CHAPTER 18
1. “A Most Excellent Journey” by Barbara Schaetti, Ph.D., in Raising Global Nomads: Parenting Abroad in an On-Demand World by Robin Pascoe (Vancouver, BC: Expatriate Press, 2006), 207–20.
2. Beverly Roman, Newsletter, BR Anchor Publishing, http://www.branchor.com, September 2008.
3. Mel Mandell and Lindsey Biel, “Global Repatriation,” Solutions (February 1994), 23–26.
4. From the ExpatExpert.com/AMJ Campbell International Relocation “Family Matters!” Survey.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Beverly Roman, Newsletter, BR Anchor Publishing, http://www.branchor.com, September 2008.
CHAPTER 19
1. Brice Royer, developer of www.TCKID.com, in a personal e-mail to Ruth E. Van Reken, September 2008. Used with permission.
2. John Bowlby, Attachment and Loss: Attachment, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books, 1969, 1982).
APPENDIX B
1. Gunei Sato, Kaigai Kikokushijo Kyouiku no Saikouchiku (The Reconstruction of Kaigai/Kikoku-Shijo Education), (Tamagawa Daigaku Shuppan: 1997), 54.
2. Ibid., 206–40.
3. Ibid., 225.
4. Kakehashi, an association formed by parents of returnee students in the Kansai region, conducts an extensive survey of schools that are willing to admit children upon their return to Japan. Their findings are published in an annual directory, complemented by in-depth analyses of educational trends regarding the treatment of kikoku-shijos in the Japanese school system.
5. Momo Kano Podolsky, “Internationally Mobile Children: The Japanese Kikoku-Shijo Experience Reconsidered,” Contemporary Society Bulletin, 2008: 49–69. Kyoto Women’s University.
Resources for TCKs, ATCKs, and their Families
Organizations/Website Resources
AramcoBrats
www.aramco-brats.com
For Aramco TCKs who grew up in Saudi Arabia.
Around the World in a Lifetime (AWAL)/Foreign Service Youth Foundation
www.fsyf.org
Organization for United States foreign service teens.
British Expat
www.britishexpat.com
Full-featured site for expatriate Brits.
CanuckAbroad
www.canuckabroad.com
Caters to the Canadian expatriate, but provides information and resources— including a forum—that are equally useful for U.S. and other expatriates.
Expat Weekly Telegraph
www.telegraph.co.uk/expat
An online section of the Weekly Telegraph (U.K.) newspaper dedicated to expatriate living, with resources, news, articles, and information.
Expat Women
www.expatwomen.com
A free website helping expatriate women from all nationalities in any country in the world share experiences and advice, and find resources for living in a foreign country.
Expatica
www.expatica.com
This Netherlands-based website provides useful resources for those living and working in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, and Belgium. It also publishes an online newsletter and hosts conferences on expat-related topics.
Families in Global Transition
www.figt.org
Hosts a yearly international conference on topics related to global family living.
Global Education Explorer
www.Globaleducationexplorer.com
A web–based tool that enables companies and families to learn about curricula in other countries, educational assessments, and customs surrounding schooling so that they are informed before making this all–important life change.
Hobsons
www.hobsons.com
Enables the preparation, recruitment, management, and advancement of students.
Interaction International
www.interactionintl.org
Organization founded by David C. Pollock. “The voice for third culture kids and internationally mobile families.”
The Interchange Institute
www.interchangeinstitute.org
Offers training for educators, human resources personnel, and others in matters related to cross-cultural living.
Mu Kappa
www.mukappa.org
A fraternal association for missionary kids.
Overseas Brats
www.overseasbrats.com
Group for military kids.
School Choice International
www.schoolchoiceintl.com
Helps families with a child with special needs, for whom an overseas move is particularly difficult, both emotionally and educationally.
TCKid.com
www.TCKid.com
Founded by Brice Royer. Resource-rich interactive website for adult TCKs and CCKs.
Transitions Abroad
www.transitionsabroad.com/listings/living/resources/expatriatewebsites.shtml#global
A list of website addresses for expats of all countries.
Publications
Among Worlds
www.interactionintl.org/amongworlds.asp
A quarterly magazine for adult TCKs.
BR Anchor Publishing
www.branchor.com
Publisher of books for families on the move, including workbooks for young children.
Expatriate Expert
www.expatexpert.com
Website for Robin Pascoe, author of A Moveable Marriage, Homeward Bound, and Raising Global Nomads.
The Interchange Institute
www.interchangeinstitute.org
Publisher of books on the U.S. Educational system for expats, moving with babies, and other resources.
