The Brothers York

by Thomas Penn

  11 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 278; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Edward’s “memoir on paper”’, p. 169; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 549–51; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 122; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, pp. 168–70, esp. p. 169.

  12 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 278–80; Ballard, ‘Du sang de Lancastre’, pp. 83–4, 87–8; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 190.

  13 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, Introduction, pp. 27–8.

  14 Commynes, Mémoires eds. Calmette and Durville, I, pp. 208–9; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 317–18; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 102; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 552.

  15 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 192; ADN B577 no. 16186; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 278–82; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 551–3.

  16 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 282–3. AGR CC 1925 ff. 304v, 305, 564; for Bische’s quittance for provisions for his journey, ADN B2083 no. 65949, cit. Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 282.

  17 ADN B2079, f. 53v; B862 no. 16184; B2081 no. 65757.

  18 ADN B862 no. 16184; CPR 1461–1476, pp. 258, 260–1, 264–5, 277, 303, 336, 365; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 283–4; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 96.

  19 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 12; PROME, XIII, 1470 November, Introduction, p. 392.

  20 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 196–204; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 124–5; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 305–6.

  21 LMA Journal 7, f. 227v; John Vale’s Book, p. 222; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 36–7; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 126; Potter, War and Government, p. 32.

  22 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 287.

  23 ADN B2079, ff. 40v, 64v; AGR CC 1925, f. 606v, cit. Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 287–8; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 93.

  24 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 258; Mémoires de Jean, Sire de Haynin, II, p. 108, cit. in Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 102.

  25 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 193–4; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 289–90; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif no. 41; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 53–4; Hicks, Warwick, p. 302.

  26 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 193–4.

  27 Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 39–40.

  28 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 11; TNA DL 37/47A/2, in Horrox, ‘Preparations for Edward IV’s return from exile’, pp. 124–7; Edward’s Christmas itinerary in Holland, in Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 93; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 287.

  29 Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif no. 41.

  30 Blockmans and Prevenier, The Promised Lands, pp. 153, 163–7, 169; Murray, Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, pp. 71–3, 153, 163–7, 178–215, 222, 258.

  31 Hicks, Warwick, p. 304; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish Rising’, pp. 675–6; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Edward’s “memoir on paper”’, pp. 169–71.

  32 McKendrick, ‘Edward IV: an English royal collector’, p. 522.

  33 McKendrick, ‘The Romuléon and the manuscripts of Edward IV’, passim; Kren and McKendrick, Illuminating the Renaissance, Introduction, pp. 3–4, nos. 58, 59, 62; Blockmans and Prevenier, The Promised Lands, pp. 74–5, 136–9; Armstrong, ‘L’echange culturel’, passim.

  34 Cely Letters, p. 290 n. 6; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif no. 41; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland’, pp. 224–7; Van Praet, Recherches sur Louis de Bruges, pp. 10–11; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 291.

  35 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 10; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 83–7; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland’, p. 224.

  36 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 10; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 306–7; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 83–4; Ross, Edward IV, p. 157.

  37 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 10; Three Books … Vergil, p. 135; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 241–3; Foedera, XI, p. 693; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 84–5, 97–100; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 51–2.

  38 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 10.

  39 Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, p. 132; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 142–3.

  40 Chronicles of London, p. 183; CC, pp. 124–5; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 100, 105.

  41 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 194; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 63.

  42 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 2; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 293; Prevenier and Blockmans, The Burgundian Netherlands, pp. 17, 19–20; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland’, pp. 225–6; Ross, Edward IV, p. 160.

  43 Commynes, Memoires, III, pp. 275–7; CSPM, no. 210.

  11. The Knot is Knit Again

  1 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 13–14; Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 2–3.

  2 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 2–6; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 137–9; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 13–14; Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, pp. 54–5.

  3 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 14; Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 7–8.

  4 HMC, 12th report, Rutland MSS, I, pp. 2–3.

  5 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 7–12; PL Davis, II, no. 766, p. 406. Ward, Livery Collar, p. 61.

