Escape From Rome

by Walter Scheidel

  Bang, Peter F., Bayly, Chris A., and Scheidel, Walter, eds. In press. The Oxford world history of empire. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Bang, Peter F. and Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz, eds. 2012. Universal empire: A comparative approach to imperial culture and representation in Eurasian history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Bang, Peter F. and Scheidel, Walter, eds. 2013. The Oxford handbook of the state in the ancient Near East and Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Bankoff, Greg and Swart, Sandra. 2007. Breeds of empire: The “invention” of the horse in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa 1500–1950. Copenhagen: NIAS.

  Banniard, Michel. 2013. “The transition from Latin to the Romance languages.” In Maiden, Smith, and Ledgeway 2013, 57–106.

  Barbero, Alessandro. 2004. Charlemagne: Father of a continent. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Barcelo, Pedro A. 1988. Karthago und die iberische Halbinsel vor den Barkiden: Studien zur karthagischen Präsenz von der Gründung von Ebusus (VII. Jh. v. Chr.) bis zum Übergang Hamilkars nach Hispanien (237 v. Chr.). Bonn: Habelt.

  Barfield, Thomas J. 1989. The perilous frontier: Nomadic empires and China, 221 BC to AD 1757. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

  Barfield, Thomas J. 2001. “The shadow empires: Imperial state formation along the Chinese-Nomad frontier.” In Alcock et al. 2001, 10–41.

  Barfield, Thomas J. 2002. “Turk, Persian, and Arab: Changing relationships between tribes and state in Iran and along its frontiers.” In Nikki R. Keddie and Rudi Matthee, eds., Iran and the surrounding world: Interactions in culture and cultural politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 61–86.

  Barfield, Thomas J. 2003. Review of Di Cosmo 2002. T’oung Pao 89: 458–66.

  Barker, Graeme and Rasmussen, Tom. 1998. The Etruscans. Oxford: Blackwell.

  Barkey, Karen. 2008. Empire of difference: The Ottomans in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Bar-Kochva, Bezalel. 1976. The Seleucid army: Organization and tactics in the great campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Barnwell, Paul S. 2003. “Kings, nobles, and assemblies in the barbarian kingdoms.” In Barnwell and Mostert 2003, 11–28.

  Barnwell, Paul S. and Mostert, Marco, eds. 2003. Political assemblies in the earlier Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols.

  Baronowski, Donald W. 1993. “Roman military forces in 225 BCE (Polybius 2.23–4).” Historia 42: 181–202.

  Barrow, Julia. 2015. The clergy in the medieval world: Secular clerics, their families and careers in north-western Europe, c. 800–c. 1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Bartlett, Robert. 1993. The making of Europe: Conquest, colonization and cultural change, 950–1350. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  Basan, Aziz. 2010. The Great Seljuqs: A history. London: Routledge.

  Baten, Joerg and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. 2008. “Book production and the onset of modern economic growth.” Journal of Economic Growth 13: 217–35.

  Baumgarten, Albert I. 1999. “Marcel Simon’s Verus Israel as a contribution to Jewish history.” Harvard Theological Review 92: 465–78.

  Bayly, Christopher A. 2004. The birth of the modern world, 1780–1914: Connections and comparisons. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

  Beard, Mary. 2015. SPQR: A history of ancient Rome. New York: Liveright.

  Beaudreau, Bernard. 2018. “A pull-push theory of industrial revolutions.” IISES Annual Conference, Sevilla.

  Becker, Sascha O., Pfaff, Steven, and Rubin, Jared. 2016. “Causes and consequences of the Protestant Reformation.” Explorations in Economic History 62: 1–25.

  Becker, Sascha O. and Woessmann, Ludger. 2009. “Was Weber wrong? A human capital theory of Protestant economic history.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124: 531–96.

  Beckert, Sven. 2014. Empire of cotton: A global history. New York: Knopf.

  Beckwith, Christopher I. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road: A history of central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  Bedford, Peter R. 2009. “The Neo-Assyrian empire.” In Morris and Scheidel 2009, 30–65.

