by Thomas Penn
Hatteclyffe, William, 38, 62–3, 95, 98–9, 121, 146, 153, 160, 321, 333, 430
Haute, Anne, 311
Haute, James, 120
Haute, Sir Richard, 401, 475
Haute, William, 130
Hawkins, John, 192
Hedgeley Moor, battle of (1464), 99–100
Hedingham Castle, Essex, 68
Henry IV, 4, 24, 132–3, 269, 270
Henry V, 6, 162
Henry VI: incompetent reign of, 5–6, 60, 64; marriage to Margaret of Anjou, 8; mental ill-health, 11, 13, 15; at first battle of St Albans, 14; attends the ‘loveday’ (1458), 17; at the Coventry Parliament (1459), 22; and dynastic change, 24; Yorkists take control of, 27; rescued by the Lancastrians, 36; escapes to Scotland after battle of Towton, 49; in exile in Scotland, 76, 82; at Bamburgh Castle, 90–1; at battle of Hexham, 100; escapes after battle of Hexham, 101–2; captured and taken to the Tower, 132–3; restored to the throne, 247–8; paraded round London as Edward approaches, 275–6; at Edward’s restoration, 276, 281; dies in the Tower, 293–4; religious foundations at Eton and Cambridge, 373; reburied in St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 533
Henry VII (formerly Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond): William Herbert pays Edward IV for wardship of, 62; lordship of Richmond confiscated from, 86; childhood in Raglan Castle, 175; at battle of Edgecote, 216; presented to Henry VI (1470), 264–5; attempt to reclaim earldom of Richmond, 265; with Jasper Tudor in Wales, 299; in exile in Brittany, 498; and the Woodville insurgency, 500–2; as putative heir to Edward IV, 505; attempts to land on English southern coast, 516; takes oaths of loyalty at Rennes Cathedral, 519; leaves Brittany for France, 534–5; letter claiming the crown, 540–1; support from Charles VIII, 553; lands at Milford Haven, 556; at battle of Bosworth, 558–63; declared king in Parliament, 564–5; marries Elizabeth of York, 565–6
Henry VIII, 570–1
Herbert, Lady Anne, 223
Herbert, Sir William (later Earl of Pembroke): detains Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, 16; defeats insurgencies in Wales, 58, 60–2, 174; wardship of Henry Tudor, 62, 175; influence on Edward IV, 114; marriage to Mary Woodville, 153–4, 165; wardship of Henry Percy, 175; takes Harlech castle, 196, 200; Edward creates Earl of Pembroke, 200; accused by Warwick and Clarence of misrule, 212; at battle of Edgecote, 215–16; executed at Northampton (1469), 216–17 see also Pembroke, William Herbert, 2nd Earl of
Hermonymos, George, 357
Herte, Edmund, 129
Heryot, William, 441
Hesdin Castle, 109, 245, 385
Hexham, battle of (1464), 100–1
Hobbes, William, 321
Holland, 245, 254, 309 see also Low Countries
Holland, Anne, 154
Holt Castle, Denbighshire, 93
Honfleur, 235
Howard, Sir John see 1st duke of
Howard, Thomas see Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of
Hunde, Robert, 538
Hungerford, Sir Thomas, 202, 205–6
Hungerford, Walter, 512
Hutton, Thomas, 498–9
Hyde, Richard, 392
Idley, Peter, 112
Ilkusz, Martin, 200–1
Ireland: rebellion in (1467), 180; Richard of York as lieutenant of, 8; Richard of York takes refuge in (1459-60), 20, 23
Ireland, Stephen, 500
Isabella of Bourbon, 140
Isabella of Castile, 98
Isabella of Portugal, 88, 171, 194
Italian merchant community, 56, 71, 77–9, 96, 155
Jacques of Luxembourg, 117, 123, 125, 130
Jacquetta of St Pol: deputation to Lancastrians after battle of St Albans, 37–8; daughter Elizabeth marries Edward IV, 110–11; lineage of, 113, 116; at Elizabeth’s coronation, 130; at birth of Elizabeth of York, 141; at Elizabeth’s churching, 142–3; profits from Thomas Cook’s disgrace, 197; named in petition issued by Warwick, 212; accused of witchcraft, 218–19, 469, 480, 486; cleared of witchcraft, 226; takes sanctuary in Westminster, 246–7
James III of Scotland, 49, 65, 337, 359, 417, 425, 431, 434, 435, 510
Jeanne of France, 161
Jersey, 55
John of Gaunt, 459
Josselyn, Ralph, 118, 130, 409
jousts and tournaments, 80, 126, 151, 159–60, 166–8, 195, 400–2
Katherine of Aragon, 571
Kemp, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, 85
Kendall, John, 105, 507
Kennedy, James, Bishop of St Andrews, 66, 70, 90
Kent, Thomas, 176, 178
