by Thomas Penn
Panigarola, Giovanni Pietro, 157–8, 161, 201
Parr, John, 160
Parr, Sir William, 271, 300, 317, 455, 456, 495
Paston, John (died 1466), 60, 66–7
Paston, Margaret, 358
Paston, Sir John (died 1479), 74–5, 93, 159, 162, 185, 214, 221, 226–7, 239, 282–3, 304, 311, 317, 334, 336, 340, 343–5, 357, 368, 381, 415–16
Paston, Sir John (died 1504), 195–6, 416, 462, 504
Paston, William, 49
Paul II, Pope, 181, 184, 211
Paul’s Cross, London, 33, 90, 394, 485
Pembroke, William Herbert, 1st Earl of see Herbert, Sir William
Pembroke, William Herbert, 2nd Earl of, 370, 371–2, 446–7
Pembroke Castle, 61, 62
Percy, Henry see Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of
Percy, Sir Ralph, 75, 76, 77, 100
Percy, Sir Robert, 540, 563
Percy family, 11, 13, 100, 175, 209, 420 see also Northumberland, Earls of
Peysaunt, John, 90
Philip, Matthew, 130
Philip of Habsburg (later Duke of Burgundy, later King of Castile), 414, 423, 432
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy: support for the Yorkist cause, 18, 33, 35, 84, 87–9; custodian of dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, 39, 51–2; shelters future Louis XI, 56; and Anglo-Burgundian trade, 79, 118; relations with England, 126; death, 168–9
Philippa of Hainault, 120
Picquigny, Treaty of (1475), 364–9
Piers Plowman, 552
Pilkington, Charles, 311
Pilkington, John, 311
Pius II, Pope, 23, 68, 73–4, 103–4, 156
plague, 94, 119, 122, 170, 376, 412–13
Plumpton, Edward, 513–14
Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 571
Pole, Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, 571
Pontefract Castle, 31, 45, 271, 375, 471, 488, 507
Poppelau, Nicolas von, 526–7
Port, William, 146
Portinari, Pigello, 51
Portinari, Tommaso, 147–8, 180, 184–5, 190, 334
Pound, Thomas, 145
Poynings, Edward, 534, 562
Poynings, John, 203
printing press, 160, 348, 445–6
prognostication, 388–90
Pyne, Thomas, 537–8
Queenborough, Kent, 191
Raglan Castle, 62, 175
Ratcliffe, Richard, 479–80, 488, 493, 529–30, 549–50, 563, 565
Ratcliffe, Robert, 294, 438–9
Ravenspur, Yorkshire, 269
Reading, Berkshire, 106, 109, 116, 119
recoinage, 104–6, 118, 155, 212
Restout, Guillaume, 376, 378
Resumption, Acts of, 15, 138–9, 166
retaining, 191, 204, 404
Richard II, 4, 24, 132
Richard III (formerly Richard, duke of Gloucester): appearance and character, 136, 293, 313–14, 418–19, 222–3, 527, 527–8, 571; birth (1452), 10; sent to Philip of Burgundy for protection, 39; returns to London for Edward IV’s coronation, 51–2; created knight of the Bath, 52; created Duke of Gloucester, 63; Scottish campaign (1482), 428, 431–2, 434–6; granted the Earl of Oxford’s lands, 68; granted the Earl of Somerset’s lands, 92; education entrusted to Warwick, 135–7; at the trial of Hungerford and Courtenay, 205–6; Edward makes constable of England, 222; relations with Thomas Lord Stanley, 233; flees to Holland after battle of Losecote Field, 245, 254, 262; wardenship of the West March, 240–1; reappointed constable of England, 289; Edward IV rewards loyalty, 302–4; marriage to Anne Neville, 307–8, 311, 312–14; claims Earl of Oxford’s lands, 338–41; Edward’s representative in the north, 359, 372; and Treaty of Picquigny, 367; at Clarence’s trial, 403; profits from Clarence’s death, 407–8; governing qualities of, 417–20; Edward confers land on, 446; demands protectorship of the realm, 458–60; swears loyalty to Edward V, 460–1; detains Edward