by Umberto Eco
Language, 31, 32, 69, 70, 158, 466; of animals, 181, 220–221; artificial and computerized, 1, 422–423, 433; borrowing and, 452–453; continuum of content and, 582–583; experience in relation to, 424–425; hieroglyphic vs. symbolic, 538; Kabbalah and, 303; man as rational animal and, 202; matrix languages, 440; penury of names and, 421; perfect language, 290, 297–298, 426, 449; philosophic, 426, 427–439, 446, 449; philosophy of language, 2, 3, 483, 531; primigenial, 440, 441; semiosis and, 489, 493–495; speech acts in Genesis, 286–298; “superlinguistic” force in, 450; Tower of Babel and, 290, 294, 295, 299, 305; translated documents, 229–230; universal, 1, 44, 425; vernacular language, 291–293, 294, 297–298; visual signs and, 505; voces of animals and, 125n43, 216. See also Natural language
Langue, Saussurean, 290, 293, 549, 556
Lapidaries, 30, 136, 143
“Latency” of information, 73
Latin language, 22, 23, 102, 107, 230, 359, 454; corruptions of medieval Latin, 253; formation of compound words in, 446–447; grammar of, 291, 296, 432; as international language, 436; Latin Aristotle, 96–97; mathematical combinations from alphabetic letters, 420–421; medieval philology and, 232; mnemonic tradition, 261; popular semiosis and, 494–495; Vulgate text in, 286
Latratus canis [“On Animal Language”] (Eco, Lambertini, Marmo, Tabarroni), 171–172n, 212, 221n49
Lavinheta, Bernardus de, 388n7
Law, 31, 404
Leclerc, Henri, 343n32
Lector in fabula [The Role of the Reader] (Eco), 570
Leech, Geoffrey, 354
Legitimism, French, 441
Le Goff, Jacques, 242, 246n15, 307
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 37, 40n26, 46–47, 49, 55, 62, 88, 226, 400; on classification of knowledge, 437; latency of knowledge and, 88; perfectibility of knowledge and, 422; relation of language to experience and, 425
Lemay, Richard, 115
Lemoine, Michel, 339n25, 343n32
Leonardo da Vinci, 241, 517, 518, 537
Letter Nine (Pseudo-Dionysius), 152, 154, 156
Lewis, David K., 555
Lewis, W. J., 111n16, 186n13
Lexicography, 238, 549, 550, 553, 558–559
Libation Bearers (Aeschylus), 103
Libellum apologeticum (Vincent of Beauvais), 86
Libellus alter de consecratione ecclesiae Sancti Dionisii (Suger), 274n9
Libellus artificiosae memoriae (Spangerbergius), 75
Liber apologeticus (Abbo of Fleury), 280n11
Liber Chaos (Llull), 403
Liber de praedicabilibus (Albertus Magnus), 111
Liber de rebus in administratione sua gestis (Suger), 274n9
Liber de spiritu et anima, 234
Liber Primis Posteriorum Analyticorum (Albertus Magnus), 111
Libraries, 24, 74, 338, 421, 437, 492–493
Libri, Guglielmo, 236–237
Libri Morales, 96–97
Libro della natura degli animali (anonymous), 192
Life of Apollonius of Tyana (Philostratus), 181
Limits of Interpretation, The (Eco), 508, 567, 569, 570
Linguarum methodus novissima (Comenius), 422
Lingueglia, Paolo, 311n2
Linguistics, 3, 18, 440, 457, 531
Linnaeus, Carolus, 61, 462
Lionello di Ser Daniele, 307
Literarästhetik des europäischen Mittelalters (Glunz), 340
Literary genres, 105, 268, 426, 539, 540
Lives of the Philosophers (Diogenes Laertius), 24
