by Umberto Eco
Politian, 34
Politics (Aristotle), 97, 174, 216
Polygenetic hypothesis, 440, 441, 446
Polygons, networks as, 54
Polyhistor (Solinus), 30, 135
Pomponius Mela, 24
Ponzio, Augusto, 368
Popper, Karl, 486n15, 556, 570
Porphyry, 4, 5–6, 8, 10, 96, 129n12, 162; Academicians and, 176; influence on medieval doctrinal culture, 169; on intelligence of animals, 183; on souls of animals, 182
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (Joyce), 334
Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 5, 6, 11, 14, 113, 174
Poststructuralism, 570
Pottier, Bernard, 56, 553
Pouillon, Henry, 311, 340n27, 341, 342n31
Poulenc, Francis-Jean-Marcel, 311
Pozzato, Maria Pia, 229n7
Pragmatics, 51
“Prata rident” (Rosier-Catach), 126–129
Predicables, theory of, 5, 6
Pre-Raphaelites, 339
Prieto, Luis Jorge, 553, 581
Primitives, 26, 45; assumed, 18, 19; finiteness and, 20; rational language and, 46; universality and, 21
Prior Analytics (Aristotle), 96, 113
Priscian, 116, 127, 208–209, 210, 212, 213, 214n42, 244, 246, 367
Priscillian of Avila, 254
Problema arithmeticum de rerum combinationibus (Guldin), 420
“Problem of Meaning in Linguistics, The” (Quine), 558
Proclus, 234, 240
Promessi sposi, I [The Betrothed] (Manzoni), 495–496, 500–502, 506–507, 546; action and word in, 488–493; pardon of Father Cristoforo, 499–500; plague chapters, 502–506; popular semiosis and, 493–495; proper names in, 497–499
Proni, Giampaolo, 485n12, 523, 524
Proprium, 6
Proust, Marcel, 534, 546
Proverbs, 27, 242, 509
Pseudepigraphical writings, 225, 238
Pseudo-Aegidius Romanus, 204n29
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, 1, 129n12, 149, 150–159, 165; Llull and, 400, 404; Thomas Aquinas and, 345; translations of, 238
Pseudo-doubles, 226–227
Pseudo-identification, 238–240
Pseudo-Kilwardby, 214n42
Pseudo-Longinus, 240
Pseudo-Marsilius of Inghen, 220
Psychology, 404, 523
Ptolemy, 62
Purgatory (Dante), 251, 252
Putnam, Hilary, 56, 72
Pythagoras, 181
Pythagoreanism, 342
Quadrivium, 31
Quaestio quodlibetalis (Thomas Aquinas), 569
Quillian, Ross, 57, 67n36
Quine, Willard V. O., 20, 491, 554, 558–559
Quintilian, 21n14, 22, 116–117, 119, 121
Rabanus Maurus, 29, 31–32, 87, 135, 186n13, 191n19, 209n37
Rabelais, François, 22–23, 543
Ramée, Pierre de la (Petrus Ramus), 34
Raphael, 534
Rationale divinorum officiorum (Dorando), 2
Rationality, 7, 59, 178, 202, 407
Recherches philosophiques (De Bonald), 441
Reconstructionists, 510, 515, 516
Redundancy, 19
Regulae theologicae (Alain of Lille), 159–160
Reisch, Gregor, 34, 193
Relativism, 567
Remi of Trèves, 230
Renaissance, 33–34, 55, 192, 297, 404; authentication in, 235; Kabbalism in, 385–386; rediscovered knowledge and, 93
Renucci, Paul, 147
Replicability, 225
Representations, 56, 523, 532
Rerum divinarum et humanarum antiquitates (Varro), 25
Reynolds, Barbara, 299, 300
Rhetoric, 31, 34, 111, 414, 432; interpretation and, 257; as part of logic, 112, 113; poetics and, 116–126; treatises on, 1