Nicholas Brealey/Intercultural Press
www.nicholasbrealey.com
Get your favorite books here, including Intercultural Marriage: Promises and Pitfalls by Dugan Romano, Unrooted Childhoods: Memoirs of Growing Up Global by Faith Eidse and Nina Sichel, and The Art of Coming Home by Craig Storti.
Index
Abandonment, 212
Adaptability, 100–101
Adolescence
delayed, 146–150
normal end of, 156
Adolescent rebellion, delayed, 150–152
Adoptees, 55–58, 83
Adult(s)
adolescent rebellion as, 152
relationships with, 145
Adult cross-cultural kids, 31, 33
Adult third culture kids
anger experienced by, 253–254
benefits of being, 5
in bicultural families, 48
challenges for, 64, 250
children of, 140
comforting of, 258, 261
coping methods for, 251–255
description of, 3
diverse experiences of, 113
emotional wounds of, 254–255
healing of, 250–260
increases in, 5
learning new languages, 119–120
linguistic skills of, 119
losses experienced by, 252–254
mobility effects on, 269–278
normality for, 251
parental help for, 255–260
support for, 253
Affirmation, 182–183
Agency. See Sponsoring agencies and organizations
Alumni, 5, 245
Ambivalence, 72
Anger, 151–152, 161, 229, 253–254
Arrogance, 109–110
Assimilation, 206
ATCKs. See Adult third culture kids
Australia, 4
Authority, 108–109
Autonomy, 146
Awareness, 145
Bargaining, 161
Behavioral patterns, 251–252
Belonging, 23–25, 153
Bicultural children, 31–32, 48, 58
Bilingualism, 118–119, 122
Bitterness, 68
Blending in, 102–103
Boarding school, 50, 126, 151, 171, 176, 211–213, 264
“Boomer
ang kids,” 157
Borderlanders, children of, 32, 237
Career changes, 127
Caregivers, 51
Challenges, 64, 156, 250
Chameleons, 57, 100–101, 118
Changing cultures, 45–54
Chaos, 69–70
Child care, 51
Children
of adult third culture kids, 140
of immigrants, 30, 32
lack of national identity by, 232
parents of, 83, 140, 148, 173–176
protecting of, 175–176
reentry of, 232
as special, 175
valuing of, 173–174
visiting of overseas parents by, 243
Choice(s)
delusion of, 106–108
lack of opportunities for, 148, 152
naming of, 255
Civic organizations, 247
Closure, 171
Comfort, 81–82, 176, 258
Commitment, 172
Communal living systems, 16
Communication skills, 146
Community
interactions in, 48–49
involvement in, 66
loosening of ties with, 69
maintaining ties with, 220–222
missionary, 81, 259, 264
special attention from, 69
statuslessness in, 70–71
Community organizations, 247
Competent decision making, 144
Compliance with cultural rules, 148, 150
Confidence, 117
Conflict, 128
Confused loyalties, 90–92
Core relationships, 78
Corporal punishment, 197
Correspondence schooling, 201–203
Cross-cultural enrichment, 95–96
Cross-cultural environment, 36, 196–197
Cross-cultural kids
adult, 31
characteristics of, 32
commonalties among, 35
community organizations for, 247
definition of, 31–32
description of, xiii
differences among, 35
educational, 32, 84
hidden diversity among, 60–61
identifying of, 31–33
model of, 31
third culture kids vs., 32
traditional, 31
upbringing of, 33
Cross-cultural lifestyle, 36, 109
Cross-cultural parenting, 169
Cross-cultural skills, 111–116, 240
Cross-cultural transitions, 40, 70
Cross-cultural values, 92
Cross-cultural world, 17
Cultural adaptability, 100–101
Cultural assimilation, 55
Cultural balance, 44–47, 97, 101
Cultural chameleon, 100–101
Cultural development, 49–50
Cultural diversity, 104, 235
Cultural identity, 55, 59–60, 207
Cultural practices, 48
Cultural rules, 23, 148
Cultural stress, 74, 190
Cultural values, 47–48
Culturally mixed, 28
Culture(s)
adjustments to, 97
assimilation of experiences from, 23
caregivers as reflection of, 51
changing, 45–54
clashes in, 43–44
deep, 42
definition of, 13, 16, 41–42
educational philosophies based on, 197–198
first, 14
fitting in, 56
home. See Home culture
host, 14, 23, 102
interstitial, 14, 49
layers of, 42–44
learning about, 41, 219
multiplicity of, 47
passport, 48, 97
political effects on, 59
schooling as tool for learning about, 198–199
second, 14
significance of, 41
surface, 42
surrounding, cultural identity in relation to, 54–57
unwritten rules in, 115, 149
Culture shock, 74, 227–228
Curriculum, 210
