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To Arms Page 170

by Hew Strachan


  Entente 14, 16, 18–20, 23–4, 27–9, 32, 45, 50–2, 61, 82, 91, 94, 100, 661

  financial cooperation 828–30, 861, 955–7, 959, 961–3, 965, 967, 970–2, 976, 978–80, 983, 985, 992

  Japan and 491–3

  munitions procurement 1109–11

  strategy 1005, 1108–12

  Enver 657–8, 667–72, 676–9, 705, 732, 735–6, 743–6, 756, 949

  army reform and 682, 684

  in Caucasus 716, 718–19, 722–6, 776

  Central Asia and 770, 776, 778–9, 782, 784, 808

  war plans 687–8, 697–702

  Enzeli 786–7

  Épinal 195, 216, 244–5, 253, 1001

  Equatorial Africa, French 518–19

  Equitable Trust Company 944

  Eregli 692

  Erfurt programme 117

  Erhardt, Heinrich 1031

  Eritrea 747

  Erivan 712, 716, 719

  Erzberger, Matthias 694, 706, 1119

  Erzincan 682, 716

  Erzurum 690, 715–18, 724, 728

  Eseka 509, 523, 530, 536, 540

  Esher, Lord 374, 441

  Essen 1030–1, 1036

  Estonians 696

  Ethiopia 495

  Eucken, Rudolf 1128–9, 1136

  eugenics 134–5

  Eulenburg, Philipp von 21

  Euphrates, river 660, 690–1

  Evert, Alexei 352–3

  Ewing, Alfred 422

  excess profits duty 864–5, 888

  see also under individual countries

  exchange rates 826, 941

  see also under individual countries

  Expressionism 140–1

  Eymael, German officer in Cameroons 524, 526–7

  Fabeck, General von 276–7

  Fabergé 1100

  Falkenhayn, Erich von 72, 74, 89, 121, 148, 176, 233, 235, 253, 1109–10, 1015–16, 1035, 1038

  as chief of the general staff 262–8, 270, 274, 276–7, 279–80, 360, 367–8, 406, 697, 718, 736, 778, 782, 784, 993, 1010, 1035–7

  Falklands:

  battle of 428, 476–9, 481

  islands 473

  Fanning island 475

  Fao 689

  Far, Franz 768

  Farafra 748

  Farma, Farman 788

  fashion 107

  Fashoda 17, 383, 495

  Faucon, French officer in Cameroons 539

  Fay, Sidney 2

  Fayolle, Marie-Emile 226, 1003

  Federal Reserve System see under United States

  feminism 107

  Ferenczi, Sandor 1013

  Fernando Po 509, 541

  Festubert 1003, 1068

  Fez 766–7

  Fezzan 744–5, 763

  Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 1130–1, 1134

  Ficke, Carl 769

  Fife 640

  Fiji 472, 475

  Finland 308, 350, 696, 1091

  Gulf of 403, 405–6

  First National Bank 964

  Fischel, Max 410–11, 439

  Fischer, Emil 1026

  Fischer, Fritz 3, 22, 52–4, 57, 87

  Fisher, Sir John 17–18, 198–9, 376, 378–89, 391, 394–6, 400–2, 405, 414, 418–19, 422, 435–7, 441, 444–6, 471, 475, 478, 661–2

  Fismes 265

  Foch, Ferdinand 187, 190, 198, 213, 226–7, 248, 250, 252, 255, 269, 273, 275–7, 279–80, 302

  food 499–500, 504, 516

  see also Britain, food; Germany, food

  Foerster, Friedrich-Wilhelm 1131

  Förster, Wolfgang 164

  Fort Flatters 761

  Fort Johnston 621, 634, 638

  Fort Polignac 761–2

  Forth, Firth of 419, 431

  fortification 168, 176, 180–1, 194–5, 211–12, 219, 222, 231, 243–4, 261, 270–1, 286, 304–5, 307, 319–20, 356–7, 366, 463, 522, 533, 537, 717,

