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Acknowledgments
For the last four decades, I have followed the evolution of the Russian economy and the debate around it. I have spent several of those years in Russia, and I am grateful to have been a minor participant in this great Russian drama.
I have more people to thank than I can mention. My main gratitude remains with four people, Russia’s great economic reformers, Yegor Gaidar, Anatoly Chubais, and Boris Fedorov, with whom I worked closely during the years 1991–94 as economic advisor to the Russian reform government, and my wife Anna who used to work as press secretary for Yegor Gaidar. Other close colleagues of mine were Mikhail Dmitriev, Tatyana Maleva, Vladimir Mau, Sergei Vasiliev, Yevgeny Yasin, and Ksenia Yudaeva.
Among my Western colleagues, I learned a great deal from Aivaras Abromavicus, Martin Andersson, Örjan Berner, Tomas Bertelman, Carl Bildt, Peter Boone, Stanley Fischer, Brigitte and Christopher Granville, Jacob Grapengiesser, Sven Hirdman, Georg Kjällgren, David Lipton, Rory MacFarquhar, Charlie Ryan, Andrei Shleifer, Christopher Smart, and Lawrence Summers.
Among journalistic colleagues, I would particularly mention Peter Baker, Chrystia Freeland, Susan Glasser, David Hoffman, John Lloyd, Edward Lucas, and Steven Lee Myers.
Several friends have read parts of this manuscript at various stages. I have listened carefully to their comments and advice and want to express my gratitude to the late Karen Dawisha, Yuri Felshtinsky, Vadim Grishin, Sergei Guriev, Thane Gustafson, Michael Mandelbaum, and Robert Otto. I have also benefited from eight anonymous reviews of my work at various stages.
Seth Ditchik, my editor at Yale University Press, made the publication of this book possible, and Laura Dooley expertly edited the manuscript.
I have discussed these topics intensely with many people and I would particularly to thank my friends, Evgeniya Albats, Sergei Aleksashenko, Leon Aron, Alexander Auzan, Harley Balzer, Charlie Becker, Anatoly Chubais, Simeon Djankov, Leonid Gozman, Daniel Fried, Yevgeny Gontmakher, Paul Gregory, Yevsei Gurvich, John Herbst, Fiona Hill, Andrei Illarionov, Vladislav Inozemtsov, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Andrei Kolesnikov, Iikka Korhonen, Andrew Kuchins, Aleksei Kudrin, Michael McFaul, Vladimir Milov, Aleksei Mozhin, the late Boris Nemtsov, Leonid Nevzlin, Andrei Piontkovsky, Ilya Ponomarev, Stephen Sestanovich, Lilia Shevtsova, Mats Staffansson, Angela Stent, Daniel Treisman, and Alexander Vershbow.
I have greatly benefited from participating in the Rand U.S.-Russia Business Leaders Forums in Washington and Moscow thanks to kind invitations from William Courtney and in the annual Gaidar Forums at the Russian Academy of the National Economy and State Administration in Moscow. A number of Western and Russian businessmen have been most helpful, but I abstain from mentioning their names, fearing that it might not be helpful to them and their business.
I have been privileged to enjoy eminent research assistance from Antonio Weis, Amelie Rausing, and Andrey Sazonov.
This work has been possible thanks to the generous support from my employer the Atlantic Council.
Most of all I want to thank my beloved wife Anna and our children Anton, Carl, and Marianna, for their great support and understanding.
Atlantic Council,
Washington, DC
September 2018
Anders Åslund
Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
Abkhazia, (i)
Abramovich, Roman, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Acemoglu, Daron, (i)
Adamishin, Anatoly, (i)
Adomeit, Hannes, (i)
Afghanistan, (i), (ii), (iii)
Akhmetov, Rinat, (i)
Albats, Evgeniya, (i), (ii), (iii)
alcohol abuse, (i)
Alexander I, emperor of Russia, (i)
Alexander II, emperor of Russia, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Alexander III, emperor of Russia, (i)
Alfa Bank, (i), (ii)
Alfa Group, (i), (ii), (iii)
Algeria, (i)
Allison, Graham, (i)
Al Qaeda, (i)
Alrosa, (i)
American Bar Association, (i)
Anin, Roman, (i)
anonymous companies, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, (i), (ii)
Anti-Corruption Foundation, (i), (ii)
Antigua, (i)
Apatity (Phosagro), (i), (ii), (iii)
Arab Spring, (i), (ii), (iii)
arbitrage, (i), (ii)
Argentina, (i)
aristocracy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
armaments production, (i), (ii)
Armenia, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Aron, Leon, (i)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), (i), (ii)
Assad, Bashar al-, (i)
asset stripping, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Atomic Energy Industry Complex (Rosatom), (i), (ii), (iii)
attorney-client privilege, (i), (ii), (iii)
Auchan SA, (i)
Australia, (i), (ii)
Austro-Hungarian Empire, (i), (ii), (iii)
Aven, Petr, (i), (ii)
Avtovaz, (i), (ii)
Azerbaijan, (i), (ii)
Baikalfinansgrup, (i)
Baker, Raymond, (i)
Balcerowicz, Leszek, (i)
Balmaceda, Margarita, (i)
Baltic republics, (i), (ii), (iii)
Baltic Sea, (i)
Bangladesh, (i)
Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs, (i)
Bank of Finland, (i)
Bank Otkritie, (i), (ii), (iii)
Bank Rossiisky Kredi
t, (i)
Bank Rossiya, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); sanctions against, (i); Sogaz acquired by, (i)
bankruptcy law, (i), (ii), (iii)
Barber, Tony, (i)
barter, (i), (ii)
Bashneft, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Bastrykin, Alexander, (i), (ii), (iii)
Baturina, Elena, (i)
Belarus, (i), (ii), (iii); corruption in, (i); in Eurasian Economic Union, (i), (ii); exports of, (i); Gazprom’s coercion in, (i); Russian energy exports to, (i); Russian subsidies to, (i); Russia’s prospective partnership with, (i), (ii)
Belize, (i)
Belkovsky, Stanislav, (i), (ii)
Belousov, Andrei, (i)
Bendukidze, Kakha, (i)
beneficiary owners, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Berezovsky, Boris, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Bergmann, Burkhard, (i)
Berliner Zeitung, (i)
Bermuda, (i)
Beslan massacre (2004), (i)
Billa (supermarket chain), (i)
Binbank, (i)
Black Sea, (i)
Blavatnik, Len, (i)
Bogdanchikov, Sergei, (i), (ii), (iii)
border controls, (i), (ii)
Borog, Irina, (i)
Bortnikov, Alexander, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Bortnikov, Denis, (i)
Bout, Viktor, (i)
BP (British Petroleum), (i), (ii)
Brazil, (i), (ii), (iii)
Brexit, (i)
Brezhnev, Leonid, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
Brezhnev doctrine, (i)
bribery, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
British Virgin Islands, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Browder, Bill, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, (i)
Buckley, Neil, (i)
Budget Code (2000), (i)
budget deficits, (i), (ii); crash of 1998 linked to, (i), (ii), (iii); fiscal stimulus linked to, (i); reining in of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); under Soviet rule, (i)
Bulgaria, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Bullough, Oliver, (i)
Buryakov, Evgeny, (i)
Russia's Crony Capitalism Page 37