Decision making, 107, 144, 148
Decisiveness, 106–108
Deep culture, 42
Deep relationships, 132–136
Defining of differences, 103–104
Delayed adolescence, 146–150
Delayed adolescent rebellion, 150–152
Delayed development, 144
Delayed grief, 164–165
Delusion of choice, 106–108
Denial, 68–69, 83, 160–161
Depression, 162, 230
Destination, 184–185
Detachment, 67, 138–140
Developmental tasks, 41, 144–150
Developmental years, 21–26, 54
Differences, 103–104, 109–110
Discipline, 197
Discounting of grief, 82
Domestic cross-culture kids, 84
Domestic third culture kids, 32, 36–37
Dysfunctionality, 69
Early maturity, 145–146, 149
Eastern culture, 88
Education
choices regarding, 195–200
cultural differences in philosophies, 197–198
postsecondary school, 215, 243
schooling options. See School(s)
statistics regarding, 214–215
Educational cross-cultural kids, 32, 84
Elitism, 229–230
Emotional flattering, 138–140
Emotional withdrawal, 162
Emotional wounds, 254–255
Entering stage of transitions, 71–72
Expatriates. See also Family
communal living systems for, 16
increases in number of, 4
relationships among, 136
subcultures among, 14, 49
Expectations, denial of, 69
Extended family, 220–221, 233
Family. See also Parents
cultural practices and values of, 48
evaluations before moving, 169–171
failure caused by stress on, 240
ongoing services for, 243–244
sponsoring organization’s role in helping, 242–245
traditions of, 220
Farewells, 183–184
Fear(s)
dealing with, 252
of denying the good, 76
lack of permission to show, 80–81
reentry-related, 229
Feelings, 68
First culture, 14
Flight stage, 191
Foreigners, 54, 102
Forgiveness, 182, 254, 259
Foundation, 171–177, 231–232
Friends
comforting by, 261
detaching from, 67, 138–140
maintaining ties with, 222
making new friends, 71
rejection feelings, 68
support for adult third culture kids, 260–261
Germany, 59
Global awareness, 112–113
Grief
delayed, 164–165
denial of, 68, 83, 160–161
discounting of, 82
emotions and feelings associated with, 74–75
encouragement vs., 82
fear of denying the good and, 76
higher good vs., 82–83
lack of comfort and, 81–83
lack of permission to show, 80–81
unresolved, 74–83, 160–165
vicarious, 163–164
Healing, 250–260
Hidden diversity, 60–61, 265
Hidden immigrants, 55, 57, 102–104
Hidden losses, 76–80, 262
High mobility
benefits of, 128
definition of, 64–65
delayed adolescence secondary to, 147
historical overview of, 269–278
losses caused by. Se
e Loss(es)
relationships affected by, 131
transitions caused by. See Transitions
Home. See also Reentry
importance of, 125–126, 151
returning, 222–223, 225–237
Home culture
anger at, 229
dealing with people from, 235–236
description of, 14, 22, 48
ignorance of, 96–97
unrealistic expectations about, 226–227
Home schooling, 201–203
Host country
preparing for reentry before leaving, 231
traveling through, 218–219
Host culture, 14, 23, 102
Human needs, 142
Humor, 97
Identity
developing of, 41, 46, 57, 59–60, 141–144
fear of losing, 229
hiding of, 103
organizational system used to create, 153–156
proclaiming of, 104
rebellion and, 155
secure, 156
Immigrant(s)
children of, 30, 32
hidden, 55, 57, 102–104
Impulsiveness, 106
Independence, 144
India, 14
Insecurity, 118
International adoptees, 32, 83
International careers, 4, 176
International Employee Assistance Programs, 244
International schools, 208–210
Internationalization, 284
Internet-based schooling, 202–203
Interpersonal conflict, 128, 181
Interstitial culture, 14, 49
Involvement stage of transitions, 66–67, 180–185
Japan, 4, 16–17, 56–57, 92, 281–288
Judgmentalism, 109
Kaigai/kikoku-shijos, 279–286
Knowledge, 145
Lack of comfort, 81–83
Languages
learning new, 119–120
mother tongue, 121, 199–200, 206
spelling differences based on, 121
Learning, 196–197
Leave policy, 243
Leaving stage of transitions, 67–69, 180–185
Life lessons, 96
Life patterns, 4
Lifestyle, 77, 96
Linguistic skills, 118–122
Listening, 256–258, 260
Local international schools, 208–210
Local national schools, 205–207
Loneliness, 71, 138, 151
Loss(es)
coping with, 165
dealing with, 161, 192
description of, 74
Third Culture Kids: Growing Up Among Worlds Page 38