Kerver, William, 120–1, 145
King, Oliver, 481
King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, 373, 525
Kirby Muxloe, 427, 439
Koeur, France, 89
Kymer, Gilbert, 98–9
Kymer, John, 513
Lacy, John, 200
Lailler, Christophe, 352, 357
Lalaing, Simon de, 162
Lancastrian kings see Henry IV; Henry V; Henry VI
Landais, Pierre, 529, 533, 534
Langton, Thomas, Bishop, 507–8, 530
Lannoy, Jean de, 84, 109
Lee, Richard, 239
Lefèvre, Raoul, 261
Leventhorpe, Nicholas, 254, 259
Liber Niger see Black Book of the Household of Edward IV of England
Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of, 376, 400, 450, 456, 532, 568
Lincolnshire uprisings, 226–7
Lindisfarne island, 74
Lloyd, Griffith, 537–8
Lomnour, Thomas, 162, 185
London: Cade’s rebellion (1450), 7; Yorkist support in, 26; truce with Lancastrians (1461), 36–8; bars entry to Margaret of Anjou’s army, 39; Edward and Warwick enter (1461), 41–2; financial backing for Edward IV, 50, 71, 74, 95, 121, 181, 190, 411; Edward IV crowned king, 52–3; Steelyard, 77; plague, 77, 412, 415–16; coronation of Elizabeth Woodville, 127–30; Medici bank in, 149, 180, 190, 240, 334–5, 411; opens gates to Warwick’s rebel lords, 213; rioting and looting in, 220; Edward IV’s deposition, 246–7; during Henry VI’s restoration, 256, 259; Lancastrians flee from, 275; Edward’s return (1471), 275–6; Fauconberg’s assault on, 290–2; financial boom (1478), 409; news of Edward V’s detainment, 465; coronation of Richard III, 492–5; seditious rhymes during Richard’s rule, 529–30
Losecote Field, battle of (1470), 230–1
Louis XI, king of France: at the Burgundian court, 56; crowned at Reims (1461), 59; Lancastrian support, 71, 79, 93, 124, 157–8, 192, 200–1, 235–7, 336; treaty with Duke Francis of Brittany, 201; withdrawal of Lancastrian support, 84–5, 88–9; proposed marriage of Bona of Savoy to Edward IV, 98–9, 109; negotiations with Warwick, 115, 161–2, 169; Anglo-French relations, 117; relations with Burgundy, 117, 131; war with Burgundy, 255–7; and Anglo-Burgundian relations, 309–10, 385–6, 395–8, 423–4; trades insults with Edward IV, 352; and the Treaty of Picquigny, 364–8; ransom of Margaret of Anjou, 374; unpopularity in England, 377–8; invades Burgundy (1477), 381–2; negotiations with Edward, 413–15, 426–7; support for Duke of Albany, 417; signs Treaty of Arras (1482), 443; death, 509–10
‘loveday’ (1458), between the Yorkists and Lancastrians, 17–18
Lovell, Francis, 1st Viscount: friendship and patronage of Richard III, 137, 313, 473, 490; at Minster Lovell, 499; seditious rhyme about, 529–30; patrols coastline against Henry Tudor’s invasion, 554; escapes after Henry Tudor’s accession, 568
Lovell, Thomas, 513, 538, 543
Low Countries: Burgundian rule in, 18, 396; Warwick recruits from, 36; Dukes of Gloucester and Clarence in exile, 39; trade with, 51, 79, 95, 118–19, 121, 148, 156; and the alum trade, 157, 184; Edward IV’s exile in, 262, 309 see also Bruges; Flanders; Holland
Loyet, Gerard, 194
Lucy, Margaret, 218, 491–2
Ludford Bridge, 21
Ludlow, 5, 10, 13, 19–20, 61, 453
Machado, Roger, 456
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 251, 424
Machlinia, William de, 444
M
aidstone, Kent, 179
Maisertuell, Philip, 409
Makerell, Ralph, 202
Malory, Sir Thomas: Morte d’Arthur, 73, 111, 416, 555–6; Yorkist affiliation, 72–3
Malpas, Philip, 38, 121
Maltravers, Lord, 456
Mancini, Domenico, 496–7
Manning, Thomas, 132
Marchaunt, John, 355
Marche, Olivier de la, 162, 353–4
Margaret of Anjou: marriage to Henry VI, 8; birth of son Edward, 11, 12; claims regency of England, 12; focus of resistance to Yorkists, 15; establishes power base in the Midlands, 16; attends the ‘loveday’ (1458), 17–18; and battle of Wakefield, 31–2; assurances to London after second battle of St Albans, 37–8; takes refuge in Scotland, 49, 66, 74; seeks support in France, 70–1; returns to England with Somerset, 71; escapes to Flanders (1462), 82; takes refuge in France, 87–9, 91–2; petitions Louis XI, 124; French support for, 157–8; reconciled with Warwick and Clarence, 236–8; arrives in England and raises an army, 283–4; detained at Coventry, 290; ransomed to Louis XI, 374