  Fox, H.M.S. 581–3

  France:

  agriculture 880–1

  aircraft production 1050–2

  Algeria and 757–66, 769

  arms imports 1106–8

  arms trade 1050, 1052

  armies: 1st 195, 212–13, 244, 252

  2nd 195, 212–13, 244, 252, 267–9

  3rd 195, 213, 216, 218–19, 245, 250, 252, 255, 258, 264, 267

  4th 195, 213, 216, 218–19, 245, 250, 252, 255, 258, 264

  5th 216, 218–21, 225, 245, 248–52, 255, 258, 260

  6th 243, 245, 249, 251–2, 254, 256, 258–60, 266–7

  8th 276

  9th 248, 250, 252, 255, 258, 268–9

  10th 269

  of Alsace 212, 243

  of Lorraine 217, 243

  army 15–16, 30, 33, 53, 92–3, 98, 125, 147, 224

  artillery 186–7, 191, 218–19, 227–30, 255, 993–5, 1000–1, 1049, 1052, 1056, 1058–60, 1081

  cavalry 218, 220, 232, 259–60, 267, 279

  command 225–8, 248, 269

  discipline 224–5, 242

  Foreign Legion 764, 768

  general staff 184, 189, 194, 225

  group 269

  manpower 185–7, 190–1, 207, 227, 230–1, 278, 284, 497, 765, 769, 878

  and the offensive 187–9, 195, 227, 229–30, 993;

  officer corps 186

  territorials 224 see also France, colonial troops, corps, divisions, Régiments d’Infanterie

  artillery production 1058–60, 1064

  banks 906, 909

  Belgium and 955–7

  bond prices 821

  borrowing: domestic 765, 817, 828–9, 846, 849, 851, 855–7, 861, 909, 923–9

  overseas, from Britain 968–9, 974–5, 979–80, 984

  from neutrals 984–5, 989

  from United States 962, 964–5, 967, 969–70, 972–3, 977, 980–1, 984

  Britain and 14, 17–19, 24, 27–8, 32, 87, 94–5, 132, 180, 198, 201–3, 205, 222, 242, 249–50, 271–2, 376–7, 383, 442, 648, 955–6, 964–5, 968–9, 974–5, 979–80, 984, 1050, 1057, 1065, 1075, 1078, 1109, 1111

  budgets 856–8, 887

  Catholicism and 154–5, 189, 226, 269, 652, 706, 1118–19, 1121

  chemical industry 1053–4, 1056–7

  civil-military relations 185–6, 189, 857, 1062, 1112

  colonialism 16, 464, 495, 694, 754, 757–61, 769–70

  colonial troops 497–8, 511, 520, 584, 759, 765, 769

  corps: II 218–19

  IV 218–19, 267

  V 219

  VII 212

  IX 275, 277

  X 268

  XI 255, 268

  XII 219

  XIII 266

  XV 224

  XVI 277

  XVII 219

  XVIII 258

  XIX 644, 761, 769

  XX 213, 227

  XXI 255

  I cavalry 232, 260

  II cavalry 260

  currency and circulation 846–7, 849–50, 924–6, 929, 981

  divisions 42nd 275

  economic organization 1053–5, 1062–4, 1089

  education 142–3, 147

  entente cordiale with Britain 14–16, 18–19, 27–8, 93, 198

  exchange rate 818, 829–31, 861, 925, 964–5, 968–9, 979–81, 986

  financial crisis, July 1914 821, 847–9

  foreign loans 30, 48, 61, 63

  foreign ministry 16–17, 91–2

  gold 819, 821, 827–9, 847, 849, 924, 929, 975, 981

  Germany, relations with 24, 30, 1019–21, 1023, 1029, 1049, 1057, 1117–18, 1121–2, 1129–30

