by Rory Muir
28. Anonymous pen-and-ink sketch map, Ashworth Papers, NAM 7510–27.
29. Printed in Beamish, History of the King's German Legion, vol. 2, pp. 415–17.
30. Becerra, Hazañas de Unos Lanceros – Diarios de Julián Sánchez, pp. 108–11.
31. Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 450; Anonymous pen-and-ink sketch map, Ashworth Papers, NAM 7510–27; Bainbrigge, ‘The Staff at Salamanca’, p. 73.
32. Carter, Historical Record of the Forty-Fourth, p. 65; Douglas, Douglas's Tale, pp. 45 and 116n28; Roger Evans, The Story of the Fifth Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards (Aldershot, Gale & Polden, 1951), pp. 54–5; Anonymous ‘Memoirs of a Dragoon’ NAM 6807–213, p. 11.
33. Dalbiac in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, pp. 272, 274; Clark-Kennedy in H. T. Siborne, ed., Waterloo Letters (London, Trotman, 1983, first published 1891), pp. 77–8.
34. ‘A.Z.’, ‘The Heavy Cavalry at Salamanca’, p. 353.
35. Oman, History, vol. 5, pp. 450–2.
36. [Grattan,] ‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern’, p. 184.
37. Ibid., p. 183.
38. Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, pp. 219, 221–4.
39. Girard, Les Cahiers du Colonel Girard, p. 201.
40. Castel, Relation de la Bataille et Retraite des Arapiles, pp. 16–20.
41. See chapter eleven, p. 211.
42. Lamartinière; ‘A.Z.’, ‘Heavy Cavalry at Salamanca’, p. 353; Arentschildt in Beamish, History of the King's German Legion, vol. 2, pp. 415–17.
43. Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 470; Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, p. 505n; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 246; P. Charrié, Drapeaux et Etendards de la Révolution et de l'Empire (Paris, Copernic, 1982), pp. 206, 209–10, 212 – I am indebted to John Cook for bringing this source to my attention.
44. John R. Elting, Swords around a Throne. Napoleon's Grande Armée (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), pp. 347–8; Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 470n.
45. Hall, Biographical Dictionary, supplemented with appendices from S. G. P. Ward, Wellington's Headquarters (London, Oxford University Press, 1957).
46. Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, p. 185.
Chapter Seven: Collapse and Recovery in the Centre
1. Oman, History, vol. 4, pp. 631–2 for allied losses at Albuera.
2. M. L. Cole and S. Gwynn, Memoirs of Sir Lowry Cole (London, Macmillan, 1934), p. 80, letter of 5 June 1812.
3. Vere, Marches, Movements … 4th Division, pp. 34–5.
4. Captain Barralier, ‘Adventure at the Battle of Salamanca’, USJ, October 1951, p. 274; Wachholtz, ‘Auf der Peninsula’, p. 294.
5. Wachholtz, ‘Auf der Peninsula’, p. 295; Vere, Marches, Movements … 4th Division, p. 35; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, pp. 226–7.
6. Bainbrigge, ‘The Staff at Salamanca’, p. 73; Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 227.
7. Cole and Gwynn, Memoirs of Sir Lowry Cole, p. 85, quoting a letter from Colonel Wade of Cole's staff, 24 July 1812.
8. Anonymous letter from an officer of the Fusilier brigade, Fourth Division, 27 July 1812, NAM 6807–333.
9. Burgoyne to his sister, 25 July 1812, in Wrottesley, Life and Correspondence of Burgoyne, vol. 1, p. 204.
10. Bainbrigge, ‘The Staff at Salamanca’, pp. 73–4.
11. Ibid., p. 74.
12. Quoted in Anon., History of the King's Shropshire Light Infantry, 4 vols (1970), vol. 1, p. 156.
13. Quoted in ‘Bingham Manuscripts’, p. 108.
14. So says Charles Vere, Marches, Movements … 4th Division, p. 36.
15. Quoted in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, pp. 278–9.
16. Vere, Marches, Movements … 4th Division, p. 36.
17. Marmont, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 448; Captain T. Marcel, Campagnes du Capitaine Marcel du 69e de Ligne …, ed. by Commandant Var (Paris, Plon-Nourrit, 1913), p. 165; Castel, Relation de la Bataille et Retraite des Arapiles, p. 21.
18. Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 460n; private information from Steven H. Smith of California, citing Ernesto Augusto Pereira Sales, Bandeiras e Estandartes Regimentais do Exercito e da Armada e Outras Bandeiras … (Lisbon, [Centro Tipografico Colonial,] 1930).
19. Quoted in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, p. 279.
20. 61st Regiment Digest, pp. 188–9. I am grateful to Lieutenant-Colonel R. E. R. Robinson who kindly sent me a copy of his notes from this source, held by the regimental museum in Gloucester, some parts of which are published in his excellent The Bloody Eleventh: History of the Devonshire Regiment (Exeter, Devonshire & Dorsetshire Regiment, 1988), vol. 1, pp. 425–8.
21. Printed in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, p. 280. See commentary, p. 161 for reasons for believing that this letter was written by Major Newman.
22. Aitchison, An Ensign in the Peninsular War, p. 180; Henry Brackenbury, ‘A Letter from Salamanca’, Blackwood's Magazine, vol. 165 (February 1899), p. 381, original emphasis.
23. Hall, Biographical Dictionary, p. 71.
24. Browne, Napoleonic War Journal, pp. 170–1.
25. Brackenbury. ‘Letter from Salamanca’, p. 382.
26. Sir William Warre, Letters from the Peninsula, 1808–1812 (London, John Murray, 1909, reprinted Spellmount, 1999), p. 288 (p. 183 of the reprint).
27. General Marquis Alphonse D'Hautpoul, Mémoires du Général Marquis d'Hautpoul … (Paris, Perrin, 1906), pp. 68–70.
28. Oman, History, vol. 4, p. 631 for Albuera strength and losses. Lieutenant Robert Knowles, The War in the Peninsula. Some Letters of Lieutenant Robert Knowles …, ed. by Sir Lees Knowles (Bolton, Tillotson, 1913), pp. 21–22 for the detachment sent out to the 1/7th in July 1811.
29. Vere, Marches, Movements … 4th Division, p. 37; letter of Colonel Wade of 24 July 1812, in Cole and Gwynn, Memoirs of Sir Lowry Cole, p. 85.
30. Browne, Napoleonic War Journal, p. 170.
31. Quoted in William Wheater, Historical Record of the Seventh or Royal Regiment of Fusiliers (Privately printed, 1875), p. 120.
32. Burgoyne to his sister, 25 July 1812, in Wrottesley, Life and Correspondence of Burgoyne·, vol. 1, p. 204.
33. Wachholtz, ‘Auf der Peninsula’, p. 296.
34. Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, pp. 279–82; Robinson, The Bloody Eleventh, vol. 1, p. 668n70 and private correspondence with Lieutenant-Colonel Robinson, who identified Newman as the probable author of the letter.
35. Oman, History, vol. 5, pp. 459–60; Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, p. 496.
36. Young and Lawford, Wellington's Masterpiece, p. 264.
37. 61st Regiment Digest, pp. 188–9 – see above n. 20, and Major Newman's account printed in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, p. 280.
38. 61st Regiment Digest, pp. 188–9.
39. Captain De Gyves, Historique du 122me Régiment d'Infanterie (Montpellier, Imprimerie Centrale du Midi, 1890), pp. 119–20; Marcel, Campagnes du Capitaine Marcel, p. 165 (Marcel was in the 69th Ligne in Foy's division, and so was not a witness).