Llinares, Armand, 405, 406
Llull, Raimon, 33, 34, 41, 385–386, 425; Great Chain of Being and, 400–408; Kabbalism and Llullism compared, 397–399; Leibniz and, 46; Llullism after Pico, 414–423; mathematical combinations system, 386–397; Pico della Mirandola and, 413; semantic universals and, 431
Locke, John, 378, 425, 458, 459, 459n2, 460, 461, 465, 469
Lodwick, Francis, 42, 425, 427, 435
Logic, 34, 111, 113, 170
Logic (Kant), 465, 466
Logica (Croce), 538
Logica Algazelis (Llull), 408
Logica nova (Llull), 406
Logica Vetus (Aristotle), 96
Logic of Quantity, The (Peirce), 517
Lois intellectuelles du langage, Les (Bréal), 548
Lo Piparo, Franco, 161n33, 201, 202n28, 208n35, 213n41, 357n2
Lorusso, Anna Maria, 62n34, 95n, 117n
Lotman, Jurij, 73n39, 85, 89n54
Lovejoy, Arthur O., 6n2, 136, 401
Louis the Pious, 230
Lucan, 105, 147
Lucretius, 23
Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kuklopaideia (Stergk), 22
Luisetti, Federico, 35
Lusignan, Serge, 86
Lyons, John, 355, 359, 553, 554
Lyttkens, Hampus, 162n34, 168
Macrobius, 138, 402
Magic, 25, 27, 308, 385
Maggi, Michele, 531n1
Magnino. See Schlosser–Magnino
Magritte, René, 82
Mahoney, Edward P., 331n20, 383
Maierù, Alfonso, 296n5, 359, 378n15, 379n17
Maimonides, Moses, 304
Mainardi, Pietro, 414–415
Maistre, Joseph de, 440–456
Mâle, Emile, 253n3
Mallarmé, Stéphane, 534
Mameli, Matteo, 525
Man in the Moone (Godwin), 427
Mannerism, 315
Manzoni, Alessandro, 488–507, 534, 546
Marchese, Vincenzo, 310n2
Marconi, Diego, 55n33, 463n4, 552–553
Margarita philosophica (Reisch), 34, 193
Marigo, Aristide, 292
Maritain, Jacques, 245, 309–352; on creative intuition vs. agent intellect, 323–338; De Bruyne’s critique of, 345–346; poetry and, 317–323; tendentious reading of Thomas, 313–317
Marmo, Constantino, 95n, 102n12, 107, 109, 112, 115, 165n35, 171n, 298n7, 353n, 374, 375n13, 377, 378
Marr, David, 475
Marrone, Caterina, 40
Marrou, Henri Irenée, 231, 232
Martinetti, Piero, 498n8
Masonry, Scottish, 441, 443, 445–446
Master of Tours, 127
Mathematics, 25, 39, 425, 443, 461; congruence, 226; Kabbalah and, 302; language and, 436; lexical terms and, 19; Llullism and, 386, 406, 420, 422; matrix, 283; pure, 460; schematism and, 476; topology and, 58; universal, 46
Mathieu, Vittorio, 485
Matoré, Georges, 69
Matrix/matrices, 209–211
Matthew of Vendôme, 106, 123n9, 124
Maupassant, Guy de, 546
Maximal Encyclopedia, 70, 71, 74, 88–89; advancement of learning and, 94; historiography and, 93; as regulatory idea, 49–52
Mayoux, Jean-Jacques, 336
Mazzantini, Carlo, 311n2
McCawley, James D., 562
Meaning, 5, 28, 378, 379, 477; meaning of, 554–557; synonymy and, 557–559
Median Encyclopedia, 72, 73–74, 85–86, 87; historical facts and, 85, 88; texts eliminated from, 93
Medici, Cosimo de’, court of, 235
Medicine, 25, 27, 31, 47, 163, 404
Meier, Christel, 31
Memory, 22, 33, 46, 75, 84, 85; animals and, 174, 175, 179; cultural, 89n54; Llull’s trees and, 404; Maximal Encyclopedia and, 74; mechanical memorization, 92; memory palace, 79; perception and, 467; schematism and, 474; semiosis and, 493
Menendez y Pelayo, Marcelino, 100n9, 342n31