Margaret of Austria, 432, 443
Margaret of York (later Duchess of Burgundy): marriage negotiations, 140, 146–7, 160–2, 171, 180–5; marriage to Charles the Bold, 193–6; support for Edward’s restoration, 262; patronage of William Caxton, 347, 348; seeks support for Burgundy from Edward IV, 381–4, 421–4; backs conspiracies against the Tudors, 569
Marie, Duchess of Burgundy, 140, 147, 150, 380, 383–5, 395–6, 432
Marney, Sir John, 203
Marshall, Roger, 322
Martyn, Alice, 39
Mary, Queen, 571
Mary of Guelders, 49
Mary of York (daughter of Edward IV), 433
Matthias, King of Hungary, 200
Mauleverer, Halneth, 538
Maximilian I, 395, 414, 423, 424, 432, 443
Mechtild of Hackeborn, The Book of Ghostly Grace, 419
medical treatments, 321–3
Medici, Lorenzo de,’ 240, 334
Medici, Piero de,’ 149
Medici bank, 51, 71, 147–50, 157, 180, 184, 190, 192, 240, 334–5, 411
Melbourne, William, 492
Merchant Adventurers, 77, 78, 118, 150, 411
merchants: Calais, 16–17, 22, 71, 78, 250, 253, 257; Dutch, 77; English, 77–8, 118–19, 410–11; Flemish, 77; Italian, 51, 71, 78–9, 96, 109–10; London, 38, 70–1, 95, 117–18, 121, 190, 253, 257; provide credit for Edward IV, 70, 71, 78, 96, 105, 184, 190, 250, 256, 528; and recoinage, 104–5, 145 see also Hanseatic League, trade
Meres, John, 538
Middelburg, Netherlands, 244, 254
Middleham Castle, 49, 137, 170, 217, 221, 303, 305, 338, 408, 419
Milan, Francesco Sforza, Duke of, 56
Milford Haven, 556
Montagu, John Neville, 1st marquis of, 384; repels Scottish raiders, 57; defeats Lancastrian army in the north, 81; at battles of Hedgeley Moor and Hexham, 99–101; granted earldom of Northumberland, 102; at the enthronement of George Neville as Archbishop of York, 135; marches against Robin of Redesdale’s uprising, 208; remains loyal to Edward, 221, 232; loses earldom of Northumberland and created marquis of Montagu, 224; killed at battle of Barnet, 280
Montefeltro, Federico da, 354–5
Montemagno, Buonaccorso da, Controversia de vera nobilitate, 114
Montgomery, Thomas: sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, 67; commercial interests of, 95; warden of the Tower Mint, 105; hosts Edward IV at Faulkbourne, 135; Anglo-Burgundian relations, 153, 163, 423; negotiates with Warwick and Clarence, 214; royal tournament (1467), 160; pension from Louis XI, 366; delivers Margaret of Anjou to Louis IX, 374; on royal council after death of Edward IV, 450; transfers to Richard III’s household, 495; pall-bearer to Henry VII, 570
Monypenny, Guillaume, 176–9, 180–1, 255
More, Thomas, 61, 110, 115, 406, 430, 468, 479–80, 483, 488, 492, 503, 506, 519
Mortimer, Anne, 4
Mortimer, Roger, 133
Mortimer family, 4
Mortimer’s Cross, battle of (1461), 3–5, 32
Morton, John (later Archbishop of Canterbury): chancellor to Edward of Lancaster, 21, 36; arrested by the Yorkists after Towton, 49; flees to Flanders with Margaret of Anjou, 82; in exile with Margaret of Anjou, 124; transfer to Edward IV’s service, 306; fundraising for Edward IV, 357, 426; diplomacy with France, 364, 413–14; receives pension from Louis IX, 366; negotiations with Louis XI, 383; on Clarence’s execution, 406; financial reform, 411; executer of Edward’s will, 448, 450; at Edward IV’s funeral, 454; arrested and sent to the Tower, 481, 485; imprisoned by Richard III, 495; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 505–6; in Flanders after Buckingham’s rebellion, 515, 534, 539; support for Henry Tudor, 543
Mountjoy, William Blount, 1st Baron, 144, 412
Mowbray, Anne, 399, 400, 447
Multon, John, 327–8
navy: Burgundian, 237; English, 22, 66, 410, 427, 460; French, 16–17
Nesfield, John, 310, 487, 502
Netherlands see Holland, Low Countries
Neville, Anne (later Princess of Wales, later Queen consort of Richard III): at the enthronement of the Archbishop of York (1465), 135; Warwick’s marriage ambitions for, 137–8; betrothal to Edward of Lancaster, 237; widowed at death of Edward of Lancaster, 290; marries Richard, duke of Gloucester, 307–8, 311–12, 314; piety of, 419; coronation, 494; in York on royal progress (1483), 507, 508–9; in Cambridge and Nottingham with Richard III, 525–6; death, 547–8
