India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy

by Ramachandra Guha

  Ritambara, Sadhvi ref 1

  Roberts, Andrew ref 1

  Robinson, Joan ref 1

  Rolland, Romain ref 1

  Rommel, Erwin ref 1

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Rosenthal, A. M. ref 1

  Roshan, Hrithik ref 1

  Rourkela ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Rowlatt Act ref 1

  Roy, Arundhati ref 1

  Roy, Bimal ref 1

  Roy, Renuka ref 1

  rupee see Indian rupee

  Russell, Richard B. ref 1

  Russia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  see also Soviet Union Russian Revolution ref 1

  Rustomji, K. F. ref 1

  Saamna (newspaper) ref 1

  Sabarkantha ref 1

  Sabarmati ashram ref 1

  Sachs, Jeffrey ref 1

  Sadashivam, T. ref 1

  sadhus (Hindu holymen) ref 1, ref 2

  Sadiq, G. M. ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Saeed, Hafiz Mohammed ref 1, ref 2

  Sainath, P. ref 1

  St. Louis Post Dispatch, ref 1

  Sakhlawliana ref 1

  Sakhrie, T. ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Salauddin, Syed ref 1

  Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira ref 1

  salt tax ref 1 Samachar ref 2

  Samajwadi Party ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Samant, Datta ref 1

  Samsung ref 1

  Samudragupta ref 1

  Samyukta Karnataka movement ref 1

  Samyukta Maharashtra movement ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  San, Aung ref 1, ref 2

  Sangh Parivar ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  see also Rashtriya Swayamsewak

  Sangh Sanghvi, Vir ref 1

  Sangrur ref 1 Sanskrit ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Santhanam, K. ref 1

  Sanyal, Kanu ref 1, ref 2

  Sarabhai, Mridula ref 1, ref 2

  Saraswati ref 1

  Sarkar, Sir Jadunath ref 1

  Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Programme to Educate All) ref 1

  Sastri, Emmani Shankar ref 1

  Satara district ref 1 sati, ref 2

  Saturday Review (weekly) ref 1

  Satya Samachar(newspaper) ref 1

  Satyanarayana, Vempatapu ref 1

  Satyavan ref 1

  Saudi Arabia ref 1

  Savitri ref 1

  Sayeed, Mufti Mohammed ref 1

  Sayeed, Rubaiya ref 1

  Scheduled Caste Federation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Scheduled Castes (Untouchables) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15

  education ref 1

  employment profiles 614

  and the general election 1977 ref 1

  government jobs ref 1

  social mobility ref 1, ref 2

  see also Dalits; Harijans; Untouchables

  Scheduled Tribes ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  government jobs ref 1

  see also adivasis; tribals

  Schiller, Friedrich ref 1

  schools ref 1, ref 2

  see also education

  Schram, Stuart ref 1

  Schumacher, E. F. ref 1

  science ref 1

  Scott, Reverend Michael ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Se La ref 1, ref 2

  secessionist movements ref 1, ref 2

  see also specific movements

  Second World War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  secularism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  seed ref 1

  Seed Corporation of India ref 1

  Segal, Ronald ref 1

  self-immolation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Seminar (journal) ref 1, ref 2

  Sen, Amartya ref 1

  Sen, Mrinal ref 1

  Sen, Sukumar ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Senate ref 1

  Senate Armed Forces Committee ref 1

  Sepoy Mutiny (First War of Indian Independence) ref 1, ref 2

  September ref 1, 2001 ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  service sector ref 1

  Seshadri, H. V. ref 1

  sex ratio ref 1

  sex workers ref 1

  sex-determination tests ref 1

  Shah, J. C. ref 1

  Shah Bano ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Shah Commission ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Shah Jahan ref 1, ref 2

  Shahdol ref 1

  shaheed jathas (martyrdom squads) ref 1

  Shakespeare, William ref 1

  Shamsuddin (khadim) ref 1

  Shanghai ref 1

  Shankar, Ravi ref 1, ref 2

  Shankar, Uday ref 1

  Shankaracharya ref 1, ref 2

  Shankar’s Weekly, ref 1

  Shanmukham Chetty, R. K. ref 1

  Shantaram, V. ref 1

  Sharif, Nawaz ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Shastras ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Shastri, Lal Bahadur ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  and the 1965 Pakistani invasion of Kashmir ref 1

  agricultural reforms of ref 1

  and atomic weapons ref 1

  and Ayub Khan ref 1

  death ref 1

  dislike of war ref 1

  and Kashmir ref 1, ref 2

  and a national language ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  secularism ref 1

  sworn in as Prime Minister388–9

  Shaw, George Bernard ref 1, ref 2

  Shekhar, Chandra ref 1, ref 2

  Shenoy, B. R. ref 1, ref 2

  Sher Shah Suri ref 1

  Shetkari Sanghatana ref 1

  Shillong ref 1

  Shillong Accord ref 1

  Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee ref 1

  Shiv Sena ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Shivaji ref 1, ref 2

