Salamanca, 1812
Page 43
12. French losses do not include those of 15th Dragoons which are estimated at twelve casualties on 22 July.
13. A. de Caulaincourt, With Napoleon in Russia (New York, Morrow, 1935), p. 304.
14. Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 458; General Sarrazin, History of the War in Spain and Portugal, from 1807 to 1814 (London, Henry Coburn, 1815), pp. 279–80 even argues that Marmont's wound was a blessing for the French cause, because it brought Clausel to the command.
15. Napier, History, vol. 4, p. 299.
Chapter Twelve: The Aftermath
1. Sergeant Richard Davey, ‘A Sussex Soldier of Wellington's. The Letters of an Old Campaigner: 1811–1816’ ed. by W. A. Woodward, Sussex County Magazine, February-April 1928, p. 90.
2. Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, p. 187.
3. Wheeler, Letters of Private Wheeler, p. 88.
4. Douglas, Douglas's Tale, pp. 47–8.
5. Grattan, Adventures with the Connaught Rangers, p. 257.
6. Green, Vicissitudes of a Soldier's Life, p. 102.
7. Monro, ‘Centenary of the Battle of Salamanca’, p. 75.
8. Browne, Napoleonic War Journal, p. 174.
9. Wheeler, Letters of Private Wheeler, p. 88; Douglas, Douglas's Tale, p. 47.
10. On food, [Daniel,] Journal of an Officer of the Commissariat Department, p. 140 and [Grattan,] ‘Adventures of a Subaltern’, p. 257; on the wounded, Aitchison, An Ensign in the Peninsular War, pp. 177–8; see also Leith Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, p. 265.
11. These figures include an estimate of lightly wounded Frenchmen, not counted in Lamartinière's return: see Appendix III.
12. Warre, Letters from the Peninsula, pp. 293–4 (p. 186 of new edition).
13. Ross-Lewin, With the ‘Thirty-Second’ in the Peninsula, p. 187.
14. Synge, ‘Captain Synge's Experiences at Salamanca’, pp. 61–2.
15. Anononymous memoirs of a private soldier in the 1/38th, NAM 7912–21, f. 21.
16. Quoted in Michael Glover, Wellington's Army in the Peninsula, 1808–1814, (Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1977), pp. 127–8.
17. Return printed in Wellington, Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda, vol. 14, p. 633.
18. Costello, The Peninsular and Waterloo Campaigns, p. 109. Costello went to hospital a day or two after Salamanca, suffering from exhaustion and the after-effects of a wound suffered at Badajoz.
19. D'Hautpoul, Mémoires, pp. 69–73.
20. Browne, Napoleonic War Journal, p. 173.
21. Ibid., p. 173.
22. The Adjutant-General to Captain Hare, D. A. A. G., Salamanca, 25 July 1812, printed in Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, p. 761; [E. W. Buckham,] Personal Narrative of Adventures in the Peninsula during the War in 1812–1813. By an Officer Late in the Staff Corps Regiment of Cavalry (Cambridge, Trotman, 1995, first published 1827), p. 60, letter dated 30 July 1812.
23. Moyle Sherer, Recollections of the Peninsula (Staplehurst, Spellmount, 1996, first published 1824), p. 184.
24. Ross-Lewin, With the ‘Thirty-Second’, p. 191.
Chapter Thirteen: Consequences
1. Oman (History, vol. 5, p. 475) says the ford of Encinas, but Fortescue (History of the British Army, vol. 8, p. 499) says Huerta, and Beamish (History of the King's German Legion, vol. 2, p. 80) says ‘the ford near Babila-fuente’, which is Huerta.
2. Oman, History, vol. 5, pp. 476–81; Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, pp. 499–502; Beamish, History of the King's German Legion, vol. 2, pp. 81–8; Gray, ‘Services of the King's German Legion’, pp. 257–61.
3. ‘H. C.’ to Colonel Taylor, 25 July 1812, Hope of Luffness Papers, NAS GD 364/1/1224; see Appendix IV for the full text of this letter.
