Reate (Rieti), 111, 115
Red Sea, 191
religious persecution, 278–81, 284, 290, 294, 295–96, 299, 303, 307, 312, 313
Renaissance, 209
republicanism, 151
Res Gestae Divi Augusti, 155
res novae (“new things”), 160
Resurrection, 305
Rhine frontier, 150, 152–53
Rhine River, 180, 308
Rhine River region, 243–44, 257
River Tyne, 191
Roman architecture:
concrete use in, 101–2
dome in, 102
Roman Army, 309
expense of, 75
expense of maintaining, 65
foreign recruits in, 64
organization of, 63–64
Tiberius and, 63–65
as tool of assimilation, 63
Roman Climate Optimum, 168
Roman Empire:
army of, 149, 161–63
bureaucracy of, 155, 156, 159–60, 172
city planning in, 170
civil wars of, 237, 242, 245, 247–48, 250, 256, 258, 259, 299–300, 301
class system in, 254–55, 259
colonies of, 152–53, 162–63
Constantine and Licinius’s splitting of, 299
Constantine’s remaking of Empire of, 308–9
corruption in, 156
duration of, 258
economic conditions of, 246, 254–55, 260
economy of, 163, 168, 172–73
emperors of, 167–71
expansion of, 163–68, 241, 245, 247–50, 252–55, 257, 259
foreign wars of, 167–68, 237, 247, 248–50, 257
see also specific wars
frontier conceded to enemies by, 269
health standards in, 169
inclusive citizenship of, 238, 254–55, 260
legions of, 148, 149, 152–53, 158, 162
overextension of, 249–50
provinces of, 145, 147, 155, 156, 159–63
racial and ethnic diversity in, 237, 239, 258–60
religion of, 256, 260
religious observance in, 159–61
seaports of, 164
shrinking population of, 268
splitting of, 264, 306, 313
succession to the throne in, 237, 244, 247–48, 250–57
taxation in, 152, 167, 169
wealth disparities in, 147, 152, 169, 172
Roman Forum, 32, 124, 149, 209, 219
Romania, 161, 225
Roman Jews, 120–22
Roman legend, 111–12
Roman mythology, 158–59
Roman Republic, 7
Rome, 30–31, 249–50, 260
aqueducts of, 165
assassinations in, 148, 149, 167, 171
Augustus’ rebuilding of, 32–34
building projects in, 164–65
as capital of empire, 147
Christian community in, 100
Christianization of, 296–99, 301–4, 311–12
citizenship of, 147, 151–52, 161, 170
classes in, 169, 170
climate of, 168
conspiracies in, 145, 148
Constantine’s conquering of, 293, 296
constitution of, 150
decentering of, 285
family values in, 153–54
grain supplies in, 152, 168, 169
Great Fire in, 79–81
navy of, 64
official art in, 154, 155
popularity of games and shows in, 93–94
population of, 143, 168, 170
poverty in, 147, 152, 169, 172
rebuilding of, after Great Fire, 81, 102
role of women in, 76–77
sacking of, 314
stability of, 167–73
Tiberius’s role in altering of character of, 67
Tiberius’s withdrawal from, 69–70
walls of, 268
welfare programs in, 149, 152
women in, 153–57, 169
Romula, 272, 281
and persecution of Christians, 280
Romulus (legendary founder of Rome), 288
Romulus Augustulus, 314, 316–317
“Rough Cilicia,” 171
ruins, 246
Russia, 313
Sabbath, 302
Sabina, Vibia, Roman empress, 180–82, 191, 193, 194, 196–97, 198, 202, 204
sacrifices, 160
Salona, 263, 264–65
sanctissima (“most morally pure”), 157
Sarmatians, 226
Sasanian Empire, 265
Armenia invaded by, 273
Galerius’s battles with, 273–74
Rome’s conquering of capital of, 269
truce with, 270
Sasanian Persian dynasty, 257
Saturnalia, 95
Scotland, 216, 252–53
Scribonia (wife of Octavian), 20, 21, 38–39, 40
Seated Agrippina (statue), 113
“Second Trajan” legion, 158