Neville, Cecily see York, Cecily Neville, Duchess of
Neville, Cecily (sister of the Earl of Warwick), 68
Neville, Eleanor, 233
Neville, George, Archbishop of York (formerly Bishop of Exeter): chancellorship of England, 42, 44; proclamation of Edward IV as king, 42–3; ambition to be cardinal, 85; negotiates trade treaty with Burgundy, 88; at Elizabeth Woodville’s coronation, 130; enthroned as Archbishop of York (1465), 134–5; overlooked as cardinal, 151–2; dismissed from chancellorship, 164–5; Anglo-Burgundian marriage negotiations, 181, 182; marries Isabel Neville to the Duke of Clarence, 211; declares for Warwick and the Lancastrians, 242; restoration of Henry VI, 247, 249, 254–5; defends London against Edward’s return, 275–6; arrested and sent to Calais, 315–18; communication with Pietro Aliprando, 331; pardoned and released from Calais, 357–8; and Edward’s invasion of France (1475), 363; death, 374–5
Neville, Isabel (later Duchess of Clarence): at the Archbishop of York’s enthronement (1465), 135; Warwick’s marriage ambitions for, 137–8; marriage to Duke of Clarence, 172–4, 210–11; gives birth at sea while fleeing England, 233–5; inheritance of, 301; death, 379–80
Neville, John see Montagu, John Neville, 1st marquis of
Neville, Margaret, 70
Neville, Robert, 176
Neville, Thomas, 235
Neville family, 11, 13, 22, 79, 89, 137, 420
Newcastle, 73–4, 100
Nicholl, John, 44
Norfolk, Catherine Neville, Dowager Duchess of, 122
Norfolk, John Howard, 1st duke of: knighted after battle of Towton, 60; commercial interests of, 95, 199; and Edward’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, 116; and Warwick’s rebellion, 234; oath-taking to Prince Edward, 300; support for Richard, duke of Gloucester, 314, 339; and the Treaty of Picquigny, 364, 366; Edward deprives of inheritance, 399, 447; French diplomacy, 423; Scottish campaign (1482), 427–8; on royal council after death of Edward IV, 450; at Edward IV’s funeral, 454, 455; patronage of Richard III, 473; Richard grants dukedom of Norfolk, 489–90; at Richard’s coronation, 494; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 512, 514; at battle of Bosworth, 557–8, 559, 560; killed at battle of Bosworth, 561
Norfolk, John Mowbray, 4th Duke of, 45, 48, 93, 399
Norham Castle, 81
Normandy, English loss of (1449), 6–7, 8
Northampton, 26, 80–1, 82, 93, 215, 216, 461–2, 466–7, 470, 471
Northampton, battle of (1460), 26–7
Nort
humberland, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of, 14
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of, 31, 49, 70, 175
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of: in wardship of William Herbert, 70, 175, 209; Edward restores earldom of Northumberland to, 223–4; at battle of Losecote Field, 228; keeps peace in Yorkshire, 239, 372; loyalty to Edward, 259, 271, 290; conflict with Richard, duke of Gloucester, 342, 359; Scottish campaign (1482), 428, 431, 434; in London for Richard’s coronation, 493; passed over as head of Council of the North, 531–2; at battle of Bosworth, 557–8, 560, 561, 563
Norton, Thomas, 254, 412
Nottingham, 525–6, 535
Nottingham Castle, 210, 373, 409, 551–2
Order of the Garter, 72, 86, 113, 207, 354, 373, 386
Order of the Golden Fleece, 207, 245, 331
Ormond, Thomas Butler, Earl of, 258
Orwell, John, 44
Oulgreve, Thomas, 196
Oxford, Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of, 339–40
Oxford, John de Vere, 12th Earl of, 67–70
Oxford, John de Vere, 13th Earl of: execution of his father, 69; title restored to, 129; at the enthronement of George Neville, Archbishop of York, 135; arrested for Lancastrian sympathies, 202–3; released from the Tower, 205; leaves for Calais with Neville brothers, 211; letter to John Paston, 214; lands in Devon with Warwick and Clarence, 241; and restoration of Henry VI, 247; appointed constable of England, 249–50; defends Norfolk coast against Edward’s return, 269; at battle of Barnet, 279–80; in exile in France, 316–17; attempted landing at St Osyth, 336–8; seizes St Michael’s Mount, Cornwall, 343; surrenders and imprisoned in Hammes Castle, 349, 539; joins Henry Tudor, 545; at battle of Bosworth, 560–1