40. Bainbrigge, ‘The Staff at Salamanca’, p. 74.
41. H. Ross-Lewin, With the ‘Thirty-Second’ in the Peninsula (Dublin, Hodges, 1904), pp. 182–3.
42. Quoted in Richard Cannon, Historical Record of the Eleventh, or, the North Devon Regiment of Foot … (London, Parker, Furnivall & Parker, 1845), p. 68.
Chapter Eight: Pack's Attack on the Greater Arapile
1. John Colville, The Portrait of a General (Salisbury, Michael Russell, 1980), p. 55 (May 1811); Dalton, Waterloo Roll Call, p. 21.
2. Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 754; Pack quoted in Peter Carew ‘A Gallant “Pack” ’, Blackwood's Magazine, vol. 260 (1946), p. 394, citing a family memoir; Synge, ‘Captain Synge's Experiences at Salamanca’, pp. 57–8.
3. Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 755; Vere, Marches, Movements … of the 4th Division, pp. 35–6; Synge, ‘Captain Synge's Experiences at Salamanca’, p. 58.
4. Synge, ‘Captain Synge's Experiences at Salamanca’, pp. 58–61.
5. Dyneley, L
etters, p. 33.
6. Ibid., p. 36.
7. Lamartinière states that the 120th suffered 312 casualties in the campaign, which suggests total losses of about 375 casualties when the lightly wounded are taken into account. However Martinien's figures for killed and wounded officers suggest that a significant proportion of these casualties occurred in a separate combat later in the campaign. Extrapolating from this reduces the losses of the 120th in the battle to approximately 225 casualties. Yet according to Oman, the regimental history of the 120th acknowledged the loss of 458 casualties, but it seems unlikely that this is well-founded. Lamartinière – see Appendix III; Martinien; Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 605.
8. Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 271.
9. Synge, ‘Captain Synge's Experiences at Salamanca’, pp. 57–8.
10. Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 755; Vere, Marches, Movements … 4th Division, pp. 35–6.
11. Dyneley, Letters, p. 56.
12. Quoted in Carew, ‘A Gallant “Pack'‘ ’, p. 394.
13. Ingilby in The Dickson Manuscripts, vol. 4, p. 695; Colonel Jackson to Graham, 24 July 1812, Lynedoch Papers, NLS Ms 3610, ff. 181–4; Anon, Personal Narrative of a Private Soldier, pp. 132–3 (quoted here pp. 202–3); Wheatley's brigade lost sixteen casual ties (all wounded or missing men) from 2,574 all ranks (excluding Brunswick Oels) – see Appendix II.
14. Lillie quoted in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, p. 278.
15. Marmont, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 140.
Chapter Nine: Ferey and the French Last Stand
1. Dalton ‘Family Regiment in the Peninsular War’, p. 286; Martinien and supplement; cf Oman, History, vol. 5, pp. 454 and 461, Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, pp. 232–3.
2. Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, pp. 233, 236n.
3. Ibid., pp. 231–2.
4. Ibid., pp. 233–4.
5. Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 274.
6. Moggridge [Thomas Hamilton], ‘Letters from the Peninsular’, p. 548.
7. De Lancey to Murray, 4 August 1812, Murray Papers, NLS Adv. 46.2.15, vol. 38, ff. 113–16.
8. Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, pp. 232–6.
9. Newman quoted as ‘Major Nott’ in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, pp. 280–1: see chapter seven, p, 161.
10. Ross-Lewin, With the ‘Thirty-Second’ in the Peninsula, pp. 184–5.
11. Douglas, Douglas's Tale, pp. 46–7. The 11th and 61st were in Hulse's brigade, the 2nd Queen's in Hinde's.
12. Vere, Marches, Movements … 4th Division, p. 37.
13. Wachholtz, ‘Auf der Peninsula’, p. 296–7.
14. Lemonnier-Delafosse, Campagnes de 1810 à 1815, pp. 159–60.
15. Ibid., p. 161.
16. De Lancey to Murray, 4 August 1812, Murray Papers, NLS Adv. 46.2.15, vol. 38, ff. 113–16; Newman quoted in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, p. 282; Bingham's letter of 24 July 1812, ‘Bingham Manuscripts’, p. 108.