Secular Games (204), 250
sedition, 160–61
Sejanus, Lucius Aelius, 67, 114, 250, 297
access to Tiberius controlled by, 70
background of, 67–68
as commander of Praetorian Guard, 68
execution of, 73–74
Livilla as lover of, 68, 72
rising power of, 69, 72
Tiberius’s trust of, 69, 71, 74
Selinus, 171, 175
Senate, 144, 145, 147, 148–50, 151, 154, 155, 157, 162, 163, 166–67, 169, 170, 172, 175, 183, 184, 185, 190, 204, 205, 215, 218, 229, 233, 234, 235, 243–44
Africans in, 248
Claudius’s sidelining of, 84
composition of, 239
Diocletian approved of by, 267
Nero declared public enemy by, 104
Nero’s relations with, 89, 98
powers of, 242
Septimius Severus’s contempt for, 239, 245, 247–48, 258, 259, 260
Septimius Severus’s oath of protection for, 244–45
Septimius Severus’s tenure in, 240
Tiberius given full imperial power by, 48
Tiberius’s relations with, 58–60, 67, 69
trial and execution of Tiberius’s enemies in, 59–60
Senate House, 274
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus:
Caligula and, 87–88
as Nero’s tutor and counselor, 87, 88, 89, 93, 96
ordered to commit suicide by Nero, 98
retirement of, 96
as Stoic, 98–99
writings of, 93, 101
Septimius Severus, 237–61
accomplishments of, 246–50, 257–61
African roots of, 237–41, 243, 253, 258
assumption of throne by, 237, 244
autobiography of, 240
birth and early years of, 238–40
Byzantium destroyed by, 307
co-rulers named by, 265
death and funeral of, 253, 258
death of, 283
duration of dynasty of, 257–58
expansionism of, 241, 245, 248–50, 252–53, 259
family background of, 238
ill health of, 249, 252–53
legal reform by, 237, 240, 258, 259
marble arch dedicated to, 251
marriages of, 241, 313
militarism of, 237, 244–50, 254, 258–60
paradoxical nature of, 237, 239–40, 253, 258–61
as Parthicus Maximus, 249
personal character of, 237, 239–40, 247
Plautianus’s plot against, 250–52
political ambition and rise to power of, 240–41, 247
ruthless and violent nature of, 240, 245–47, 251, 259–60
self-adoption of, 247–48
social mobility in, 242–43
sons of see Caracalla; Geta
speculation on racial and ethnic background of, 239
succession after,
253–57
urban development projects of, 249–50, 255, 260
Serbia, 226, 267, 272
Serdica, 307
Servianus, Lucius Julius Ursus, 180, 202, 204
Severan dynasty, 237–61
Severus Alexander, 257
Severus, Flavius Valerius, made Caesar, 282, 290
Severus, Sextus Julius, 200
Sextus Pompey, 20–21, 23
Sicily, 190
Silk Road, 223
Simon Bar Giora, 126, 127
Sirmium, 226, 227, 233, 307
slavery, 114, 126, 129, 133, 136, 160–61, 168, 169, 172
Slovakia, 225
social mobility, 247, 254–55
Solway Firth, 191
Spain, rebellion in, 274
“Spanish Mafia,” 211
sportulae (“freebies”), 169
Stalin, Joseph, 278
statues, 251
St. Mark’s Basilica, 272–73
Stoicism, Stoics, 98–99, 101, 145, 210, 213–14, 232
St. Peter’s Basilica, 203
Strait of Gibraltar, 165
Street of Imperial Forums, 129
Suetonius, 191, 193
on Augustus’s love for Livia, 21
on Tiberius’s debaucheries of Capreae, 71
on Titus, 120
Sulla, 281
Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix), 245
superstition, 160–61
Sura, Licinius, 153, 180, 182, 206
Switzerland, 191
Syria, 119, 176, 183, 193, 201, 221, 226, 227, 240, 243–45, 249, 271
Julia Domna’s roots in, 241, 255, 259
Syria Palestina, 303
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius, 30, 92, 97, 103, 149, 213