Mengaldo, Pier Vincenzo, 288n3, 289, 290, 294
Mersenne, Marin, 421–422, 425, 435
Merton, Robert, 244n13, 245
Metalanguage, 51, 561
Metalogicon (John of Salisbury), 121, 244n13, 245n14
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 147
Metaphorology, medieval, 115
Metaphors, 41, 62–67, 95, 99, 119–126, 432, 585; allegories distinguished from, 155; in Apocalypse of Saint John, 250–251; as cognitive process, 153; common sense and, 539–540; def
initions, 118–120, 539; examples in philosophical thought, 126–129; genus and species, 103; as instrument of knowledge, 95, 117, 119, 170; ontologies and, 169, 170; original essences and, 577; ornamental function of, 129; of seven rays (hebdomad), 443; smiling meadow, 126, 127–129; symbols and allegories in relation to, 129–140, 155–158; technical study of, 113; theory of language and, 556; in Thomas Aquinas, 140–144
Metaphysics, 6, 34, 319, 396, 461; of Great Chain of Being, 420; Manzonian semiotics and, 489; “metaphysical pansemiosis,” 136
Metaphysics (Aristotle), 6n3, 96, 141, 147, 559; analogia entis and, 162–163; on animals, 174; discourse on equivocity, 160; medieval circulation of, 185
Meteorologica (Aristotle), 96
Metonymy, 98, 133, 164, 370, 433, 503, 579
Michael II the Stammerer, 230
Michelangelo, 544
Middle Ages, 95, 105, 106, 116, 118; aesthetics in, 339; ancient sources on animal behavior viewed in, 185–194; authentication in, 241–243; false identification in, 237–238; metaphor in, 144, 169; millennialism in, 284; ornamental function of metaphor in, 129; poetic allegorism in, 137; “polyphonic” artistic culture of, 343, 344; reading of Aristotle in, 203. See also forgeries, in Middle Ages
Middle Commentary (Averroes), 97, 99–100, 107
Milhaud, Darius, 311
Mill, John Stuart, 355–357, 379–383
Millás Vallicrosa, José M., 398, 400
Millennium (mille annos), Apocalypse and, 275–285
Mimesis, 106
Mimologism, 440
Mineralogy, 24, 25, 46, 434
Mirabilia (Callimachus), 24
Mithridates, Flavius, 408, 414
Mnemonics, 34, 90, 419, 534
Mnemotechnics, 78–82
Modistae grammarians, 232, 296, 301, 305, 308, 373–374
Molar Content (MC), 72
Molière, (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 60
Mona Lisa, authenticity of, 240–241
Mondo simbolico (Picinelli), 192
Monogenetic hypothesis, 441, 446
Montaigne, Michel de, 189n17
Montale, Eugenio, 144
Montano, Rocco, 340
Monti, Vincenzo, 571
Moody, Ernest A., 377
Moralis Philosophia (Roger Bacon), 112, 114
More, Thomas, 427
Morestel, Pierre, 415
Morpurgo-Tagliabue, Guido, 545
Morris, Charles, 354, 550, 562
Moses (biblical), 29, 132, 148, 258, 268
Mozarabic art, 252, 255
Murder of Roger Ackroyd, The (Christie), 91
Murphey, Murray G., 513
Murphy, James B., 321n12
Museums, 24
Music, 28–29, 31, 34, 169, 344
Muslims, 283, 425
Mussato, Albertino, 320
Mussolini, Benito, 234
Musurgia Universalis (Kircher), 222n50
Mystical Theology, The (Pseudo-Dionysius), 150–151
Names, 205, 367, 380; penury of names, 421; proper names, 497–499; signs distinguished from, 194–195
Nardi, Bruno, 305
Naturalis historia [Natural History] (Pliny), 183–185