  Belich, James. 2009. Replenishing the earth: The settler revolution and the rise of the Anglo-world, 1783–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Belich, James. 2016. “The Black Death and the spread of Europe.” In James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham, eds., The prospect of global history. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 93–107.

  Beloch, Julius 1886. Die Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.

  Berkey, Jonathan P. 2003. The formation of Islam: Religion and society in the Near East, 600–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Bickerman, Elias and Smith, Morton. 1976. The ancient history of Western civilization. New York: Harper and Row.

  Bielenstein, Hans 1987. Chinese historical demography A.D. 2–1982. Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.

  Billington, Stephen D. 2018. “ ‘War, what is it good for?’ The Industrial Revolution!” Queen’s University Centre for Economic History Working Paper 2018-12.

  Billows, Richard. 1990. Antigonos the one-eyed and the creation of the Hellenistic state. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Biondi, Ennio. 2016. La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C.: Il contesto egizio-cipriota. Milan: LED.

  Black, Jeremy. 2002. European warfare, 1494–1660. London: Routledge.

  Blackburn, Robin. 1997. The making of New World slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800. London: Verso.

  Blaydes, Lisa and Chaney, Eric. 2013. “The feudal revolution and Europe’s rise: Political divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim world before 1500 CE.” American Political Science Review 107: 16–34.

  Blockmans, Wim P. 1994. “Voracious states and obstructing cities: An aspect of state formation in preindustrial Europe.” In Tilly and Blockmans 1994, 218–50.

  Blockmans, Wim P. 2002. Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558. London: Arnold.

  Bodde, Derk. 1991. Chinese thought, society, and science: The intellectual and social background of science and technology in pre-modern China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

  Bogart, Dan and Richardson, Gary. 2011. “Property rights and Parliament in industrializing Britain.” Journal of Law and Economics 54: 241–74.

  Bol, Peter K. 1992. “This culture of ours”: Intellectual transitions in T’ang and Sung China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

  Bol, Peter K. 1993. “Government, society, and state: On the political visions of Ssu-ma Kuang and Wang An-shih.” In Hymes and Schirokauer 1993, 128–92.

  Bol, Peter K. 2008. Neo-Confucianism in history. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Bolt, Jutta, Inklaar, Robert, de Jong, Herman, and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. 2018. “Rebasing ‘Maddison’: New income comparisons and the shape of long-run economic development.” Groningen Growth and Development Centre Research Memorandum 174. https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/html_publications/memorandum/gd174.pdf.

  Boltz, William G. 1994. The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.

  Bonnell, Victoria E. 1980. “The uses of theory, concepts and comparison in historical sociology.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22: 156–73.

  Bonney, Richard, ed. 1995. Economic systems and state finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Bonney, Richard, ed. 1999. The rise of the fiscal state in Europe, c. 1200–1815. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Bonney, Richard and Ormrod, William. M. 1999. “Crises, revolutions and self-sustained growth: Towards a conceptual model of change in fiscal history.” In William M. Ormrod, Margaret Bonney, and Richard Bonney, eds., Crises, revolutions and self-sustained growth: Essays in European fiscal history, 1130–1830. Stamford, UK: Shaun Tyas, 1–21.

  Bosker, Maarten, Buringh, Eltjo, and
van Zanden, Jan Luiten. 2013. “From Baghdad to London: unraveling urban development in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, 800–1800.” Review of Economics and Statistics 95: 1418–37.

  Bosworth, A. B. 1988. From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in historical interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  Bosworth, A. B. 2002. The legacy of Alexander: Politics, warfare, and propaganda under the successors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Bourguignon, Francois and Morrisson, Christian. 2002. “Inequality among world citizens: 1820–1992.” American Economic Review 92: 727–44.

  Bowman, Alan. 2018. “The state and the economy: Fiscality and taxation.” In Wilson and Bowman 2018, 27–52.

  Bowman, Alan and Wilson, Andrew. 2009. “Quantifying the Roman economy: Integration, growth, decline?” In Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson, eds., Quantifying the Roman economy: Problems and methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3–84.

  Boyle, John A., ed. 1968. The Cambridge history of Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Brandt, Loren, Ma, Debin, and Rawski, Thomas G. 2014. “From divergence to convergence: Reevaluating the history behind China’s economic boom.” Journal of Economic Literature 52: 45–123.