on Agrippina the Elder, 71
on Galba, 117–18
on Mucianus, 119, 124–25
on Nero’s execution of Christians, 100–101
on Nero’s singing while Rome burned, 80
on Primus, 123–24
on Sejanus, 67
on Tiberius, 51, 76
on Titus, 120
on Vespasian, 115, 119, 139
Talmud, 201, 229
Taurus Mountains, 171
taxes, 254–55, 260, 275–76
Italy exempt from, 275
Temple of Capitoline Jupiter, 110, 124, 128, 133
Temple of Janus, 127
Temple of Jerusalem, 116, 121, 127, 133
Temple of Matidia and Marciana, 215
Temple of Olympian Zeus, 187
Temple of Peace, 128
Temple of the Deified Hadrian, 215
Temple of the Deified Trajan, 165–66
Temple of the Flavians, 148
Temple of Venus and Rome, 187, 229
tetrarchs, 270–73
Teutoberg Forest, 29
Third Punic War (146 BC), 186
Tiberius, 39, 41, 46, 106, 112, 114, 163, 180, 183, 185, 189, 205–6, 245, 250, 259
aloofness of, 49, 58, 59
Antonia the Younger’s warning about Sejanus to, 73
armed expansion of empire opposed by, 65–66
Augusta compared to, 76
as Augustus’s adopted son and heir, 47, 54–55
birth of, 50
Caligula and, 74–75
Caligula’s refusal to deify, 75
character of Rome altered by, 67
childhood of, 50
death of, 75
and death of Augustus, 47–48
Drusus’s death and, 53
education of, 51–52
enmity between Agrippina the Elder and, 71–72
execution of perceived enemies by, 74
frugality of, 59
further conquest of Germany rejected by, 66
insincerity of, 52, 59
Julia divorced from, 40–41, 54
Julia’s marriage to, 39–40, 53, 54
legacy of, 75–77
Livia’s ambitions for, 47
Livia’s relationship with, 57–58, 70
military career of, 48, 52, 55
in move to Rhodes, 53–54
Pannonia revolt suppressed by, 55
patrician background of, 50, 58
in permanent move to Capreae, 69–70
Praetorian Guard barracks built by, 68–69, 76
pragmatism of, 49, 59, 65, 66
in return from Rhodes, 54
role of women in career of, 76–77
Roman Army and, 63–65
rumored sexual excesses of, 71
Sejanus’s control of access to, 70
Sejanus trusted by, 69, 71, 74
Senate’s granting of full imperial power to, 48
Senate’s relations with, 58–60, 67, 69
sex life of, 54
and trial and execution of Senate enemies, 59–60
Vipsania’s divorce from, 53
Vipsania’s marriage to, 52
Tiberius Claudius Nero, 50–51
Tiberius Julius Alexander, 121, 122, 123
Tiber River, 187, 203, 257
Tibur (Tivoli), 189, 198, 201
Titus, 145, 183, 199, 206
birth of, 113
Britannicus and, 115–16
as “golden boy,” 120
Judean Revolt and, 126–27, 139–40
King Julius Agrippa and, 121, 122, 137
as legionary commander, 116, 118
Mucianus and, 120
Queen Berenice and, 122, 137, 140
as successor to father, 140
tax on latrine use and, 133
temples destroyed by, 306
victory parade and, 126–28
Titus Flavius Vespasianus see Vespasian
torture, 160–61
townhouses, 170
Traianus, Marcia, 146
Traianus, Marcus Ulpius, 132, 146–47
Traianus, Mindia Matidia, 154
Traianus, Pompeia Plotina, 147, 150, 154, 155, 156, 166, 171, 172
Traianus, Salonia Matidia, 154, 156, 166, 171
Traianus, Ulpia Marciana, 146, 154, 155, 157
Traianus, Vibia Sabina, 154
Trajan, 132, 136, 175–76, 178, 179, 180–81, 182, 183, 184, 185, 192, 194, 195, 199, 201, 203, 206, 228, 238, 247, 259
in Antioch, 143–44
artistic representations of, 50, 154, 158, 162
ascension to throne of (98 A.D.), 149–50, 153–54
as “Best and Greatest” (optimus maximus), 158, 168
as “Best Prince” (optimus princeps), 144, 159
