by Rory Muir
75. Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 433.
76. Castel, Relation de la Bataille et Retraite des Arapiles, pp. 16–17.
77. Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 267; Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, p. 490; Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 439 and note, which gives an excellent discussion of the conflicting sources; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 212.
78. Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 297; Castel, Relation de la Bataille et Retraite des Arapiles, pp. 16–17; Charles Parquin, Napoleon's Army, trans. and ed. by B. T. Jones (London, Longmans, 1969), pp. 147, 149: Parquin says that the luncheon was aborted some time before Marmont was wounded.
79. Marmont, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 139; Marmont to King Joseph, 25 July 1812, Mémoires et Correspondance Politique et Militaire du Roi Joseph, ed. by A. du Casse, 10 vols (Paris, Perrotin, 1854–5), vol. 9, p. 57; Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 440; Young and Lawford, Wellington's Masterpiece, pp. 293–4 and note; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, pp. 212–13.
80. Mills, For King and Country, p. 181; The Times, 19 August 1812.
81. Moggridge [Thomas Hamilton], ‘Letters from the Peninsula’, p. 545; Hamilton is identified as the author of the article in the Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, ed. by Walter E. Houghton, et al., 5 vols (University of Toronto Press, 1966–89), vol. 1, p. 26; biographical information about him from the Dictionary of National Biography and the obituary in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, February 1843, p. 280.
82. J. W. Croker, The Croker Papers. The Correspondence and Diaries of … John Wilson Croker, ed. by Louis J. Jennings, 3 vols (London, John Murray, 1884), vol. 2, p. 120, 24 May 1831; James Thornton, Your Most Obedient Servant. James Thornton, Cook to the Duke of Wellington (Exeter, Webb & Bower, 1985), p.65.
83. Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 266; Sir Herbert Maxwell, The Life of Wellington. The Restoration of the Martial Power of Great Britain, 2 vols (London, Sampson Low, Marston, 1900), vol. 1, pp. 281–2; Elizabeth Longford, Wellington. The Years of the Sword (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969), p. 285; Young and Lawford, Wellington's Masterpiece, p. 221n.
84. Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, pp. 486–7; Young and Lawford Wellington's Masterpiece, pp. 221–2; Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 754; Oman, History, vol. 5, pp. 437–9.
Chapter Four: Pakenham and Thomières
1. D'Urban, Peninsular Journal, p. 274.
2. William [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern: Battle of Salamanca,’ p. 181; Greville, Greville Memoirs, vol. 4, p. 141, 18 November 1838, Pakenham, Pakenham Letters, p. 173.
3. The other regiment, the 12th Dragoons, had been detached to escort the baggage train.
4. Wallace quoted in [Richard Cannon,] Historical Records of the 88th (London, Clowes, 1838), p. 46; other details from Colonel James Campbell, The British Army As It Was – Is – and Ought to Be (London, T&W Boone, 1840), p. 224.
5. Campbell, The British Army, p. 224.
6. James Wyld, (publisher), Maps and Plans Showing the Principal Movements, Battles, and Sieges in Which the British Army Was Engaged … (London, James Wyld, 1841) shows two tracks following this route south; one, at the foot of the ridge, has since disappeared. Not that troops needed a road to cross such open country.
7. Young and Lawford, Wellington's Materpiece, p. 237n.
8. D'Urban quoted in Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 441; see commentary, pp. 101–2 for a discussion of this episode.
9. [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern’, p. 182; Moggridge [Thomas Hamilton], ‘Letters from the Peninsula’, p. 546 (for Pakenham's speech); [Stephen Morley,] Memoirs of a Serjeant of the 5th Regiment of Foot … (Ashford, Elliott, 1842), pp. 112–13.
10. William Grattan, Adventures with the Connaught Rangers 1808–1814, ed. by Charles Oman (London, Arnold, 1902), p. 258.
11. Pakenham, Pakenham Letters, p. 173.
12. Campbell, The British Army, p. 225.
13. [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern’, pp. 182–3: I have changed ‘Packenham’ to Pakenham, and substituted Thomières for Foy throughout the quotation.
14. See Appendix II. These figures exclude the three companies of the 5/60th attached to the brigade, as Grattan is clearly referring to the main line, not its screen of skirmishers. However, including them would make very little difference: the whole 5/60th lost only thirty-six casualties from 472 officers and men, or 7.6 per cent in the battle.
15. Campbell, The British Army, p. 225.
16. Grattan, Adventures with the Connaught Rangers, p. 258. According to Cannon's Historical Records of the 88th, p. 47 at the same moment Murphy was hit, ‘a ball struck the pole of the King's colour, cutting it neatly in two, and taking the epaulette off the shoulder of Lieutenant D'Arcy who carried it.’