Natural language, 51, 292, 431, 433, 437; semantics and, 552, 553; Tower of Babel and, 305
Natural signs and signification, 195, 199, 219, 370. See also Signs (semeia)
Naudé, Gabriel, 385
Neckham, Alexander, 135
Necromancy, 385
Neoclassicism, 312, 316
Neo-Platonism, 4, 18, 73, 150, 170, 340, 342; Great Chain of Being, 6, 401, 402, 404; Thomas Aquinas and, 345
Neo-Scholasticism, 310
Neo-Thomism, 310–313, 346
Networks, 53, 54, 68
Neubauer, Fritz, 56
New Atlantis (Bacon), 36
Newton, Isaac, 245–246, 460, 462, 485
Nicholas of Cusa, 55, 419, 530, 536
Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 21n14, 97, 162, 175, 185
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 83, 85, 516, 577–578, 579, 580; death of God and, 564, 565; on metaphor, 585
Nishishara, H. Keith, 475
Nominalism, 381, 382
Notarikon (acrostic), 398
Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain (Leibniz), 47
Novum Inventum (Kircher), 40–41
Novum Organum (Bacon), 36
Nuchelmans, Gabriel, 374
Nuclear Content (NC), 72
Numerology, 386
Ockham, William of, 193n20, 216, 331, 343, 359; on denotation, 374–379; Ockhamist tradition and denotation, 379–383; suppositio and, 366
Odyssey (Homer), 23
Ogden, C. K., 354, 550
Olgiati, Francesco, 311n2
“On Denoting” (Russell), 354
Onomatopoeia, 426
On the Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 6, 16
On the Sublime (attrib. Pseudo-Longinus), 240
Ontologies, 4, 60–61, 89, 94, 170, 226, 579; Joycean, 67–70; Kant and, 460, 464; Llull’s trees and, 407; metaphor and, 62–67, 169; semiosic creativity and, 61–70
Opera aperta, L’ [The Open Work] (Eco), 569, 570
Optics, 34, 46
Opuscula spuria (Thomas Aquinas), 316
Opus Majus (Roger Bacon), 112, 114–115
Opus Postumum (Kant), 484–487
Organon (Aristotle), 96, 97, 111
Origen, 131–132, 135n17, 242
Original iconism, thesis of, 452, 454
Orlando Furioso (Ariosto), 539
Orwell, George, 86
Other Inquisitions (Borges), 437–438
Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Sextus Empiricus), 176, 177n6
Ovid, 146, 147, 239
Owens, Joseph, 160, 161n33
Paci, Enzo, 486n13
Pagani, Ileana, 296n5
Panepistemon (Politian), 34
Panofsky, Erwin, 340, 341
Pansophic index, 35–36
Paolucci, Claudio, 508n, 513–514, 514n2, 515, 522, 523, 528
Parables, 101, 138, 139n, 382
Paradiso (Dante), 50–51, 148, 149–150, 298–308
Paradoxography, 24
Paralogisms, 492, 543
Paraphrase, 19
Pardies, Ignace Gaston, 182
Pareyson, Luigi, 536, 544, 570, 570n3
Parole, Saussurean, 290, 293, 549
Paronomasia, 82n50, 419
Paronymity and paronyms, 161, 162, 361
Parva Naturalia (Aristotle), 96
Pascal, Blaise, 579
Pater, Walter, 339
Patristic literature, 186, 281–282, 400
Patrologia Latina, 255, 338, 342n32
Paul, Saint, 230, 239, 240; Apocalypse of Saint John and, 251; First Epistle to Corinthians, 130, 153
Paulmier-Foucart, Monique, 86
Paulus Scalichius, 23, 385, 385n1
Pavel, Tomas, 70, 71
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 1, 21, 90, 463, 469, 567, 584; anti-Cartesianism of, 513, 514; anti-intuitionism of, 331, 513–516; boundary demarcation and, 516–521; cosmology and gnoseology in, 524–525; on denotation, 355–357; reinterpretation of, 509–513; schematism and, 479, 480, 486; on sensation and cognition, 522–524; on universal laws, 583