Rhetoric (Aristotle), 63, 95, 97, 98n7, 99, 163; Hermann the German’s translation, 107–108; medieval misfortunes of, 111–115; Translatio Vetus, 108–110; William of Moerbeke’s translation, 108–110
Rhetorica (Llull), 402
Rhetorica ad Herennium (Aristotle), 78–79n46, 116, 120, 124
Rhizome, 54–55
Rhythmus alter (formerly attrib. Alan of Lille), 130–131, 133, 143
Ricerca della lingua perfetta, La [The Search for a Perfect Language] (Eco), 2
Richard of Lavenham, 213n40
Richard of Saint Victor, 112n17, 131, 272–273, 401
Richards, I. A., 354, 550
Ricoeur, Paul, 65n35
Riedl, Clare, 342n31
Rintelen, Fritz-Joachim von, 346, 347
Rivarol, Antoine de 424
Rivers, Kimberly, 33
Rodulfus Glaber (Rudolph the Hairless), 284
Roland-Gosselin, M.-D., 331n19, 347, 348, 352
Role of the Reader (Eco), 91
Roman de la Rose, 137
Romano, Yehudi, 307
Romanticism, 280n11, 312, 316, 319, 337
Rorty, Richard, 460, 461–462, 581
Rosenau, Helen, 271
Rosenstiehl, Pierre, 55
Rosiello, Luigi, 440
Rosier-Catach, Irène, 112, 114n19, 126, 127, 159, 190, 286
Rossano, Pietro, 251, 261
Rosselli, Cosma, 79–80
Rossi, Paolo, 34n22, 37, 85, 397
Rouault, Georges, 311
Rovatti, Aldo, 564, 565, 577
Royal Society (London), 425
Russell, Bertrand, 20, 354, 381
Saint Martin, Louis-Claude de, 441
Saintsbury, George, 339
Saint-Sever, Beatus of, 252
Salsano, Alfredo, 21n13
Sanders, Henry, 253, 254
San Millan de la Cogolla, Beatus of, 252, 267, 267
San Pedro de Cardeña, Beatus of, 252
San Severo, Beatus of, 268, 268
Santarcangeli, Paolo, 52
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 424–425
Satie, Erik, 311, 312, 316
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 290, 293, 556, 561
Sayers, Dorothy, 299
Scalichius de Lika, Paulus, 23, 387
Schaer, Roland, 21n13
Schank, Roger C., 57
Schelling, Friedrich, 336, 572n5
Schema, 457, 463, 471–474; in Kant’s last writings, 484–487; schema of the dog, 474–478, 483; of unknown object, 478–484
Schlosser-Magnino, Julius von, 340, 342n31
Schogt, Henry G., 553
Schola Palatina, 120
Scholastics (Schoolmen), 115, 160, 163, 312; Bacon’s critique of, 171–172; denotation and, 379, 381; dissolution of, 315; Kant and, 466; Llull and, 400; post-Reformation, 168; souls of animals and, 187
Schola Vindobonensia ad Horatii Artem poeticam, 124
Scholem, Gershom, 415
Schott, Gaspar, 39–40
Sciascia, Leonardo, 91
Sciences, 35–36, 111, 224
Scotus Eriugena, John. See Eriugena, John Scotus
Scotus, Michael, 97
Scriptum super libros Sententiarum (Thomas Aquinas), 166
Scripture (Bible), 29, 112, 120n5, 140, 219; allegory in, 134, 135, 138, 141; anthropomorphization in, 154; authenticity of, 242, 243; biblical exegesis, 253, 260; Dante on allegory in, 145, 146; First Epistle to Corinthians, 130–131, 153; Kabbalism and Christian exegesis, 398; King James Version, 275, 300; metaphors and similes in, 156, 167–168; multiple interpretations of, 258; New Testament, 131–132, 251, 259; Old Testament, 131–133, 252, 269, 281; poetry and, 320; Septuagint, 225, 231; signification in, 196, 197; speech acts in Genesis, 286–290; Thomas Aquinas on allegory in, 142–144; visualization of, 260–273, 266–268; Vulgate, 231, 264n7, 274–275, 286, 288, 300. See also Apocalypse