V at Northampton, 465–7, 470–1; confirmed as protector of the realm, 473; declared king, 488–9; coronation, 492–6; royal progress in York (1483), 507; legal reforms, 522; death of son, 526; gives grant to King’s College Chapel, 525; creates Council of the North, 532; reburies Henry VI in St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 533; denounces Henry Tudor, 541, 552; rumoured to be planning to marry Elizabeth of York, 548–51; assembles forces after Henry Tudor lands, 557; at battle of Bosworth, 559–63; killed in battle at Bosworth, 563; body abused and buried without rites, 564; posthumous portrayal of, 567–8; library, 136, 313, 418; scoliosis, 417–18, 481, 527
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York: birth, 342; ‘marriage’ to Anne Mowbray, 398–9, 400; at Christmas (1482), 442; inherits estates of the duke of Norfolk, 447; in Westminster sanctuary, 472; leaves Westminster sanctuary, 483–4; disappearance of, 496; plot to rescue from the Tower, 500; death in the Tower, 503–4
Richmond, Edmund Tudor, Earl of, 16
Richmond Castle, 408
Ripley, George, The Marrow of Alchemy, 375
Ripon, 240
Rivers, Richard Woodville, 1st Earl: captured by Warwick at Sandwich, 22; at battle of Towton, 46; surrenders to Edward, 49; abandons Lancastrian cause, 58; social rise of, 113, 114–15; and merchant community, 121; appointed treasurer of England, 144–6, 155; diplomatic role, 153, 163; appointed on judicial commission, 176; investigates Lancastrian conspiracies, 192, 196–7, 203; named in petition issued by Warwick, 212; executed at Coventry, 217
Robin of Holderness, 208–9
Robin of Redesdale, 208, 209–10, 215, 240, 310
Rogger, John, 145
Ross, William, 353
Rotherham, Thomas: receives pension from Louis XI, 366; at Clarence’s trial, 402; executor of Edward IV’s will, 448; at royal council after Edward IV’s death, 450; at Edward IV’s funeral, 455; Richard III’s mistrust of, 471; arrested and sent to the Tower, 480–1; on King’s College Chapel, 525
Rouen, 7–8
Rous, John, Historia regum Anglie, 567–8
royal mints, 105–6
Rozmital, Leo von, 141–4
Rushton, Alexander, 390, 391
Russell, John, Bishop of Rochester later Bishop of Lincoln, 160, 423, 445, 454, 476–8, 480, 483, 520
Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, 10, 13, 20, 31–2, 375
Salazar, Jean de, 562
Salisbury, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of, 11, 19–20, 22, 32
San Matteo (ship), 335
Sandal Castle, 31, 32
Sanderico, Giacomo de, 96
Sandwich: sack of (1457), 17; Warwick’s raid on (1460), 22–3; Yorkists disembark at (1460), 25–6
Sayer, William, 294
Scales, Lord, 27
Scotland: Lancastrian support, 49, 55, 65–6, 70, 79; truce with the Yorkist government, 90–1; Edward IV’s treaty with (1475), 350–1, 359; border raids, 416–17, 425; Duke of Albany’s claim to, 417, 425, 432–6, 510, 529; English campaign against (1482), 420–1, 425–9, 432–6; truce with Richard III, 535
Scott, Sir John, 26
Secretum Secretorum (book), 418
seigniorage (tax), 105–6, 145
Sellyng, William, 507–8
Sforza, Galeazzo, 330
Shaw, Ralph, 485–6
Shaw, Sir Edmund, 449, 483, 551
Sheen, London, 125, 311–12
Shore, Jane, 485, 515, 519
Shrewsbury (town), 342
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 3rd Earl of, 203, 272
Simnel, Lambert, 568
Sixtus IV, Pope, 357, 429, 435
Sluis, 82, 193
Smith, John, 500
social mobility, 113–15
Societas Aluminum, 156–7
solar eclipse (1485), 547