  Greece, relations with 667–8, 1050

  India and 793–5

  industry 848, 1049–52, 1063–4

  interest rates 847, 849

  Italy, relations with 744, 760–3, 960–1, 983, 1050, 1107

  Japan and 491, 987, 1061

  manpower for industry 1052–4, 1063

  metal industries 1051–4

  ministry of war 1053, 1055, 1061–4, 1078

  Montenegro 956

  moratorium 846–9, 879–80
, 924–5, 927, 956, 1063–4

  Morocco and 757–8, 760, 766–70

  munitions production 1052–65, 1098

  munitions supply 993–5, 998, 1000, 1002, 1049

  national defence bonds 925–6, 928

  national defence obligations 926–8

  navy 376–8, 383, 418, 443, 448, 470, 475, 479, 647–8

  powder production 1056–7

  press 79, 143–4, 146, 224

  price control 1064

  propaganda 497, 758

  radical socialists 29, 33, 130

  raw materials 1049–51, 1063–5

  Régiments d’Infanterie, 124th 219

  130th 219

  revenge for 1870 8, 14, 28, 189

  Russia, relations with 14, 19–20, 29–30, 33, 50, 61, 76, 82, 91–3, 101, 191, 198, 212, 305, 668, 956–7, 960, 964, 1098, 1110–11

  savings banks 847

  Senate 1061–2, 1078, 1112

  Serbia and 956, 1050

  shell production 1054–60

  small arms 1049–50, 1060–1

  socialists 29, 111–13, 115, 120, 124–30, 1011, 1062–3

  Spain and 984–5, 1107

  state intervention 964–5, 979–80, 984, 1062–4, 1075

  syndicalism 114, 124–5, 127

  see also Confedération Générale du Travail

  taxation 30, 865, 879, 881–3, 905, 925;

  income 864, 878–92;

  inheritance 864, 882;

  war profits 880–2

  treasury bills 846, 925

  trésoriers-payeurs généraux 925

  Turkey, relations with 667–8

  Tunisia and 758

  United States and 962–5, 967–70, 972–3, 977, 979, 980–1, 984, 1050, 1056, 1061, 1106–8

  universities 1123

  war aims 541–2

  war enthusiasm 93, 149–51, 154–6, 758

  war loans 927–9

  war plans 180–98, 1006, 1010–11

  plan XV 184, 186

  plan XVI 184–6, 195

  plan XVII 191–8, 206, 231, 769

  Franchet d’Esperey, Louis 250, 252, 255, 258

  Franco-Prussian War 99, 142–3, 149, 166, 173, 181, 194, 205, 208, 233, 834, 838, 846, 1013, 1127

  François, Hermann von 321–4, 329–30, 332–3, 335

  Frank, Adolph 1026

  Frank, Liborius 344–6

  Frank, Ludwig 122, 153

  Franke, General 1034

  Franke, Viktor 556, 558–60, 563, 566–8

  Frankenau 328

  Frankenberg, Werner von 735

  Frankfurt 944

  Franz Ferdinand 38, 49, 58, 64–9, 71–2, 101, 281, 337, 356

  Franz Joseph 37–40, 71, 346–7, 356, 372, 695, 1007

  Frederick the Great 171, 834, 1009

  Freiburg 104, 152, 1119

  Fremantle 384

  French, John 202–5, 220–3, 245, 249–52, 254, 259, 271, 273, 276–7, 602, 737, 994, 1076–7, 1085

  French Revolution 1129–31, 1133–4

  Freud, Sigmund 108, 110, 137–8, 157, 161, 1013, 1123

  Friedrich, Archduke 337, 372

  Frobenius, Leo 746, 754

  Fuad, Prince Osman 752–3, 763

  Fuad Pasha 719

  Fuchs, Felix 519

  Fukien 484, 486

  Fumban 537

  Futurism 140

  Gabon 518–19, 526, 532, 536, 538–40

  Galet, Émile 209–11, 216

  Galicia 286, 292–3, 295–6, 305, 308–9, 314–16, 334, 336–7, 340, 344, 346–58, 361, 364, 698, 1004, 1044, 1114