  6 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, p. 210; ‘On the Recovery of the Throne by Edward IV’, Political Poems and Songs, pp. 272–3.

  7 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 12–13.

  8 Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 23–7.

  9 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 13–15; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 17.

  10 LMA Journal 7, f. 232v; LMA Journal 8, f. 4; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 15; GC, p. 214.

  11 Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, p. 38.

  12 GC, p. 215; Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 15–16; Kleineke, ‘Gerard von Wesel’s newsletter’, p. 78.

  13 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 16–17; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 15; GC, p. 215; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, p. 211; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 129.

  14 Political Poems and Songs, II, pp. 271–82.

  15 Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 129; Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, p. 29.

  16 Kleineke, ‘Gerard von Wesel’s newsletter’, p. 80; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 21 (but also see Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 15).

  17 Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 180–210.

  18 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 18; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 15–17 (his account is disputed by Ross, John de Vere, pp. 66–7); Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 210–15; Commynes, Memoirs, ed. Jones, p. 195; Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 72–80; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, pp. 159–60; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 106.

  19 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 21; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 17; GC, pp. 216–17; Kleineke, ‘Gerard von Wesel’s newsletter’, pp. 81–2.

  20 Coventry Leet Book, II, pp. 358–9; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 7.

  21 ‘The Battle of Barnet’, Historical Poems, no. 94, pp. 226–7.

  22 PL Davis, I, no. 261.

  23 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 23; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 16.

  24 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 24; CCR 1468–1476, pp. 189–90; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 259, 283–5; Coventry Leet Book, pp. 364–6, 369; Hoare et al., Old and New Sarum, pp. 178–9; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 169–70.

  25 The following passage is based on Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 25–30. I draw especially on Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, pp. 217–20, and Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 86–92.

  26 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 29–31.

  27 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 18; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 30; Six Town Chronicles, p. 168; see also HMC 12th report, Rutland MSS, p. 4; Hammond, Barnet and Tewkesbury, Appendix 2, pp. 123–6.

  28 ‘From a Chronicle of Tewkesbury
Abbey’, in EHL, no. XIV, pp. 376–8; Hammond, Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 98–9.

  29 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 31; ‘Chronicle of Tewkesbury Abbey’, p. 377; TNA SC1/44/61; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, p. 102.

  30 Visser-Fuchs, ‘Edward’s “memoir on paper”’, p. 174; CSPM, no. 218.

  31 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 31; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 19; CPR 1467–1477, p. 285; HMC 12th report, Rutland MSS, p. 5.

  32 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 32–3; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 589.

  33 Scott, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish Rising’, pp. 361–2; CSPM, nos. 216, 217; LMA Journal 8, f. 7 (also see LMA Letter Book L, f. 79), pr. and trans. Sharpe, London and the Kingdom, III, pp. 391–2; Armstrong, ‘Some examples …’, p. 438; LMA Journal 8, f. 4v; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish rising’, p. 678.

  34 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 34; GC, p. 218.

  35 GC, pp. 218–19; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 36; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish rising’, p. 678.

  36 TNA E403/844 passim; LMA Bridge House Accounts, vol. III, ff. 182v–3 (cit. in Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’, p. 679); Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 37–8; ‘On the Recovery of the Throne by Edward IV’, in Political Poems and Songs, II, p. 279; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 593.

  37 ‘On the Recovery of the Throne by Edward IV’, in Political Poems and Songs, II, p. 273; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, p. 94.

  38 Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 136–9, 217.

  39 Issues of the Exchequer, pp. 495–7; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 38; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 21.

  40 GC, p. 220; ‘Yorkist Notes’, in EHL, p. 375; Ross, Henry VI, p. 98.

  41 CSPM, no. 220.

  42 GC, pp. 220–1; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 21–2.

  12. A New Foundation

  1 Foedera, XI, p. 714; CCR 1468–1476, no. 858; Hicks, Edward V, pp. 55–9.

  2 Grummitt, The Calais Garrison, pp. 68–9; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, p. 221; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 98.

  3 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 99–101; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, pp. 326–8.