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of: confined in the Tower, 92; escapes after battle of Hexham, 101; at the Burgundian court, 125, 151, 201, 253, 258; joins Margaret of Anjou at Koeur, 194; and Henry VI’s restoration, 275, 283; at battle of Tewkesbury, 286–7; executed after battle of Tewkesbury, 288–9
S
omerset, Edward Beaufort, 2nd Duke of, 8, 9–10, 11, 13, 14
Somerset, Eleanor Beauchamp, Duchess of, 92
Somerset, Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of: support for Margaret of Anjou, 16; at battle of Wakefield, 31, 32; at second battle of St Albans, 36; at battle of Towton, 46, 47, 48; imprisoned in France, 59; released by Louis XI, 66; returns to England with Margaret of Anjou, 71; defects to the Yorkists, 75–6; favoured by Edward IV, 79–81; rejoins the Lancastrians, 91–3; at battle of Hedgeley Moor, 100; executed after battle of Hexham, 101
Somnium Vigilantis (‘Dream of the Vigilant’), 21–2, 327
Southwell, Thomas, 391
Spini, Cristofano, 335
St Albans: first battle of (1455), 13–15; second battle of (1461), 35–6
St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, 85
St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 207, 433, 455, 533, 567
St Leger, Thomas, 105, 159, 266, 300, 450, 455, 495, 512, 516
St Mary Overy, London, 27
St Michael’s Mount, 343, 349
St Omer, 87, 88, 147
St Paul’s Cathedral, 10, 17, 54, 530
St Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster, 400, 450
Stacy, John, 363, 388–91, 394
Stafford, Humphrey see Devon, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of
Stafford, Sir Henry, 505
Stallworth, Simon, 478–9, 485
Stamford, 33, 104, 230
Stanley, Sir William, 554, 558–9, 563, 569
Stanley, Thomas (later 1st Earl of Derby): shifting loyalties of, 34, 272–3; conflict with Richard, duke of Gloucester, 232–3; joins Warwick’s rebellion, 241; household steward to Edward IV, 309, 342; negotiations with Burgundy, 423; backs Edward’s planned Scottish campaign, 428, 431, 434, 436; at Edward IV’s funeral, 455, 456; imprisoned by Richard III, 480, 481, 483; at Richard III’s coronation, 495–6; awarded Order of the Garter, 498; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 513, 523; at battle of Bosworth, 560, 561; Richard’s doubts about, 554–5; declares Henry VII king at Bosworth, 563
Stanley family, 342, 359, 420, 554–5, 558–9
Steelyard, 77
Steres, Richard, 203
Stillington, Robert, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 185, 189–90, 407, 521
Stockton, John, 290
Stonor, Elizabeth, 376
Stonor, Sir William, 376, 439, 455, 478–9, 485, 513
Stony Stratford, 100, 111, 466–7, 470
Strange, George Stanley, 9th Baron, 513–14, 555
Strangways, Sir James, 63–4
Strensham, John, 404
Sunnyff, Thomas, 492
Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of (later Duke of Norfolk), 168, 490, 557, 563, 570
Switzerland, 379
Swynford, Katherine, 8
Tailboys, Sir William, 101
Tani, Agnolo, 147, 180, 335
Tapton, John, 404
taxation: for Scottish campaign (1463), 76–7, 90; new income tax (1464), 95; papal tax, 103–4, 181; ‘queen’s gold,’ 197; for war with France (1468), 190; (1472), 329–30, 333, 355, 358, 369; (1483), 445; of the poor, 351; Richard grants tax breaks, 510 see also benevolences; forced loans; seigniorage
Tetzel, Gabriel, 142, 143
Tewkesbury, battle of (1471), 286–9
Tewkesbury Abbey, 406
Texel, Frisia, 244, 245
Thuresby, John, 392, 393
Thwaites, Sir Thomas, 423, 495