  Gallieni, Joseph-Simon 163, 189, 251–2

  Gallipoli 589, 598, 601, 693, 748, 994

  Gamelin, Maurice 225

  Gandhi, M. K. 544, 812

  Garioni, Vincenzo 753

  Garua 517, 521–2, 529, 533–5, 537, 542

  Garub 563

  Gaub 567

  Gazette de Lausanne 710

  Geddes, Eric 1078–9

  Geiss, Immanuel 4, 87

  general staffs and causes of the war 71, 98–100

  generational clash 136–9, 1128

  genro 458–9, 486

  George V 868, 1077

  George, David Lloyd 204, 497, 1126

  and causes of war 25–6, 79, 87, 95, 97, 131, 202

  as chancellor of the exchequer 823–4, 829–30, 851, 859–60, 867–9, 873, 963, 966, 970, 974, 992, 1011–12, 1070–1, 1073, 1075–7

  memoirs 2

  as minister of munitions 1068–70, 1077–84, 1089, 1105, 1108, 1110–12

  to War Office 1111

  Georgia 710, 712, 714, 718, 722, 728

  Gerard, James 1010

  Germaniawerft 408

  Germany:

  Afghanistan and 772, 779–82, 788–91

  agriculture 9, 58–9, 1025–7

  Algeria and 764

  amphibious operations 406, 438

  anti-materialism 1127–9, 1132, 1136

  arms exports 1018, 1030, 1032

  armies: 1st 169, 207, 217–18, 220–1, 232, 235, 239–40, 245, 248, 253–7, 262, 264–5

  2nd 169, 207, 217–18, 220–1, 235, 240, 245, 248, 253–7, 264–5

  3rd 169, 207, 220, 222, 239–40, 245, 248, 253, 256–7, 261, 264–5

  4th 207, 218, 230, 235, 245, 248, 253–7, 261, 263, 264–5, 274–6, 993

  5th 207, 218, 235, 245, 248, 253–7, 261, 263–5

  6th 177, 207, 213, 224, 235, 240–1, 244–5, 253–4, 263–9, 274–6, 1037

  7th 177, 207, 212–13, 235, 244–5, 253–4, 257–8, 263–5, 269

  8th 241–2, 288–90, 318–19, 321–5, 328–9, 331–3, 360–1, 367, 369, 405

  9th 360–1, 365–7, 369, 372

  army 5, 8, 15–16, 31, 47–8, 52–3, 63, 74, 118, 120, 148–50, 172, 261–2, 334–5, 367

  artillery 173, 176, 191, 212, 219, 228–9, 237, 239, 278, 993–6, 1000, 1002, 1028, 1030–2, 1035, 1081

  cavalry 221, 223, 232–3, 240–1, 254

  command 221, 231, 233–7, 248, 255–6, 262, 360, 368, 372

  general staff 163–4, 171–6, 212, 234–6, 239–40, 1024, 1035–6

  infantry 237–9

  manpower 166–7, 173–6, 184–5, 190–1, 207, 241, 278, 284, 437, 995, 1020

  Ober Ost 368, 370, 372

  pioneers 257

  officer corps 175–6

  voluntary enlistment 152–3, 274 see also Germany, corps; Schutztruppe

  artillery production 1029–37

  Austria-Hungary, relations with 35–7, 44–8, 51–2, 57–8, 71–3, 75, 81, 86–7, 101, 176, 334, 350, 358–60, 366, 372, 668–9, 947, 952, 1005–6, 1040–1

  banks 836–8, 906, 908, 912, 914

  see also Reichsbank

  Belgium and 1117, 1119, 1122, 1126

  bond prices 821

  borrowing 817, 835, 851–2, 891–2, 895, 904, 907, 909–14, 990

  overseas 943–5

  Britain, relations with 14–15, 17, 23, 31–3, 87, 89, 405, 407, 413, 660, 664, 666, 696, 700, 1121, 1124–7, 1130–1, 1135, 1138–9

  budgets 851–3, 859, 862, 887, 889, 893–6

  Bulgaria, relations with 48, 667–9, 954–5

  Bundesrat 893

  Catholics 1115, 1117–19

  Centre party 118, 706, 890

  chemical industry 1019, 1025–7, 1038

  civil-military relations 88–90, 98–9, 148–9, 261–2, 540, 570–1, 574, 1008, 1023–4