Pellerey, Roberto, 328n16
Pensiero debole, Il [Weak Thought] (Vattimo and Rovati, eds.), 564–565
Pépin, Jean, 129n12, 146, 148
Perani, Mauro, 302
Perception, 481, 527, 529
Perceptual judgment, 468, 469, 509, 529–530
Periphrasis, 432
Pertinentization, molecular and molar, 516
Peter, Saint, 251
Peter of Mantua, 379n17
Peter of Spain, 206, 358, 367–368, 381–382
Petöfi, Janos S., 56
Petrarch, 33n21, 232, 248
“Peut-on parler d’intuition intellectuelle dans la philosophie thomiste?” (Roland-Gosselin), 347
Phaedrus (Plato), 519n5
Phantom limb sensation,
522–523
Pharsalia (Lucan), 105
Philology, 223, 229, 230, 231–232, 237, 286; De Bruyne’s historiography and, 345; “-ists” versus “-ologists,” 510; Kabbalism and, 398, 399; Maistre and, 450; meaning and, 555; Peirce and, 509; Petrarch and, 248; techniques of identification developed by, 241
Philo of Alexandria, 131, 177–178, 181, 303
Philosophie de l’art chez les néo-scolastiques de langue française, La (Wencelius), 345
Philosophie van de Kunst (De Bruyne), 338
Philosophie van Martin Heidegger, De (De Bruyne), 338
Philosophy, 25, 33, 111, 149, 177, 310; analytic, 18, 462, 550; Arabic, 102; common sense and, 537; continental, 570; divisions of, 111; of language, 483; metaphor and, 63, 110, 149; moral, 22; ontology and, 60; pure knowing of, 141; transcendental, 463
Philostratus, 181
Phonemes, 18, 303, 559
Physics, 34, 85, 111, 460, 480, 484; boundary demarcation in, 520; threshold of observability, 527
Physics (Aristotle), 96
Physiologus (anonymous), 29–30, 31, 135, 222
Physiology, 25, 523
Piazza universale di tutte le professioni (Tommaso Garzoni), 415
Picinelli, Filippo, 192
Pico della Mirandola, 235, 302, 408–414, 419
“Pictures Can’t Say Ain’t” (Worth), 82
Pinborg, Jan, 213n39, 216n44, 377
Pindar, 63
Pini, Giorgio, 374n12
Plato, 19, 22, 73, 149, 181, 240, 443; on articulation and signification, 212–213; on denotation, 357, 358; on names, 289; on philosopher and dog, 173; poetry and, 325; semiotic triangle and, 372; visualization of gods and, 268
Platonism, 315, 400, 477
Platypus schema, 478–479, 481
Platzeck, Erhard-Woffram, 392, 399, 400, 401, 406
Pliny the Elder, 25–28, 30–31, 87, 135, 180; on animal language and intelligence, 183–185; medieval views of, 185
Plotinus, 129n12
Plutarch, 178–180, 182
Plutosofia (Gesualdo), 75
Pneumatics, 34
Poe, Edgar Allan, 335, 546
Poesia, La (Croce), 542, 546
Poetics, 2, 34, 488; as logic, 102, 111–112, 113; rhetoric and, 116–126
Poetics (Aristotle), 62, 88, 95, 163; Averroes’s commentary, 97–105; Hermann the German’s translation, 111; medieval misfortunes of, 111–115; on metaphor, 116; William of Moerbeke’s translation, 105–106, 113
Poetria (John of Garland), 105
Poetria nova (Geoffrey of Vinsauf), 125
Poetry, 100, 335, 547, 566; allegory and, 139, 155; history opposed to, 101; intellect and, 325; metaphor and, 140–141, 143; Provençal, 122–123; as revelation, 323–324; Scholasticism and, 31
Pohlenz, Max, 175, 213n39
Polara, Giovanni, 122, 342n32