  4 Ross, ‘A governing elite?’, pp. 99–100.

  5 Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, pp. 252–3; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 33–40.

  6 Horrox, Richard III, pp. 45–6; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 198–200; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 338–40.

  7 Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 137–40; Ross, Edward IV, p. 189.

  8 PL Davis, I, no. 263.

  9 PL Davis, I, no. 264.

  10 Britnell, ‘Richard, duke of Gloucester’, passim; TNA E405/54, m. 4v; GC, p. 221; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish rising’, p. 682; PL Davis, I, no. 264.

  11 More, History of King Richard III, p. 92.

  12 Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 128–30.

  13 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), Chapter 3 passim.

  14 Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 316–23; Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 44; Ross, Edward IV, p. 147.

  15 CC, pp. 132–3.

  16 TNA C81/837; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 26; Kisby, ‘Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 164–5, 220, 224; ‘The Record of Bluemantle Pursuivant’; Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, p. 72.

  17 CSPM, no. 231; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 195–6.

  18 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 201–2.

  19 Weightman, Margaret of York, pp. 96–7.

  20 TNA E101/197/15, f. 37v; E101/197/17, m. 5, cit. Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 182.

  21 Horrox, Richard III, pp. 40–54; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 327.

  22 PL Davis, I, no. 267; Castor, Blood and Roses, p. 239.

  23 PL Davis, I, no. 267; Hampson, Medii Aevi Kalendarium, II, p. 303; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, pp. 327–9.

  24 PL Davis, I, no. 267; CPR 1467–1477, p. 330; Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 130–1, n. 51; CChR, pp. 239–40; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, p. 328; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 102; Booth, ‘Landed Society in Cumberland’, pp. 118–19.

  25 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. xviii, 18, 93–4.

  26 Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 53–4; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, p. 328.

  27 Political Poems and Songs, II, pp. 281–2; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, pp. 223–4, 232–4.

  28 Blake, ‘English Royal Marriages’, pp. 1023–4 and refs; Hicks, Anne Neville, pp. 133–4; Ross, Richard III, p. 28.

  29 BL Cotton MS Julius B XII, ff. 108–316v; Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, pp. 250–61; Hicks, ‘The cartulary of Richard III’, pp. 281–9.

  30 PL Davis, I, no. 354A; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, p. 102.

  31 PL Davis, I, no. 268; TNA KB 9/41, no. 41; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 25; Keir, ‘George Neville’, p. 76; Falvey, ‘The More’, pp. 290–302.

  32 R. A. Griffiths, ‘Vaughan, Sir Thomas (d. 1483)’, ODNB; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 5–6; Ross, Foremost Man, p. 69.

  33 PL Davis, I, no. 268; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 24–6; CPR 1467–1477, p. 346; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 191–2; Pollard, Wars of the Roses, p. 141; Linda Clark, ‘Thomas Vaughan’, forthcoming in History of Parliament: Commons 1433–1504.

  34 Fortescue, On the Laws and Governance, pp. xxv–xxviii, 30–1.

  35 Fortescue, On the Laws and Governance, pp. 93, 98, 103.

  36 Household EIV, pp. 10–11.

  37 Household EIV, pp. 18, 83–7.

  38 Household EIV, p. 87.

  39 Household EIV, no. 37 (p. 116); no. 27 (p. 106), nos. 42, 48 (p. 121), ‘Ordinance of 1471’, p. 201.

  40 Household EIV, no. 43 (pp. 121–3); no. 44 (p. 123).

  41 Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, p. 72; Rawcliffe, ‘Consultants’, p. 253; Rawcliffe, Medicine and Society, p. 164.

  42 Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, p. 79.

  43 Calendar of Letter-Books: L, p. 103; Matthews, e.g. ‘Royal Apothecaries’, p. 177.

  44 Furnivall, ‘Recipe for Edward IV’s plague medicine’, p. 343.

  45 Rawcliffe, ‘Consultants’, p. 251; Rawcliffe, Medicine and Society, p. 149.

  46 Rawcliffe, Medicine and Society, p. 91.

  47 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 19–20; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 205–7; Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, p. 228.