  colonialism 10, 24, 33–4, 118–19, 407, 444, 447–8, 453–4, 491, 496–7, 510, 513, 538–9, 556, 566, 568–71, 574, 615, 634, 637, 642–3, 746, 798

  conservatives 21–2, 890

  constitution 4–6, 8–9, 21–2, 119, 124, 889–90, 893, 1138–9

  corps commanders 1024

  corps: I 321–3, 325, 328–30, 332

  I reserve 321–2, 325, 328, 330

  II 253

  III reserve 270, 273–4

  IV reserve 254

  VI 328

  VII reserve 257

  XI 333

  XV 25
7, 258

  XVII 321–3, 325, 328–30, 332

  XX 320–1, 323–5, 328–30, 333–4

  XXV reserve 370

  II cavalry 221

  IV cavalry 268

  currency and circulation 516, 556, 593, 833–7, 839, 893–4, 910–11, 929, 946, 1017

  Darlehenskassen 838–9, 843, 893, 908, 910–12

  Denmark and 945

  economic liberalism 1015, 1018, 1021–4, 1032, 1039

  economic planning 1008–11, 1015–18, 1021, 1048–9

  economy 124, 975

  education 142–3, 147–8, 153

  exchange rates 818, 941–4, 946, 948–9

  Feuerwerkern 1034–5

  financial crisis, July 1914 837–9

  food stocks 52–3, 74, 397, 516, 1017–18, 1020, 1025

  foreign loans 48, 663

  foreign ministry, relations with OHL 697–8, 771, 780, 782–3

  and overseas

  propaganda 707–8, 710–11

  France, relations with 15, 23–4, 405, 407, 664, 1124, 1127, 1129–30

  ‘freedom’ defined 1131–4

  gold 819, 835–7, 945–7, 949–50

  Greece, relations with 648–9, 667, 669

  Holland and 944–5

  India and 798–800, 802, 804

  industrialization 5, 13, 663

  industry 1018–20, 1022–5, 1032–3, 1037–9, 1050, 1052

  interest rates 837, 910, 914

  interior lines, strategy of 167, 1005

  interior ministry 1016–18, 1020, 1024, 1039

  invasion, fear of 121–2, 152, 177

  Italy and 760

  Japan, relations with 454, 459–60, 462, 490–1

  law of siege 1023–4

  liberalism 1133, 1138–9

  Libya, Germans in 744–5, 750–1, 753

  loans to allies 947, 949–55

  Lutheran church 1115–16, 1119–22, 1129, 1131, 1134–6

  manpower in industry 1038–9

  metal industries 896–7

  militarism and 1122–3, 1126, 1129, 1135, 1139

  Morocco and 756–7, 767–9

  Mitteleuropa 46–8

  monarchy 1133; see also Wilhelm II

  moratorium 839, 910–11

  munitions production 512–13, 537, 897–8, 1029–32, 1048–9, 1064–5

  munitions supply 993–6, 998, 1000, 1002, 1005, 1018

  navy 11–12, 15, 20–1, 23, 31–3, 52–3, 270, 360, 377, 383, 388, 390, 393–5, 406–13, 491

  Admiralty Staff 409–13, 425–6, 438, 454

  bases 406–7, 411, 448–9, 452, 467, 471, 510

  battle squadron, 1st 438

  2nd 438

  5th 440

  6th 440

  command 412–13, 422–3, 425, 454

  construction 407–8, 410, 418, 424, 436–7, 440, 449, 1024

  East Asiatic Squadron 447, 449, 452, 454, 463–4, 466–80, 560

  High Seas Fleet 405–7, 409–13, 425–6, 438, 440

  Imperial Naval Office 408–9, 412, 437, 449, 1017–18, 1024, 1031

  manpower 408, 410–11, 440

  naval cabinet 409, 411

 

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