Sebeok, T. A., 553
Secret, François, 385
Sefer Yetzirah (Book of Creation), 386, 397–398, 399, 416
Selenus, Gustavus, 417
Sellars, Wilfrid, 462, 470
Semantics, 19, 51, 481, 548–549, 562�
�563; encyclopedia entries and, 551–554; encyclopedic, 565, 566; extensional, 383; meaning of meaning, 554–557; meanings of, 549–551; representation and, 3; semantic networks, 57, 60; truth-conditional, 559–562; universals, 424, 425, 431
Semantics (Lyons), 554
“Semantics of Metaphor, The” (Eco), 67
Sememes, 164, 553
Semiosis, 1, 50, 58, 501; inference and, 525; popular, 493–495; semiosic teratology, 502; unlimited, 21, 51, 69, 565; verbal language and, 489, 506
Semiosphere, 73n39, 85
Semiotics, 1, 113, 194, 200, 457; bibliography of, 2; denotation and, 353–354; of falsification, 240; of forgery, 225–228; history of, 531; Kantian, 473; of Manzoni, 488, 498, 506–507; of metaphor, 154; mnemotechnics as, 78–82; mutilated, 90; Peircean, 509; semiotic triangle, 357, 364, 372, 375, 376; zoosemiotics, 220
Seneca, 175
Sententia libri Politicorum (Thomas Aquinas), 125
Servius, 138
Severini, Gino, 311
Sextus Empiricus, 176, 177n6, 181, 215n43, 459n2
Sgradini, Enrica, 302
Shifa (Avicenna), 107, 111
Sic et non (Abelard), 232
Siger of Brabant, 246, 296
“Signe et symbole” (Maritain), 319
Signification, 1, 197, 199, 212, 214n42; Aristotelian view of, 360; context and, 566; Hobbes and, 380–381; naming and, 364; natural and positive, 298n7; popular semiosis and, 494; suppositio and, 366, 367
Signs (semeia), 194–195, 201, 203, 207, 211, 248; Augustine’s definition of, 195–197, 359–360; Bacon’s classification of, 216–222, 369; indexical, 497; as indices, 202; intuition and, 543; natural, 370; Platonic ideal and, 419; symbols distinguished fom,’ 217; voces significativae and, 205. See also Natural signs and signification; Semiosis; Semiotics
Similes, 144, 149, 152, 154, 158, 168, 250–251
Simone, Raffaele, 441
Simon Magus (Simon the Magician), 221n49
Simon of Dacia, 209n39
Simon of Faversham, 298n7
Simson, Otto von, 341
Sirridge, Mary, 197n22
Sisyphus (mythological), 63, 109, 180
Six Problems for Don Isidro Parodi (Borges and Bioy-Casares), 91–92
Slaughter, Mary, 194n20
Smith, Barry, 61, 517n3
Socrates, 182, 212, 330n18, 371, 372, 394
Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg (Maistre), 441–442, 455
Solinus, 30, 135, 185n12
Solomon Ben Isaac, Rabbi, 271
Somnium Scipionis (Macrobius), 402
Sonus (sound), 173, 207
Sophistical Refutations (Aristotle), 96, 113
Soul, 48, 120n5, 145, 150, 152; intention of, 218; knowledge and, 167; metaphor and, 148; power of, 17; virtue and, 112, 113n
Sowa, John, 60
Space, time and, 69
Spade, Paul V., 214n40, 364
Spangerbergius, Johannes, 75
Species, 6, 42, 81, 103, 321; denotation and, 353; existence of, 5; language and, 220–221; limits of nature and, 582; metaphor and, 116–117; Porphyrian tree and, 406; relation to genus, 7; schematism and, 480; in Wilkins, 44; words and, 216–217