  Shivaji Park, Bombay ref 1

  Shivarudrappa, G. S. ref 1

  Sholay (1975) ref 1

  Shourie, Arun ref 1

  Shroff, A. D. ref 1, ref 2

  Shudras ref 1

  see also backward castes; caste

  system

  shudras (customary law) ref 1

  Shukla, V. C. ref 1

  Sikh Gurus ref 1

  Sikh Suba (Sikh state) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Sikhs ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  and caste ref 1, ref 2

  and Chandigarh ref 1

  and the civil code ref 1

  Delhi pogrom (1984) ref 1, ref 2

  and the 1952 general election ref 1, ref 2

  Hindu-Sikh conflict ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Hinduization ref 1

  and the Hindus ref 1

  language ref 1

  and the Muslims ref 1, ref 2

  and the Naga ref 1

  and Partition and Independence ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12

  peasants ref 1

  and ‘princely India’ ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  refugees ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  see also Akali Dal

  Sikkim ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Simla ref 1, ref 2

  Simla Agreement ref 1

  Sindh, Sindhis ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Singapore ref 1

  Singh, Amrik ref 1

  Singh, Arun ref 1

  Singh, Baba Gurcharan ref 1

  Singh, Baba Nihal ref 1

  Singh, Baldev ref 1

  Singh, Beant ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Singh, Brigadier Rajinder ref 1


  Singh, Charan ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Singh, Dara ref 1

  Singh, Darbara ref 1

  Singh, General Harbaksh ref 1

  Singh, Gobind ref 1

  Singh, Govind Narain ref 1

  Singh, Jaipal ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Singh, Janak ref 1

  Singh, Kalyan ref 1

  Singh, Kehar ref 1

  Singh, Khushwant ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Singh, Lieutenant General Umrao ref 1

  Singh, Manmohan ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Singh, Master Tara ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Singh, Pratap ref 1

  Singh, R. K. Dorendra ref 1

  Singh, Rajendra ref 1

  Singh, Ramnarayan ref 1

  Singh, Ranjit ref 1

  Singh, Sant Fateh ref 1

  Singh, Satwant ref 1, ref 2

  Singh, Shubeg ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Singh, Swaran ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Singh, Tarlok ref 1, ref 2

  Singh, Vishwanath Pratap ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  Singh, Zail ref 1, ref 2

  Singhal, Ashok ref 1

  Sinha, Jag Mohan Lal ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sinhala ref 1

  Sinhalas ref 1

  Sinkiang ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Sinkiang-Tibet highway ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sippy, Ramesh ref 1

  Sita ref 1

  Sitapur ref 1

  Sitaram, Swami ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sitaramayya, Pattabhi ref 1

  Sivaraman, B. ref 1

  Sixth Schedule ref 1

  Slocum, Harvey ref 1

  slums ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Smith, W. C. ref 1

  SNDP291

  Snow, Edgar ref 1, ref 2 soccer ref 3

  social mobility ref 1, ref 2

  socialism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12

  Socialist International ref 1

  Socialist Party132 ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  software industry ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Somnath temple, Gujarat ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Soni, Ambika ref 1

  Sopore ref 1

  Soren, Shibu ref 1

  South Africa ref 1

  South Calcutta Refugee Rehabilitation Committee ref 1

  South Korea ref 1, ref 2

  Southeast Asia ref 1

  Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) ref 1

  Southern, R. W. ref 1

  Soviet Union ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21

  and China ref 1, ref 2

  economic system ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6 fall of ref 7

  and India ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  and Indian cinema ref 1

  and the Indo-Chinawar ref 1

  and Kashmir ref 1, ref 2

  language ref 1

  see also Russia

  Spain ref 1, ref 2

  Spectator (magazine) ref 1 sport ref 2

  Spratt, Philip ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  squatter colonies ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana ref 1

  Sri Lanka ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Sridharan, E. ref 1

  Srikakulam district ref 1

  Srinagar jail ref 1

  Srinagar, Kashmir ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16

  Srinagar-Leh highway ref 1

  Srinivas, M. N. ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Srinivasan, P. ref 1

  Srinivasan, T. N. ref 1

  Sriramulu, Potti ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Stalin, Joseph ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  ‘Standstill Agreement’ 1947 ref 1

  starvation589 ref 1, ref 2

  state ref 1

  and the Constitution ref 1, ref 2

  economic intervention ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  and land access ref 1

  theocratic ref 1

  State Department ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  state politics ref 1 states of India 763

  States Reorganization Commission (SRC) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Statesman, The (newspaper) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  steel ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Stephens, Ian ref 1

  sterilization, compulsory ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Stevenson, Adlai ref 1

  Strachey, Sir John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Stracheyans ref 1

  Straw, Jack ref 1

  strikes ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Student Federation of India ref 1

  student protests ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  Students Islamic Movement of India ref 1

  Subanna, K. V. ref 1, ref 2

  Subbaroyan, Mohan ref 1

  Subbaroyan, Parvathi ref 1

  Subbulakshmi, M. S. ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Subramaniam, C. ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sudan ref 1, ref 2

  Sudarshan, K. S. ref 1

  Suez Canal ref 1

  suffrage ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  see also elections; general elections Suharto, General ref 1

  Suhrawardy, H. S. ref 1

  suicide bombers ref 1, ref 2

  suicide rates ref 1

  Sukarno, President ref 1, ref 2

  Sultana, Ruksana ref 1

  Sultanpur ref 1

  Sun (New York newspaper) ref 1

  Sundarji, General ref 1, ref 2

  Sunday (Calcutta weekly) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Sunday Times (newspaper) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Supreme Court, Delhi ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, 579–80 ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24

  Surge (magazine) ref 1, ref 2

  Sutlej River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  swadeshi (self-reliance) ref 1, ref 2

  Swaminathan, M. S. ref 1