17. Moggridge [Thomas Hamilton], ‘Letters from the Peninsula’, p. 546 (for the Germans); Colonel P.H. Dalbiac, History of the 45th: 1st Nottinghamshire Regiment (London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1902), p. 106 (for Pakenham).
18. Quoted in Wylly, History of … the Sherwood Foresters, vol. 1, p. 225 – see commentary, p. 103 for a discussion of the problems posed by this quotation.
19. [Morley,] Memoirs of a Serjeant, p. 113.
20. Arentschildt's report in Beamish, History of the King's German Legion, vol. 2, pp. 415–17; Gray, ‘The Services of the King's German Legion’, pp. 251–3; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, pp. 217–18; Curto's losses have been adjusted to take into account casualties suffered on 18 July.
21. Campbell, The British Army, p. 226; [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern’, p. 184.
22. Campbell, The British Army, p. 224; Lightfoot quoted in Wylly, History of … the Sherwood Foresters, vol. 1, p. 224.
23. Charles William Vane, Marquess of Londonderry [and G. R. Gleig], Story of the Peninsular War (London, Colburn, 1848), p. 328. Londonderry was, of course, the same Charles Stewart who had been Wellington's Adjutant-General until April 1812; he changed his surname to Vane on his second marriage.
24. Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 754; Pakenham, Pakenham Letters, p. 173; D'Urban, Peninsular War Journal, p. 274; Campbell, The British Army, p. 225; [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern’, p. 182; Young and Lawford, Wellington's Masterpiece, p. 229; Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 440; Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, p. 487. Dalbiac's account, which Oman follows, is clearly based on Campbell: Dalbiac, History of the 45th, p. 103. For another example of an officer using ‘the right brigade’ to mean the first or leading brigade of the division, see [Daniel,] Journal of an Officer in the Commissariat Department, pp. 186–7, 2 December 1812.
25. [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern’, p. 182: as well as replacing Foy with Thomières, I have again changed ‘Packenham’ to Pakenham. This passage may be found in vol. 2, pp. 55–6 of the first edition of Grattan's Adventures of the Connaught Rangers from 1808 to 1814, 2 vols (London, Colburn, 1847), and on pp. 242–4 of the abridged edition edited by Oman.
26. Campbell, The British Army, pp. 224–5.
27. Moggridge [Thomas Hamilton], ‘Letters from the Peninsula’, p. 546.
28. Wellington to Bathurst, 24 July 1812, Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 754; Pakenham to Hercules Pakenham, 25 July 1812, Pakenham Letters, p. 173.
29. D'Urban, Peninsular War Journal, p. 273n; Oman, History, vol. 5, pp. 441–2; Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 464.
30. Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 433. The implication (perhaps unintended) that it was nearly three miles from Maucune's left flank to the Pico de Miranda is misleading – it was about half that – but Oman may have meant that Thomières had marched nearly three miles since advancing onto the Monte de Azan.
31. Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 442n; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, pp. 207, 214.
32. Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, p. 490; Young and Lawford, Wellington ‘s Masterpiece, p. 244; Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 469; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 218.
33. Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 444; [Sergeant Joseph Donaldson
,] The Eventful Life of a Soldier (Edinburgh, Tait, 1827), p. 264; Brown quoted in Wylly, History of the … Sherwood Foresters, vol. 1, p. 225; [Morley], Memoirs of a Serjeant, p. 113; Campbell, The British Army, pp. 225–6; Moggridge [Thomas Hamilton], ‘Letters from the Peninsula’, p. 546.
34. Beamish, History of the King's German Legion, vol. 2, pp. 415–17; Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 754; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 217.
Chapter Five: Leith and Maucune
1. Leith Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, pp. 253–5; Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 43; see commentary, pp. 116–17 for more on this incident.
2. Gomm, Letters and Journals, p. 277; Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 45.
3. Leith Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, p. 257.
4. Ibid.
5. Anonymous memoirs of a private soldier in 1/38th, NAM Ms 7912–21, f. 20: the quotation has been slightly edited – an unedited transcript is given in the commentary, p. 117; Ensign Freer quoted in J. P. Jones, History of the South Staffordshire Regiment (1705–1923) (Wolverhampton, Whitehead Brothers, 1923), p. 37; Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 45; ‘bragadocian’ means ‘arrogant and boastful’.
6. Sir Philip Bainbrigge, ‘The Staff at Salamanca’, USJ, January 1878, pp. 72–3.
7. Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 44 and p. 117 quoting Luke 18:3.
8. Anonymous memoirs of a private soldier in 1/38th, NAM Ms 7912–21, f. 21: for an unedited transcript of this quotation see commentary, p. 117.