4. Clausel quoted in Fortescue, History of the British Army, p. 551, see also Clausel to King Joseph, 25 July 1812, in Mémoires et Correspondance Politique et Militaire du Roi Joseph, vol. 9, pp. 54–5, and Oman, History, vol. 5, p. 483; Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer, p. 192.
5. Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. 8, pp. 551–2, but cf Leach, Rough Sketches, p. 278 on the benefits of the halt.
6. Oman, History, vol 5, pp. 488–92.
7. Ibid., pp. 506–7; Gabriel H. Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain, 2 vols (New York University Press, 1965), vol. 2, pp. 540–1.
8. Browne, Napoleonic War Journal, p. 177.
9. Leach, Rough Sketches, p. 282.
10. Leith Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, p. 265.
11. Wellington to Sir Thomas Graham, 25 July 1812, Wellington's Dispatches, vol. 5, pp. 759–60.
12. On Ferrol, The Times, 11 August 1812; on Cadiz, Charles J. Esdaile, The Duke of Wellington and the Command of the Spanish Army, 1812–1814 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1990), p. 47.
13. The Times, 3 and 5 August 1812; Bathurst to Wellington, 6 August 1812, Wellington, Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda, vol. 7, pp. 374–5; Leveson Gower, Lord Granville Leveson Gower. Private Correspondence, vol. 2, p. 444.
14. The Times, 17 August 1812.
15. The Times, 19 August 1812.
16. Ibid.
17. Joseph Farington, The Farington Diary, 8 vols (London, Hutchinson, 1922–8), vol. 7, pp. 98, 102; Sir Walter Scott, The Letters of Sir Walter Scott, 1787–1832, ed. by H. J. C. Grierson, 12 vols (London, Constable, 1932–7), vol. 3, p. 156.
18. Charles Knight, Passages of a Working Life, 3 vols (London, Bradbury & Evans, 1864), vol. 1, p. 139.
19. Sidmouth to the Prince Regent, 21 August 1812, Letters of King George IV, ed. by A. Aspinall, 3 vols (Cambridge University Press, 1938), vol. 1, p. 134; Liverpool to Wellington, 19 August 1812, and Bathurst to Wellington, 16 and 20 August 1812, Wellington, Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda, vol. 7, pp. 401–2, 383–4 and 404-5.
20. Liverpool to Bathurst, 17 August 1812, Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report of the Manuscripts of Earl Bathurst Preseved at Cirencester Park (London, HMSO, 1923), pp. 196–7; Torrens to the Duke of York, ‘Private’, Horse Guards, 22 August 1812, PRO WO 3/603, pp. 9–10.
21. The Times, 1 October 1812.
22. Napoleon quoted in Caulaincourt, With Napoleon in Russia, p. 96; for Fabvier see A. G. Macdonell, Napoleon and his Marshals (London, Macmillan, 1934), p. 257.
23. James Marshall-Cornwall, Marshal Massena (London, Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 251; Oman, History, vol. 6, p. 33.
24. A. J. M. R. Savary, Duc de Rovigo, Memoirs of the Duke of Rovigo (M. Savary), 3 vols (London, Colburn, 1828), vol. 3, pt 1, pp. 201–3, 212–15.
25. PRO WO 17/2470, Monthly Returns, July–December 1812.
Bibliography
Primary sources are normally listed under the name of the participant, not the editor, even when published as an article by the editor. The exceptions occur when there are only a few quotations from the primary source, or when several different primary sources are quoted in one article.