  48 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 82–3.

  49 Foedera, XI, p. 760; Mémoires pour server de preuves, III, pp. 246–9; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 152–4; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 33–4.

  50 The following narrative is drawn from ‘The Record of Bluemantle Pursuivant’, pp. 380–88.

  51 ‘The Record of Bluemantle Pursuivant’, pp. 382–3; PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, p. 3.

  13. Master of the Game

  1 John Vale’s Book, pp. 107–11; Christiansen, ‘Evidence for London’s late-medieval manuscript book trade’, passim, esp. p. 99; Christiansen, Directory, pp. 136–7; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Choosing a book’, pp. 64–8; Gross, Dissolution, pp. 105–23; BL Royal MS 17 D xv, ff. 302–26. For the possible dating, see Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, pp. 228–9.

  2 Fortescue, ‘Declaration’, in idem, Works, I, pp. 531–3.

  3 CC, p. 132; PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, p. 1.

  4 Literae Cantuarienses, III, item 1079, pp. 275–85, which dates Alcock’s speech to 1474. Internal evidence suggests Alcock made it in the autumn of 1472.

  5 CC, p. 226; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 344–5.

  6 PL Davis, I, no. 269; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 40–42.

  7 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, item XX.

  8 CSPM, no. 240.

  9 Payne and Jefferson, ‘Edward IV: the Garter and the Golden Fleece’, pp. 194–7; Sutton, ‘Chevalerie …’, pp. 112–13 and nn. 15, 16; CSPM, no. 240.

  10 LP HVII, VI: 5, pp. 1–8; Stark, ‘Angl
o-Burgundian Diplomacy’, pp. 62–5; CSPM, no. 245; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 46–9; Ross, Edward IV, p. 209; Cunningham, ‘The Yorkists at war’, pp. 179–80.

  11 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, pp. 4–5; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 275–7.

  12 PL Davis, I, nos. 361, 273.

  13 CSPM, no. 246; Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 296–9.

  14 George Holmes, ‘Canigiani [Caniziani], Gherardo (1424–1484)’, ODNB; Steel, Receipt of the Exchequer, pp. 344–6, 351–3, 357; Ross, Edward IV, p. 379.

  15 For the painting’s disputed authorship, see McFarlane, Hans Memling, pp. 16–27.

  16 Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company, pp. 68–76; Sutton, Mercery of London, p. 310.

  17 PL Davis, I, no. 274; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, p. 108.

  18 PL Davis, I, no. 275.

  19 CSPM, no. 251; Ross, John de Vere, pp. 70–1; Scofield, ‘Early life of John de Vere’; Ross, Edward IV, p. 192.

  20 PL Davis, I, nos. 275, 276.

  21 Ross, John de Vere, p. 70.

  22 PL Davis, no. 277, pp. 463–4; TNA E405/56 m. 3.

  23 PL Davis, I, no. 277, pp. 463–4; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, p. 108.

  24 Hicks, ‘Last days of Elizabeth, Countess of Oxford’, passim.

  25 Rosemary Horrox, ‘Tyrell, Sir James (c.1455–1502)’, ODNB.

  26 PL Davis, I, no. 277; HMC, 11th Report, Appendix, Part VII, p. 95; Ross, Edward IV, p. 189; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, p. 329.

  27 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 23–4.

  28 Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 327.

  29 CCR 1468–1476, p. 315; Jones, ‘Richard III and the Stanleys’, pp. 39–40, cit. TNA DL 37/42/13; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 199, 409; Morgan, ‘The king’s affinity’, p. 19.

  30 Hicks, Edward V, pp. 75–82.

  31 Ross, John de Vere, pp. 71–3.

  32 PL Davis, I, no. 281.

  33 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, pp. 6–7, Second Roll, item 6 (pp. 143–4); Lloyd, England and the German Hanse, p. 213.

  34 PL Davis, I, no. 282.

  35 Ingulph’s Chronicle, p. 477.