.
24. Ibid., 37.
25. Philip Caraman, The Lost Paradise: The Jesuit Republic in South America (New York: Seabury Press, 1976), 141.
26. Ibid., 153.
27. Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, S.J., The Spiritual Conquest: Accomplished by the Religious of the Society of Jesus in the Provinces of Paraguay, Parand, Uruguay, and Tape, trans. C. J. McNaspy, S.J., John P. Leonard, S.J., Martin E. Palmer, S.J. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1993), 17.
28. Joel S. Panzer, The Popes and Slavery (New York: Alba House, 1996), 34.
29. Caraman, Lost Paradise, 237.
30. Ibid., 250.
31. Ibid., 137.
32. Panzer, Popes and Slavery, 20.
33. David Maraniss, When Pride Still Mattered: A Life of Vince Lombardi (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 405.
34. Ibid., 374.
35. M. Joseph Costelloe, S.J., trans., The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992), 312.
36. Georg Schurhammer, S.J., Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times, trans. M.-Joseph Costelloe, S.J. (Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1973-82), 4:438.
37. Constitutions, #134.
38. C. R. Boxer, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), 96.
Chapter 9: "An Uninterrupted Life of Heroic Deeds"
1. Jeffrey L. Seglin, "The Values Statement vs. Corporate Reality," New York Times, 17 September 2000, sec. 3, p. 4.
2. William J. Young, S.J., Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1959), 122.
3. John W. O'Malley, S.J., The First Jesuits (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 61.