9. Leith Hay Papers NAS GD 225, Box 40, Andrew Leith Hay's manuscript narrative of the campaign of 1812 and his Narrative of the Peninsular War, pp. 258–9.
10. [Sir Andrew Leith Hay], Memoir of the Late Lieutenant-General Sir James Leith … (Barbados, privately printed, 1817), pp. 96–7.
11. Douglas, Douglas's Tale p 45; Leith Hay Papers NAS GD 225, Box 40, Andrew Leith Hay's manuscript narrative of the campaign of 1812, cf his Narrative of the Peninsular War, p. 259.
12. Andrew Leith Hay to his father, 24 July 1812, Leith Hay Papers, NAS GD 225, Box 34/26; Gomm, Letters and Journals, p. 278; Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 46.
13. Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 46.
14. In the first edition of his book Leith Hay wrote ‘contiguous squares’, changing this to ‘columns’ by the third edition – that quoted here.
15. Leith Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, pp. 259–60.
16. Gomm, Letters and Journals, p. 278.
17. Anonymous memoirs of a private soldier in 1/38th, NAM Ms 7912–21, f. 21; for an unedited transcript of this quotation see commentary, p. 118.
18. Hale, Journal of James Hale, p. 86 (p. 79 of reprint).
19. Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 46.
20. Ibid.
21. See Appendix II.
22. Quotation from Leith Hay Papers, NAS GD 225, Box 40, Andrew Leith Hay's manuscript narrative of the campaign of 1812; on Dowson see Leith Hay's Narrative of the Peninsular War, p. 261, and John A. Hall, A History of the Peninsular War. Vol viii. The Biographical Dictionary of British Officers Killed and Wounded, 1808–1814 (London, Greenhill, 1998), p. 174.
23. Oman, History, vol. 5, pp. 431–2; Leith Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, pp. 253–4; [Leith Hay,] Memoir of Sir James Leith, p. 94; Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, pp. 185–9; Lawson in The Dickson Manuscripts, vol. 4, p. 705; Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 43.
24. Leith Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, p. 257.
25. Ibid.; Colonel L. I. Cowper, The King's Own. The Story of a Royal Regiment, 2 vols (Oxford, for the regiment, 1939), vol. 1, p. 396; Hall, Biographical Dictionary, p. 199 names him as Edmund Faunce.
26. Leith Hay Papers, NAS GD 225, Box 40, Andrew Leith Hay's manuscript narrative of the campaign of 1812; Anonymous memoirs of a private soldier in 1/38th, NAM Ms 7912–21, f. 19; Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 446n states that it joined the division ‘only twelve hours back’, but it is not clear whether this means the previous evening or the small hours of the morning, while on p. 597 Oman says that it joined ‘on the battle-morning’.
27. Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, p. 491, cf p. 627?; Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 596n; Oman, Wellington's Army, p. 360.
28. Anonymous memoirs of a private soldier in 1/38th, NAM Ms 7912–21, ff. 20–1.
29. [Leith Hay,] Memoir of the Late Lieutenant-General Sir James Leith, pp. 96–7; Richard Cannon, Historical Record of the Ninth, or the East Norfolk, Regiment of Foot (London, Parker, Furnivall & Parker, 1848), p. 61; Anonymous memoirs of a private soldier in 1/38th, NAM Ms 7912–21, f. 20.
30. Thomas Carter, Historical Record of the Forty-Fourth or the East Sussex Regiment (Chatham, Gale & Polden, 1887), p. 65; Lieutenant-Colonel Neil Bannatyne, History of the Thirtieth Regiment … (Liverpool, Littlebury, 1923), p. 281.
31. Leith Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, p. 259 – see above, n. 14 for the change from squares to columns.
32. Andrew Leith Hay to his father, 24 July 1812, Leith Hay Papers, NAS GD 225, Box 34/26; Leith Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, p. 258; Anonymous memoirs of a private soldier in 1/38th, NAM Ms 7912–21, f. 21.
33. Other examples include the quotation on p. 451 from [Le Marchant,] Memoirs of Le Marchant, where the reference is also wrong (it should he to p. 296, not p. 285).
Chapter Six: Le Marchant and the Destruction of the French Left
1. [Le Marchant,] Memoirs of Le Marchant, pp. 288–9.
2. Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, p. 185; [Le Marchant,] Memoirs of Le Marchant, p. 288; Bragge, Peninsular Portrait, p. 66.
3. [Le Marchant,] Memoirs of Le Marchant, pp. 290–1; Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, p. 275, quoting letter from Dalbiac.
4. [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern’, p. 184.
5. Dalbiac in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, p. 274.
6. Mary Viscountess Combermere and Captain W. Knollys, Memoirs and Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Combermere, 2 vols (London, Hurst & Blackett, 1866), vol. 1, p. 274: see commentary, pp. 136–7 for more on this subject.