  Bransbourg, Gilles. 2015. “The later Roman empire.” In Monson and Scheidel 2015a, 258–81.

  Braudel, Fernand 1966. La Méditerranée et la monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe. 2nd ed. Paris: Libraire Armand Colin.

  Brauer, Jurgen and van Tuyll, Hubert. 2008. Castles, battles, and bombs: How economics explains military history. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Brendle, Franz. 2002. “Karl V. und die reichsständische Opposition.” In Kohler, Haider, and Ottner 2002, 691–705.

  Brenner, Robert and Isett, Christopher. 2002. “England’s divergence from China’s Yangzi Delta: Property relations, microeconomics, and patterns of development.” Journal of Asian Studies 61: 609–62.

  Bresson, Alain. 2006. “La machine d’Héron et le coût de l’énergie dans le monde antique.” In Elio Lo Cascio, ed., Innovazione tecnica e progresso economico nel mondo romano. Bari: Edipuglia, 55–80.

  Brewer, John. 1988. The sinews of power: War, money and the English state, 1688–1783. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Briant, Pierre. 2002. From Cyrus to Alexander: A history of the Persian empire. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.

  Broadberry, Stephen, Guan, Hanhui, and Li, David D. 2017. “China, Europe and the great divergence: A study in historical national accounting, 980–1850.” University of Oxford Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History no. 155.

  Broadberry, Stephen and Gupta, Bishnupriya. 2006. “The early modern great divergence: Wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500–1800.” Economic History Review 59: 2–31.

  Broadberry, Stephen et al. 2015. British economic growth, 1270–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Broodbank, Cyprian. 2013. The making of the middle sea: A history of the Mediterranean from the beginning to the emergence of the classical world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Brown, Peter. 2003. The rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and diversity, A.D. 200–1000. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

  Brunt, Peter A. 1987. Italian manpower 225 B.C.–A.D. 14. Reprint with postscript. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  Bryant, Joseph M. 2006. “The West and the rest revisited: Debating capitalist origins, European colonialism, and the advent of modernity.” Canadian Journal of Sociology 31: 403–44.

  Bryant, Joseph M. 2008. “A new sociology for a new history? Further critical thoughts on the Eurasian similarity and great divergences theses.” Canadian Journal of Sociology 33: 149–67.

  Bulliet, Richard W. 2009. Cotton, climate, and camels in early Islamic Iran: A moment in world history. New York: Columbia University Press.

  Büntgen, Ulf and Di Cosmo, Nicola. 2016. “Climatic and environmental aspects of the Mongol withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 CE.” Scientific Reports 6, 25606. doi: 10.1038/srep25606.

  Büntgen, Ulf et al. 2016. “Cooling and societal change during the late antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD.” Nature Geoscience 9: 231–326.

  Burbank, Jane and Cooper, Frederick. 2010. Empires in world history: Power and the politics of difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  Buringh, Eltjo and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. 2009. “Charting the ‘rise of the West’: Manuscripts and printed books in Europe, a long-term perspective from the sixth through eighteenth centuries.” Journal of Economic History 69: 409–45.

  Cahen, Claude. 1975. “Tribes, cities and social organization.” In Richard N. Frye, ed., The Cambridge history of Iran, vol. 4: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 305–63.

  Campbell, Brian. 2004. “Power without limit: ‘The Romans always win.’ ” In Angelos Chaniotis and Pierre Ducrey, eds., Army and power in the ancient world. Stuttgart: Steiner, 167–80.

  Carmichael, Sarah G. et al. 2016. “The European marriage pattern and its measurement.” Journal of Economic History 76: 196–204.

  Carneiro, Robert L. 1970. “A theory of the origin of the state.” Science 169: 733–38.

  Carneiro, Robert L. 1988. “The circumscription theory: Challenge and response.” American Behavioral Scientist 31: 497–511.

  Carrier, Richard. 2017. The scientist in the early Roman empire. Durham, NC: Pitchstone.

  Casale, Giancarlo. 2010. The Ottoman age of exploration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Cavaciocchi, Simonetta, ed. 2008. La fiscalità nell’economia europea secc. XIII–XVIII: Atti della “trentanovesimo settimana di studi” 22–26 aprile 2007. 2 vols. Florence: Firenze University Press.