Specula (Vincent of Beauvais), 135
Speculum majus (Vincent of Beauvais), 33, 86
Speech acts, 135, 200, 286–287
Sperber, Dan, 554
Spinoza, Baruch, 425, 572n5
Stalin, Joseph, 86
Statius, 147, 230
Steganographies, 416–417
Stergk, Joachim, 22
Stesichorus, 110
Stoics, 111, 131, 175, 206; Abelard and influence of, 197–200; on animal behavior, 179, 181; Augustine and influence of, 195–197; names distinguished from signs, 194–195; Priscian and, 213
Strato of Lampsacus, 24
Stravinsky, Igor, 312
Struttura assente, La (Eco), 520
Suarez, Francisco, 160
Subsumption, 60
Suger, abbot of Saint Denis, 274n9, 340
Summa grammatica (John of Dacia), 213n40
Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas), 17, 115, 140–142, 165, 187–188, 194; on aesthetics, 348, 349; on poetic discourse, 319; on species, 321
Summulae Dialectices (Roger Bacon), 219
Summulae Logicales (Richard of Lavenham), 213n40
Super epistulam ad Galatas (Thomas Aquinas), 142
Suppositio, theory of, 358–359, 366–369, 378, 379, 381–382
Surrealism, 316, 319, 325
Svoboda, Karel, 342n31
Swift, Jonathan, 426
Syllogisms, 377, 382, 388, 394, 407, 492
Sylva Sylvarum (Francis Bacon), 36
Symbolism, 129–140, 250, 344
Symbolism (aesthetic movement), 316, 323
Symbols, 27, 192, 201, 203; in Llull’s Ars, 387, 422; in World-Mind experiment, 572–576
Synecdoche, 164, 279, 370, 432–433, 503, 505
Synechism, 514
Synesthesia, 544
Synonymy and synonyms, 19, 27, 257, 259, 557–559
Syntheticity, 19
Systema naturae (Linnaeus), 462
System of Logic (Mill), 355, 379
Tabarroni, Andrea, 171n, 353n, 377n14
Talmudists, 23
Taparelli D’Azeglio, Luigi, 310n2
Tarsky, Alfred, 383, 560–562
Tasso, Torquato, 540
Tatarkiewicz, Wladislaw, 341
Taxonomies, 87, 212, 425
Technica curiosa (Schott), 39
Tega, Walter, 34n22, 35, 36
Templar myth, 441, 443, 445–446
Temurah, 398, 399, 410
“Teoria e pratica dei confini” [“The Theory and Practice of Boundaries”] (Varzi), 516–517
Terence, 105
Terre australe connue, La (Foigny), 427–431
Tertullian, 256
Tesauro, Emanuele, 1, 37–42, 127, 164
Themistocles, 74–75, 83, 93
Theodoric of Chartres, 126, 159
Theology, 34, 47, 141, 149, 322; analogy and, 317; Llullism liberated from, 418; Llull’s Ars and, 396, 414; of reference, 431; symbolic theology of Pseudo-Dionysius, 150–159
Theory of Semiotics, A (Eco), 563
Theosophism, 441
Thesaurus artificiosae memoriae (Rosselli), 79–80
Third Expostition (Pico della Mirandola), 412
Thomas Aquinas, 96, 97, 115, 126, 161, 214–216, 569; aesthetic themes in, 310, 348–352; agent intellect doctrine of, 327–331; on articulation, 210–212; authentication and, 231, 234, 243; on cause and effect, 165; Dante and, 296; De Bruyne’s historiography and, 341; on denotation, 364–366; Great Chain of Being and, 402; knowledge by analogy and, 159; on language and rationality, 202; Maritain and, 313–317, 319–323; on metaphor, 140–144, 156; Neo-Platonism and, 170; reading of Aristotle’s De interpretatione, 207; Scholasticism and, 309; on sensitive and rational souls, 510; on slaughter of animals, 188; on speech, 286–287; on substantial form, 16–17