17. Browne, Napoleonic War Journal, p. 171; Andrew Leith Hay to his father, 2 August 1812, Leith Hay Papers, NAS GD 225, Box 34/26; Royal Military Panorama, vol. 1, no. 3 (December 1812), pp. 257–8; Boutflower, Journal of an Army Surgeon, p. 149.
18. Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, pp. 232–6.
19. Oman, History, vol. 5, p. ix.
20. Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 755.
21. Campbell quoted in Wylly, History of … the Sherwood Foresters, vol. 1, p. 228.
22. 61st Regiment Digest, p. 190, courtesy of R. E. R. Robinson – see n. 20 in chapter seven; Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 274; Moggridge [Thomas Hamilton], ‘Letter from the Peninsula’, p. 547; Ross-Lewin, With the ‘Thirty-Second’ in the Peninsula, pp. 183–4.
23. 61st Regiment Digest, p. 190, courtesy of R. E. R. Robinson.
24. Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 274.
25. Lieutenant F. Monro, ‘Centenary of the Battle of Salamanca’, ed. by Sir Charles Oman, Fortnightly Review, vol. 98 (July 1912), p. 74.
26. Ross-Lewin, With the ‘Thirty-Second’ in the Peninsula, p. 185n.
27. Lemonnier-Delafosse, Campagnes 1810 à 1815, pp. 161–70.
28. Wachholtz, ‘Auf der Peninsula’, p. 297.
29. Brent Nosworthy, Battle Tactics of Napoleon and his Enemies (London, Constable, 1995), pp. 196–201, 208; Sir Harry Smith, Autobiography of Sir Harry Smith, 1787–1819, ed. by G. C. Moore Smith (London, John Murray, 1910), p. 134.
30. Leith Hay, manuscript narrative, Leith Hay Papers, NAS GD 225, Box 40.
Chapter Ten: Foy and the French Retreat
1. Donaldson, Eventful Life of a Soldier, pp. 266–7.
2. Ashworth Papers, NAM 7510–27. I have transposed ‘heavy’ and ‘steady’: the original reads ‘were very heavy under a steady cannonade’, which, while possible, seems likely to have been a slip of the pen. It is also possible that Julián Sánchez's lancers played a more active part than is suggested by these casualty figures – see chapter six, p. 138.
3. Costello, The Peninsular and Waterloo Campaigns, pp. 107–8.
4. Girod de l'Ain, Vie Militaire du Général Foy, pp. 176–7.
5. V.-M. Duplan, Mémoires et Campagnes. Vie Militaire du Lieutenant-Colonel Victor-Marie Duplan (Moutiers-Tarentaise, Ducloz, 1901), p. 161. According to Martinien, Desgraviers was mortally wounded, not killed outright, and died on 26 July.
6. Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, p. 187.
7. Sir Richard Levinge, Historical Records of the Forty-Third Regiment… (London, Clowes, 1868), p. 167.
8. Anon, ‘Sketch of the Battle of Salamanca’, USJ, vol. 1, no. 1 (1829), p. 294; reprinted with very slight textual differences in W. H. Maxwell, Peninsular Sketches by Actors on the Scene, 2 vols (London, Colburn, 1845), vol 1 pp. 345–7.
9. Quoted in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, pp. 101–2.
10. Hennell, A Gentleman Volunteer, pp. 29–30.
11. Leveson Gower, Lord Granville Leveson Gower. Private Correspondence, vol. 2, p. 450.
12. See Hall, Biographical Dictionary, pp. 166–7.
13. Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 237; Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, p. 509.
14. ‘H. C.’ to Colonel Taylor, 25 July 1812, Hope of Luffness Papers, NAS GD 364/1/1224: see Appendix IV for the full text of this letter, and the reasons for believing that it was written by Henry Campbell.