  Cawkwell, George. 2005. The Greek wars: The failure of Persia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Chaffee, John W. 1995. The thorny gates of learning in Sung China: A social history of examinations. New ed. Albany: State University of New York Press.

  Challand, Gerard. 2004. Nomadic empires: From Mongolia to the Danube. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

  Chambers, James. 1979. The devil’s horsemen: The Mongol invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum.

  Champion, Craige B. and Eckstein, Arthur M. 2004. “Introduction: The study of Roman imperialism.” In Craige B. Champion, ed., Roman imperialism: Readings and sources. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1–15.

  Chaney, Eric. 2016. “Religion and the rise and fall of Islamic science.” Working paper.

  Chang, Chun-shu. 2007. The rise of the Chinese empire, vol. 1: Nation, state, and imperialism in early China, ca. 1600 B.C.–A.D. 8. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

  Chaniotis, Angelos. 2005. War in the Hellenistic world. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

  Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Hall, Thomas D. 1997. Rise and demise: Comparing world-systems. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

  Chaudhry, Azam and Garner, Phillip. 2006. “Political competition between countries and economic growth.” Review of Development Economics 10: 666–82.

  Chen, Qiang. 2012. “The Needham puzzle reconsidered: The protection of industrial and commercial property rights.” Economic History of Developing Regions 27: 38–66.

  Chen, Sanping. 2012. Multicultural China in the early Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

  Chiang, Charleston W. K. et al. 2017. “A comprehensive map of genetic variation in the world’s largest ethnic group—Han Chinese.” bioRxiv, July 13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/162982.

  Chirot, Daniel. 1985. “The rise of the West.” American Sociological Review 50: 181–95.

  Christian, David. 1998. A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol empire. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

  Chu, Angus C. 2010. “Nation states vs. united empire: Effects of political competition on economic growth.” Public Choice 145: 181–95.

  Chua, Amy. 2007. Day of empire: How
hyperpowers rise to global dominance—and why they fall. New York: Doubleday.

  Church, Sally K. 2005. “Zheng He: An investigation into the plausibility of 450-ft treasure ships.” Monumenta Serica 53: 1–43.

  Clark, Gregory. 2007. A farewell to alms: A brief economic history of the world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  Clark, Hugh R. 2009. “The southern kingdoms between the T’ang and the Sung, 907–979.” In Twitchett and Smith 2009, 133–205.

  Cobb, Matthew A. 2018. Rome and the Indian Ocean trade from Augustus to the early third century CE. Leiden: Brill.

  Coffman, D’Maris, Leonard, Adrian, and Neal, Larry, eds. 2013. Questioning credible commitment: Perspectives on the rise of financial capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Cohen, H. Floris. 2009. “The rise of modern science as a fundamental pre-condition for the Industrial Revolution.” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 20, no. 2: 107–32.

  Cohen, H. Floris. 2015. The rise of modern science explained: A comparative history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Cohen, Joel E. 1995. How many people can the earth support? New York: W. W. Norton.

  Collins, Randall. 1995. “Prediction in macrosociology: The case of the Soviet collapse.” American Journal of Sociology 100: 1552–93.

  Collins, Roger. 1999. Early medieval Europe 300–1000. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

  Collins, Roger. 2004. Visigothic Spain 409–711. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

  Cook, Theodore F., Jr. 2001. “The Chinese discovery of the New World, 15th century: What the expeditions of a eunuch admiral might have led to.” In Cowley 2001, 85–104.

  Cornell, Tim. 1993. “The end of Roman expansion.” In Rich and Shipley 1993, 139–70.

  Cornell, Tim J. 1995. The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 B.C.). London: Routledge.

  Cornell, Tim J. 2000. “The city-states in Latium.” In Hansen 2000a, 209–28.

  Corvisier, Jean-Nicolas. 1991. Aux origins du miracle grec: Peuplement et population en Grèce du Nord. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

  Cosandey, David. 2008. Le secret de l’Occident: Vers une théorie générale du progrès scientifique. Paris: Flammarion.