7. [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern’, p. 185.
8. ‘A.Z.’, ‘The Heavy Cavalry at Salamanca’, USJ, November 1833, p. 353 – quoted in commentary, pp. 140–1; Leith Hay Papers, NAS GD 225, Box 40, Andrew Leith Hay's manuscript narrative of the campaign of 1812; Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 46; P. Arvers, Historique de 82e Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne … (Paris, Typographie Lahue, 1876), p. 127.
9. [Le Marchant,] Memoirs of Le Marchant, pp. 296–9 (quotation on p. 299); ‘A.Z.’, ‘The Heavy Cavalry at Salamanca’, p. 353; see also Young and Lawford, Wellington's Masterpiece, p. 251.
10. [Le Marchant,] Memoirs of Le Marchant, pp. 297–301.
11. ‘A.Z.’, ‘The Heavy Cavalry at Salamanca’, p. 353.
12. Bragge, Peninsular Portrait, pp. 63–4.
13. D. Scott Daniell, 4th Hussar: The Story of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, 1685–1958 (Aldershot, Gale & Polden, 1959), p. 121.
14. Lieutenant John Massey to Richard Massey, 4 August 1812, letters of Lieutenant John Massey, NAM Ms 7804–14; Lunt, Scarlet Lancer, p. 57; Grattan, Adventures with the Connaught Rangers, p. 259.
15. Parquin, Napoleon's Army, p. 148. The 20th Chasseurs were not present in Marmont's army, but Parquin may have been thinking of the 22nd, the 26th or the 28th, all of which were.
16. Quoted in full in Major-General J. C. Dalton, ‘A Family Regiment in the Peninsular War’, Cavalry Journal, vol. 18 (April 1928), pp. 285–7.
17. [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern’, p. 185.
18. Calculated on its strength after the losses of the 18th have been deducted, which is why the figures appear odd.
19. Castel, Relation de la Bataille et Retraite des Arapiles, pp. 19–20; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 223 and note.
20. Edward Fraser, The War Drama of the Eagles (London, John Murray, 1912) pp. 253–4. I have changed the spelling of the names from ‘Pierce’ to ‘Pearce’ – the form given in Carter's Hi
storical Record of the Forty-Fourth, pp. 65–6 — and ‘Cruickshank’ to ‘Crookshank’ – the form used by Captain L. S. Challis in ‘British Officers Serving in the Portuguese Army, 1809–1814’, JSAHR, vol. 27, no.110 (1949), p. 54.
21. Bannatyne, History of the Thirtieth Regiment, pp. 279–81 deals authoritatively with Pratt and Maguire. Pakenham, Pakenham Letters, p. 173 confirms the capture of the Eagle of the 22nd.
22. Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 47.
23. [Le Marchant], Memoirs of Le Marchant, pp. 288–9; Combermere and Knollys, Memoirs and Correspondence, vol. 1, p. 274; Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, p. 187.
24. Clowes to Scovell, 17 March 1859, letter stuck into the front of the second volume of Scovell's diary and signed ‘Legh’, Scovell Papers, PRO WO 37/7B.
25. Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 270; [Le Marchant,] Memoirs of Le Marchant, pp. 301–2; Combermere and Knollys, Memoirs and Correspondence, vol. 1, p. 275.
26. For Denis Le Marchant see the Dictionary of National Biography; for Carey Le Marchant see R. H. Thoumine, Scientific Soldier. The Life of General Le Marchant, 1766–1812 (London, Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 198 and, for the date of death, Hall's Biographical Dictionary, p. 341. Light's diary entry is quoted in Geoffrey Dutton and David Elder, Colonel William Light – Founder of a City (Melbourne University Press, 1991), p. 60. For Money and Dalbiac see Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, pp. 269–76: Bruce prints ‘Money’ as ‘Moore’ but this seems to be a misreading of the name; Napier himself cites ‘Col. Money’ (History, vol. 4, p. 463), and while the Army List shows a Colonel Archibald Money in the 11th Light Dragoons, see also Charles Dalton, The Waterloo Roll Call (London, Arms & Armour, 1978, reprint of 1904 edition), pp. 71–2 for more on Colonel Money.
27. Napier, History, vol. 4, pp. 463–4: the full version of the two letters from Dalbiac is printed in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, pp. 270–6; Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, pp. 186–9; Intelligence Officer in the Peninsula. Letters and Diaries of Major the Hon. Edward Charles Cocks, 1786–1812, ed. by Julia Page (Tunbridge Wells, Spellmount, 1986), pp. 187–90; Ms journal of Captain William Smith, 11th Light Dragoons, NAM 6807–52; Anonymous pen-and-ink sketch map, Ashworth Papers, NAM 7510–27.