15. Colonel Jackson to Graham, 24 July 1812, Lynedoch Papers, NLS Ms 3610, ff. 181–4.
16. Mills, For King and Country, pp. 187–8.
17. Eadie, Recollections of Robert Eadie, pp. 125–6.
18. Combermere and Knollys, Memoirs and Correspondence, vol. 1, pp. 277–8, 317; Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 275 on Cotton's movements.
19. Lemonnier-Delafosse, Campagnes 1810 à 1815, pp. 163–4.
20. Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 236.
21. For Cotton's order see Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, pp. 186–7.
22. Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 758.
23. Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, p. 187.
24. J. Robert Hume to Graham, Madrid, 29 August 1812, Lynedoch Papers, NLS Ms 3610, ff. 216–17; Napier, History, pp. 272–3.
25. Anon., Personal Narrative of a Private Soldier, pp. 132–4.
26. Napier to his wife, 25 July 1812, printed in Bruce, Life of Napier, vol. 1, pp. 106–7; other details from Anon., ‘Sketch of the Battle of Salamanca’, p. 291.
27. Hennell, A Gentleman Volunteer, pp. 30–1.
28. Napier, History, vol. 4, pp. 273–4; see also Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 238.
29. Girod de l'Ain, Vie Militaire, du Général Foy, p. 176.
30. Lady Bessborough to Granville Leveson Gower, 21 August 1812, printed in Leveson Gower, Lord Granville Leveson Gower, vol. 2, p. 452.
31. Alexander Gordon to Lord Aberdeen, 25 July 1812, Aberdeen Papers, BL Add. Ms 43,224, ff. 95–101.
32. Browne, Napoleonic War Journal, pp. 171–2.
33. [Cocks], Intelligence Officer in the Peninsula, p. 188.
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34. Sarramon, La Bataille des Arapiles, p. 238; Jack A. Meyer, ‘Wellington's Generalship: A Study of his Generalship’ (Unpublished PhD thesis presented to the University of South Carolina in 1984), pp. 218–19; Young and Lawford, Wellington's Masterpiece, pp. 270–1.
35. Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 275.
36. Girard, Les Cahiers du Colonel Girard, pp. 201–2.
Chapter Eleven: The Victory
1. J. Robert Hume to Graham, 29 August 1812, Lynedoch Papers, NLS Ms 3610, ff. 216–17; Cathcart to Graham, 31 July 1812, loc. cit. ff. 187–96; Colonel Jackson to Graham, 24 July 1812, loc. cit., ff. 181–4; Foy in Girod de l'Ain, Vie Militaire du Général Foy, pp. 177–8.
2. Calculation of Taupin's losses excludes any estimate of casualties suffered on 18 July on the Guarena, both from its initial strength and from its losses, which adds another element of uncertainty into these figures.
3. Calculation of the losses of Clausel, Boyer and Curto excludes estimated casualties suffered on 18 July.
4. This is based on the official return in PRO WO 1/255; the figures given by Oman and reproduced in Appendix II total 896 killed, 3,753 wounded and 160 missing. See Appendix II for a discussion of these returns.
5. Wellington says 137 officers and between six and seven thousand ordinary soldiers were taken prisoner, but this certainly includes those taken at Garcia Hernandez (nearly one thousand) and may also include those taken on 18 July. Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 756.
6. Lamartinière.
7. Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 756n; ‘Return of Ordnance etc Taken at the Battle of Salamanca, 22nd July 1812’, WO 1/255, p. 123.
8. Sergeant William Lawrence, The Autobiography of Sergeant William Lawrence (London, Sampson Low, 1886), pp. 124–5.
9. See chapter seven, pp. 152–4.
10. Or 15,693 French against 14,830 allies if losses on 18 July are deducted.
11. That is 14,104 French against 13,086 allies if losses on 18 July are deducted (assuming that 140 of the 157 Portuguese casualties suffered on that day came from Cole's division).