UNPUBLISHED SOURCES
Archives Historiques de la Guerre (AHG) du Service Historique de l'Etat-Major de l'Armée de Terre (Château de Vincennes)
C7–15 Général Lamartinière. Etat Numérique des Pertes Eprouvées par l'Armée du Portugal depuis le 18 Juillet jusqu'au 8 Août 1812 (Official French casualty return, 18 July to 8 August)
British Library
Add. Ms 43,224 Aberdeen Papers. Letters of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Alexander Gordon to his brother Lord Aberdeen, with some replies, 1811–15
Loan Ms 57 Bathurst Papers, vol. 5, 1812
Loan Ms 72 Liverpool Papers, vol. 21. Correspondence with Wellington, 1811–14
National Army Museum, London
NAM 6807–52 Manuscript journal of Captain William Smith, 11th Light Dragoons (Anson's brigade)
NAM 6807–214 Journal of Sergeant William Stephenson, 3rd King's Own Dragoons (Le Marchant's brigade)
NAM 6807—213 Anonymous ‘Memoirs of a Dragoon’ (A ranker in the 5th Dragoon Guards: typescript copy of ms memoirs)
NAM 6807–333 Anonymous lett
er from an officer of the Fusilier brigade, Fourth Division, 27 July 1812
NAM 7510–27 Papers of Major-General Charles Ashworth, including an anonymous pen-and-ink sketch map of the battle with extensive annotations
NAM 7804–14 Letters of Lieutenant John Massey, 3rd Dragoons, 1811–12
NAM 7912–21 Anonymous memoirs of a private soldier in 1/38th (Fifth Division)
NAM 8408–37 Manuscript ‘Journal of the Campaigns in the Peninsula by Charles Whitman of the Royal Horse Artillery, 1811–14’
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
NLS MS 3610. Lynedoch Papers, Correspondence, 1812
NLS Ms 15,371. Typescript copies of the letters on active service from the sons of William Marshall, factor to the Duke of Gordon, 1790–1815
Murray Papers
NLS Adv. Ms 46.2.15, vol. 38, 1812
NLS Adv. Ms 46.4.19, Distribution Book, 13 July 1812–8 February 1813
National Archives of Scotland, Edinburgh
NAS GD 364/1/1224. Hope of Luffness Papers. Miscellaneous re Peninsular War, 1811–12
NAS GD 225. Leith Hay Papers. Box 34/26 Letters, 1809–12
Box 40 Includes manuscript narrative of the campaign and battle, with significant variations from his published Narrative
RHP 44684 Sketch plan of the battle of Salamanca
Public Record Office, Kew
WO 1/255 In letters from Wellington, July to December 1812 (Includes many returns etc.)
WO 3/603 Out letters of CinC (Private), August–December 1812
WO 17/2469–70 Monthly returns, 1812
WO 27/106–7 Inspection reports, 1812
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WO 55/1195 Ordnance Department. Letters from Officers on Foreign Service, 1810–13
University of Southampton
Ms 296 Pack and Reynell Papers:
Ms 296/1 Correspondence of Sir Denis Pack, 1809–23
Ms 296/7 Letters from Sir Denis Pack to Sir T. Reynell, 1810–23
Wellington Papers:
WP 1/337 From Wellington, August 1811
WP 1/345 To Wellington, January–July 1812
WP 1/347 From Wellington, May–August 1812
WP 1/348 To Wellington, 1–16 August 1812
WP 1/349 To Wellington, 17–31 August 1812
WP 1/359 Miscellaneous, 1812
WP 1/478 From Wellington, August 1815
Mrs J. N. Tomes:
Some family papers of Alexander Gordon
PRIVATE INFORMATION
Lieutenant-Colonel R. E. R. Robinson kindly provided me with copies of his notes of the manuscript Digest of the Services of the 61st Regiment held by the Regimental Museum in Gloucester
Steven H. Smith supplied me with information from Ernesto Augusto Pereira Sales, Bandeiras e Estardartes Regimentais do Exercito e do Armada e Outras Bandeiras … (Lisbon, Centro Tipografico Colonial, 1930)
Bernabe Saiz Martínez de Pisón sent me a copy of the maps relating to the battle of Salamanca in Arteche's Guerra de la Independencia – Historia Militar de España de 1808 a 1814
Mark Urban sent me copies of several letters describing the battle from the Le Marchant Papers and another private collection
PUBLISHED SOURCES
Aitchison, John, An Ensign in the Peninsular War. The Letters of John Aitchison, ed. by W. F. K. Thompson (London, Michael Joseph, 1981) (Third Guards, First Division)