Thomas of Erfurt, 240, 374n11
Thomassin, Lewis, 453
Thorndike, Lynn, 414
3D Model, 475–476, 477
Thurot, Charles, 234
Timaeus (Plato), 268, 286, 443
Time, space and, 69
“Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius” (Borges), 439
Topics (Aristotle), 5, 12, 96, 113, 161–162
Torah, 131, 301, 303, 399, 411
Traité des animaux (Condillac), 183
Traité des chiffres (Vigenère), 416
Transcendentalism, 486
Translations, 238, 490, 491, 540–541, 579
Translatio Vetus (anonymous), 97, 107
Trier, Jost, 69
Trithemius, Abbot John (Johann Heidenberg), 239, 281, 281n, 410, 416
Trivium, 31, 111
Truth, reliability of, 249, 250
Tyconius, 134, 254, 256, 257, 279
“Ueber Wahrheit und Lüge in aussermoralischen Sinne” [“On Truth and Lies in a N
onmoral Sense”] (Nietzsche), 577–578
Ulrich of Strasbourg, 138
Ulysses (Joyce), 92
Unconscious, Freudian, 326
Unicursal labyrinth, 52, 53
Universal Character, The (Beck), 42
Universals, 5, 424, 425, 431
Untimely Meditations (Nietzsche), 83
Uspensky, Boris, 89n54
Utopia (More), 427
Utopias, literary genre of, 426–427
Vairasse, Denis, 427
Valcavado, Beatus of, 252
Valensise, Domenico, 310n2
Valente, Luisa, 133n15
Valeriano, Giovanni Pietro, 192
Valéry, Paul, 570
Valla, Giorgio, 97n4
Valla, Lorenzo, 230, 248
Vallet, Pierre, 310n2
Varro, Terentius, 25, 118n1, 445
Varzi, Achille, 516–519, 517n3
Vasoli, Cesare, 34n22, 417–418, 419
Vattimo, Gianni, 286n, 462n4, 564n, 565, 570n3, 577, 579, 580, 585
Vecchio, Sebastiano, 133n16, 197n22
Vergil in the Middle Ages (Comparetti), 138
Verbeke, Gerard, 204n29
Vernon, Jean-Marie de, 409
Vick, George R., 380, 381, 382, 383
Vico, Giambattista, 69, 445, 537–538
Victorines, 342, 352
Victorinus, Marius, 231
Vigenère, Blaise de, 416
Vincent de Beauvais, 33, 86, 135, 208, 209n37
Violi, Patrizia, 18n12, 55n33, 58, 82n48
Virgil, 118, 119n2, 138, 147, 171, 230
Virgil of Bigorre (Virgil of Toulouse), 122, 232, 342n32
Virtuality, 88–89
Vita nuova (Dante), 146, 148
Vives, Juan Luis, 23, 24n16
Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie (Lalande), 347
Volli, Ugo, 462n5
Vox/voces (voice/voices), 173, 175, 195, 198, 363, 371; of animals, 125n43, 220; articulation and, 207–209, 211–212; voces significativae, 175, 203–204, 205, 206, 214n42, 321, 383
Waning of the Middle Ages (Huizinga), 339n25
Weinrich, Harald, 75, 84
Wencelius, Léon, 345
West, William N., 23n16
White, Andrew D., 441
Wikipedia, 88
Wilkins, John, 1, 88, 425, 427, 432–433, 438; taxonomy of genera and species, 42–46; universal classification of, 463
William of Conches, 112n17, 126, 127, 136n19, 244n14, 245, 367
William of Moerbeke, 96–97, 105–106, 108–110, 113, 115, 204n29, 207, 234, 247
William of Saint-Thierry, 105
William of Sherwood, 368
Wilson, Deirdre, 554
Wilson, N. L., 55n33
Wirszubski, Chaim, 409, 410
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 473, 529, 551, 579
World-Mind experiment, 571–585
Worth, Sol, 82