Tiptoft, John, 1st Earl of Worcester: execution of Earl of Oxford, 68–70; defends Calais against the French, 71; commands fleet for planned Scottish campaign, 89; provides trade escorts, 95; condemns Sir Ralph Grey to death, 103; Anglo-Burgundian tournament (1467), 126, 151, 163; at the Archbishop of York’s enthronement (1465), 135; suppresses rebellion in Ireland, 180; executes Earl of Desmond and his sons, 203; interrogates Lincolnshire rebels, 232; condemns Warwick’s insurgents to death, 234; execution of, 250
Tocotes, Sir Roger, 392, 393
Tower of London: Duke of Somerset imprisoned in, 9–10, 11; Lancastrian forces defeated by Yorkists, 27; Lancastrian supporters imprisoned in, 50; Edward IV spends night before coronation, 52; Tower mint, 105; Elizabeth Woodville spends night before coronation, 129; Henry VI imprisoned in, 132; Lancastrian sympathisers interrogated in, 192; execution of Richard Steres, 203; Henry Percy confined in, 223; Elizabeth Woodville orders surrender of, 246–247; Henry VI released from, 247; George Neville imprisoned in, 276; Elizabeth Woodville takes refuge in, 277, 290; Henry VI killed in, 293–294; Duke of Clarence imprisoned in, 394–395, 398, 403, 405; execution of Duke of Clarence, 406; Edward V confined in, 474, 478; Richard III’s council meeting in, 480–483; Richard of Shrewsbury sent to, 484; Richard Brackenbury appointed constable of, 491; princes disappearance in, 496; attempt to rescue princes from, 500; princes death in, 503; Duke of Clarence’s son held in, 568
Towton, battle of (1461), 45–50, 59
trade: under Henry VI, 6, 16–17, 22; Anglo-Burgundian, 88, 118–19, 123, 131, 145, 147, 149–50, 153, 171–2, 177, 201, 220–1, 257, 378–9; Anglo-French, 366, 369, 409; bullion crisis, 94; Danish seizure of English ships (1468), 198; Edward IV’s interest in, 95–6; English protectionism, 77–9; expansion (1478), 409–10; monopolized by London, 137, 409; and recoinage, 105 see also alum trade; book trade; Calais Staple; cloth trade; Hanseatic League; Medici bank; Merchant Adventurers; merchants; Staple; wool trade
Tree of Battles (book), 428
Trenta, Stefano, 181–3, 185
Tuddenham, Sir Thomas, 67
Tudor, Henry see Henry VII
Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke: Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, 4–5; defeated by Herbert’s forces (1461), 62; defends Harlech castle, 196, 200; raises forces in Wales, 241; at battle of Tewkesbury, 284, 299; with Henry Tudor in Brittany, 500
Tudor, Owen, 114
Turberville, John, 530, 541
Twynyho, Ankarette, 392–3
Twynyho, John, 393
Tyrell, John, 340, 401, 402, 503, 515, 533, 542, 570
Urswick, Christopher, 534
Utrecht, Netherlands, 118
Valois, Catherine de, 114
Vasco de Saavedra, Pedro, 162
Vaughan, Thomas, 38, 62–3, 121, 146, 153, 160, 317, 320, 339, 399, 470–1, 488, 504
Vegetius, De re militari, 136
Vere, Aubrey de, 67
Vergil, Polydore, 406–7, 543, 562, 564
Vernon, Henry, 175–6, 272
Vernon, Roger, 175
Waddington Hall, Lancashire, 132
Wake, John, 469, 491–2, 540
Wake, Ralph, 469
Wake, Roger, 469, 470, 475, 491, 565, 567–8
Wake, Thomas, 81, 218, 226, 469, 491
Wake, William, 491
Wakefield, battle of (1460), 31–2
Wales: Sir William Herbert’s control of, 58, 200; Lancastrian resistance in, 61–2, 76, 174, 196; and battle of Edgecote (1469), 216; Richard, duke of Gloucester reimposes control in, 223; Jasper Tudor raises forces in, 241; Prince Edward given authority over, 335, 446–7; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 511, 512; Henry Tudor lands in, 556