Anon., Historique du 65e Régiment d'Infanterie (Paris and Limoges, Charles-Lavauzelle, 1886) (Taupin's division)
Anon., The Personal Narrative of a Private Soldier, Who Served in the Forty-Second Highlanders, for Twelve Years, during the Late War (Cambridge, Trotman, 1996, first published 1821) (First Division)
Anon., ‘Sketch of the Battle of Salamanca’; USJ, vol. 1, no. 1 (1829), pp. 283–95 (Light Division) (Reproduced almost exactly in Maxwell's Peninsular Sketches)
Anon., History of the King's Shropshire Light Infantry, 4 vols (1970). Vol. 1: The 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment, 1775–1881 (Includes reprint of Rogerson's Historical Records of the 53rd) (Sixth Division)
Arbuthnot, H., The Journal of Mrs Arbuthnot, 1820–1832, ed. by Francis Bamford and the Duke of Wellington, 2 vols (London, Macmillan, 1950)
Arvers, P., Historique de 82e Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne … (Paris, Typographie Lahue, 1876) (Maucune's division)
Atkinson, C. T., The South Wales Borderers, 24th Foot, 1689–1937 (Cambridge, for the Regiment, 1937) (First Division)
Aubrey-Fletcher, H. L., A History of the Foot Guards to 1856 (London, Constable, 1927) (First Division)
‘A. Z.’, ‘The Heavy Cavalry at Salamanca’, USJ, November 1833, pp. 351–4 (Le Merchant's brigade)
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——, ‘Sketch of the River Tormes, near Salamanca, Made in the Presence of the Enemy … 24th June 1812’, Minutes of the Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution, vol. 12 (1884), pp. 513–16
Bannatyne, Lieutenant-Colonel Neil, History of the Thirtieth Regiment … (Liverpool, Littlebury, 1923) (Fifth Division)
Barralier, Captain, ‘Adventure at the battle of Salamanca’, USJ, October 1851, pp. 274–7 (Stubbs's brigade. Fourth Division)
Bathurst, Earl: see Historical Manuscripts Commission
Beamish, N. L., History of the King's German Legion, 2 vols (London, T&W Boone, 1832–7)
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Bingham, Sir G.R., ‘The Bingham Manuscripts’, ed. by T. H. McGuffie, JSAHR, vol. 26, no, 107 (1948), pp. 106–11 (2/53rd, Sixth Division)
—— ‘The Bingham Papers and the Peninsular War, Part II’ ed. by T. H. McGuffie, Army Quarterly, July 1949, pp. 254–6 (ditto)
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Bragge, Captain William, Peninsular Portrait, 1811–1814. The Letters of Captain William Bragge Third (King's Own) Dragoons, ed. by S. A. C. Cassels (London, Oxford University Press, 1963) (Le Marchant's brigade)
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Broke: see Vere
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Burgoyne, Sir John, The Life and Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir John Burgoyne, by George Wrottesley, 2 vols (London, Bentley, 1873) (Fourth Division)
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Campbell, Colonel Ja
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Cannon, Richard, Historical Records of … (London, 1835–53). Series of volumes: consulted for the following regiments: 3rd Dragoons, 5th Dragoon Guards, 12th and 14th Light Dragoons, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 23rd, 36th, 53rd, 61st, 74th and 88th Foot
Carew, Peter, ‘A Gallant “Pack” ’, Blackwood's Magazine, vol. 260 (1946), pp. 391–401 (Pack's brigade)
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Cassels: see Bragge
Castel, P., Relation de la Bataille et Retraite des Arapiles (Toulouse, J.-B. Cazaux, 1854) (staff)
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——, ed., Napoleon's Marshals (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987)
Charrié, P., Drapeaux et Etendards de la Révolution et de l'Empire (Paris, Copernic, 1982)
Christophe, Robert, Les Amours et les Guerres du Maréchal Marmont, Duc de Raguse (Paris, Hachette, 1955)
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Cole, John W., Memoirs of British Generals Distinguished during the Peninsular War, 2 vols (London, Richard Bentley, 1856)