biographies of, 144
birth of (September 18, 53 A.D.), 145, 147
bodyguard of, 153
building projects of, 144, 163–66, 168–69, 172
as “Caesar and Imperator,” 149
centennial anniversary of assumption of the throne by, 249
character of, 150–52, 153, 163, 171
childhood of, 146–47
as childless, 154
Christians as viewed by, 159–61
coins issued by, 150–51, 154, 159
as consul, 148
Dacian Wars of, 161–63, 164, 165, 166, 167, 172
“Dacicus” title of, 162
death of (August 8, 117 A.D.), 171–73
deification of, 144, 147, 152, 158–59, 165–66
early rise of, 146–48
as emperor, 143–44, 150–73
family of, 146–47, 150, 151, 153–57
as “Father of the Fatherland,” 144, 151
full imperial title of, 143, 149
full name of, 149
as governor of Upper Germania, 148
health of, 171
as Hispania native, 146–47, 148, 153, 158, 173
letter to Senate of, 151
literary representations of, 154–55, 158
military campaigns of, 143–44, 147–48, 153, 158, 161–63
military support for, 149, 150, 152–53, 172
as military tribune, 147
as
“moderate king,” 158
moral standards of, 153–55
Nerva’s adoption of, 149–50, 153–54
as outsider, 145
Parthian Wars of, 166–67, 171, 172
“Parthicus” title of, 166–67
physical appearance of, 150–51, 154
political power of, 145, 151, 156–57, 168, 172
popular support for, 144, 150, 151–52, 158–59, 168, 172
portrait busts of, 142, 150, 154
public works of, 298
reputation of, 144, 156, 158–59
on Rhine frontier, 147, 150
successor to, 156, 172, 173
in Syria, 147
victory games of, 163, 171
villa of, 152
war spoils of, 163, 164, 165
wife of, 147, 150, 154, 155, 156, 166, 171, 172
“wine and boys” as pastimes of, 153
women in household of, 144, 147, 150, 153–57
Trajanopolis, 171
Trajan’s Column, 136, 165, 172, 194
Trajan’s Forum, 164
Trajan’s Markets, 165
Trajan’s Way, 164
Treasury, 152, 156, 226
Tripoli, 238
triumphal arches, 249–50
Troy, 186
tsunamis, 143
Tunisia, 280
Turkey, 188, 206, 228, 245, 271, 274
Twelve Caesars, The (Suetonius), 191
Tyana (city), 228
Unconquered Sun, 294–95, 299
Upper Germania, 179
Upper Pannonia, 240
Valeria, 271–72, 282
made Augusta, 284
Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus), capture of, 268
Varius Avitus Bassianus see Elagabalus
Varus, Publius Quinctilius, in loss of legions, 29, 55, 61, 64
Vatican, 298
Vatican Fields, 203
Vatican Museum, 310
Venus de Milo, 241
Verus, Lucius, 202, 212, 217, 221, 222, 223, 226, 227, 230, 258
Verus, Marcus Annius, 202
Vespasia (mother), 112
Vespasian, 77, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 153, 163, 177, 179, 184, 196, 206, 213, 215, 259
career as Roman senator and, 112–14
criticisms of, 119, 133, 138
Egypt and, 122–23
family of origin and, 112
financial management and, 112, 133
as first nonnoble ruler, 111
fiscal policies of, 132–33
Josephus’s prophesy and, 117, 118
Judean Revolt and, 116–17, 119
last years of, 137–41
as legionary commander, 114–15
made emperor, 313
marriage and children of, 113, 134, 135
mistresses of, 113–14, 135–37
Mucianus and, 119–20, 123, 133
as native of Reate, 111
as one of Rome’s best emperors, 138
political ambition of, 112, 123, 125
political systems of, 134–35
power delegated to successor by, 265
Primus and, 123–24
propaganda of, 123, 125
as provincial governor of No. Africa, 115
relations with Senate and, 132
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