Walker, Walter, 45
Walsingham, 209, 440
Waltham Abbey, 203, 229
Waltham Forest, 441
Warbeck, Perkin, 569–70
Warwick, Anne Beauchamp, Countess of, 135, 233, 303, 338, 350
Warwick, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of (‘the kingmaker’): hostility to Duke of Somerset, 11–12; at first battle of St Albans, 14; captain of Calais garrison, 17, 97; assassination attempts, 19; privateering of, 18; attempts reconciliation with Henry VI, 19; raid on Sandwich, 22–3; relationship with Edward IV, 23, 28; seeks papal approval of Yorkist cause, 24–5, 35; at battle of Northampton, 26–7; dominance of, in government, 27, 33–4, 60, 97–8; at second battle of St Albans, 35–6; advises Edward to claim the throne, 40–1; injured before battle of Towton, 46; Edward IV rewards with lands and grants, 64; sieges of Lancastrian castles (1462), 74–5, 81; negotiates truce with Scotland, 89–90; diploma
cy with France, 97, 98–9, 131, 150–1, 161–2, 163–4, 169–70; and international trade, 95, 96; reaction to Edward IV’s marriage, 115, 123; takes custody of Henry VI, 132; entrusted with education of Richard III, 135–6; at churching of Elizabeth Woodville, 142–3; and Anglo-Burgundian relations, 147, 150–1, 182, 207; loss of influence with Edward, 166, 170, 177; issues petition against Yorkist supporters, 211–13; marriage of daughter Isabel to Clarence, 172–4, 182, 210–11; transfers loyalty to Margaret of Anjou, 174; appointed on judicial commission, 176; briefly reconciled with Edward, 178–9; popularity of, 177; condemns Lancastrian agents, 196; joins Robin of Redesdale’s insurgency, 213; and ordinances for Clarence’s household, 203–5; execution of Sir William Herbert, 216–17; imprisons Edward at Middleham Castle, 217; claims illegitimacy of Edward IV, 220; reconciliation with Edward, 221, 224–5, 226; and Robert Welles’ uprising, 229–32; escapes to France with Clarence, 233–5; reconciled with Margaret of Anjou, 236–8; raises army against Edward, 241–2; restoration of Henry VI, 247–50, 255; killed at battle of Barnet, 280–1; body displayed at St Paul’s, 281
Waver, Henry, 121, 130
Wavrin, Jean de, 162–3, 211
Waynflete, William, Bishop of Winchester, 247
Welles, John, 502
Welles, Richard, 7th Baron Welles, 225–6, 229–30
Welles, Sir Robert, 225, 227–32
Welsh Marches, 4, 65, 335, 446
Wenlock, John, 1st Baron, 96, 109, 116, 176–7, 178, 192, 234, 252, 287, 288
Wesel, Gerhard von, 281
Westminster: Exchequer offices, 65, 155, 301, 355, 520, 537; parliaments, 9, 15, 63–4, 76, 123, 254–5, 326, 328, 344, 444, 510, 520, 564; Duke of York declared heir to the throne, 3, 30; Edward IV declared king, 43; Anglo-Burgundian tournament, 164; marriage treaty of Margaret of York, 183, 185; Warwick and Clarence reconciled with Edward, 224–5, 226; Edward IV’s restoration, 276; Fauconberg’s assault on, 291; oath-taking to Prince Edward, 299–300; Caxton sets up printing press, 377; Edward convenes royal council (1476), 377, 382; trial of Burdet and Stacy, 389; Twynyho trial, 393; Clarence’s trial, 394, 402–5; joust for the marriage of Richard of Shrewsbury, 400–2; death of Edward IV, 447–50; Richard III declared king, 489; Richard III’s coronation, 494–5; oath-taking to Edward, son of Richard III, 524; Richard III denounces Henry Tudor, 541; Richard III celebrates Christmas at (1484), 544; Henry Tudor declared king, 564–5