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The Brothers York

Page 84

by Thomas Penn


  Panigarola, Giovanni Pietro, 157–8, 161, 201

  Parr, John, 160

  Parr, Sir William, 271, 300, 317, 455, 456, 495

  Paston, John (died 1466), 60, 66–7

  Paston, Margaret, 358

  Paston, Sir John (died 1479), 74–5, 93, 159, 162, 185, 214, 221, 226–7, 239, 282–3, 304, 311, 317, 334, 336, 340, 343–5, 357, 368, 381, 415–16

  Paston, Sir John (died 1504), 195–6, 416, 462, 504

  Paston, William, 49

  Paul II, Pope, 181, 184, 211

  Paul’s Cross, London, 33, 90, 394, 485

  Pembroke, William Herbert, 1st Earl of see Herbert, Sir William

  Pembroke, William Herbert, 2nd Earl of, 370, 371–2, 446–7

  Pembroke Castle, 61, 62

  Percy, Henry see Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of

  Percy, Sir Ralph, 75, 76, 77, 100

  Percy, Sir Robert, 540, 563

  Percy family, 11, 13, 100, 175, 209, 420 see also Northumberland, Earls of

  Peysaunt, John, 90

  Philip, Matthew, 130

  Philip of Habsburg (later Duke of Burgundy, later King of Castile), 414, 423, 432

  Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy: support for the Yorkist cause, 18, 33, 35, 84, 87–9; custodian of dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, 39, 51–2; shelters future Louis XI, 56; and Anglo-Burgundian trade, 79, 118; relations with England, 126; death, 168–9

  Philippa of Hainault, 120

  Picquigny, Treaty of (1475), 364–9

  Piers Plowman, 552

  Pilkington, Charles, 311

  Pilkington, John, 311

  Pius II, Pope, 23, 68, 73–4, 103–4, 156

  plague, 94, 119, 122, 170, 376, 412–13

  Plumpton, Edward, 513–14

  Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 571

  Pole, Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, 571

  Pontefract Castle, 31, 45, 271, 375, 471, 488, 507

  Poppelau, Nicolas von, 526–7

  Port, William, 146

  Portinari, Pigello, 51

  Portinari, Tommaso, 147–8, 180, 184–5, 190, 334

  Pound, Thomas, 145

  Poynings, Edward, 534, 562

  Poynings, John, 203

  printing press, 160, 348, 445–6

  prognostication, 388–90

  Pyne, Thomas, 537–8

  Queenborough, Kent, 191

  Raglan Castle, 62, 175

  Ratcliffe, Richard, 479–80, 488, 493, 529–30, 549–50, 563, 565

  Ratcliffe, Robert, 294, 438–9

  Ravenspur, Yorkshire, 269

  Reading, Berkshire, 106, 109, 116, 119

  recoinage, 104–6, 118, 155, 212

  Restout, Guillaume, 376, 378

  Resumption, Acts of, 15, 138–9, 166

  retaining, 191, 204, 404

  Richard II, 4, 24, 132

  Richard III (formerly Richard, duke of Gloucester): appearance and character, 136, 293, 313–14, 418–19, 222–3, 527, 527–8, 571; birth (1452), 10; sent to Philip of Burgundy for protection, 39; returns to London for Edward IV’s coronation, 51–2; created knight of the Bath, 52; created Duke of Gloucester, 63; Scottish campaign (1482), 428, 431–2, 434–6; granted the Earl of Oxford’s lands, 68; granted the Earl of Somerset’s lands, 92; education entrusted to Warwick, 135–7; at the trial of Hungerford and Courtenay, 205–6; Edward makes constable of England, 222; relations with Thomas Lord Stanley, 233; flees to Holland after battle of Losecote Field, 245, 254, 262; wardenship of the West March, 240–1; reappointed constable of England, 289; Edward IV rewards loyalty, 302–4; marriage to Anne Neville, 307–8, 311, 312–14; claims Earl of Oxford’s lands, 338–41; Edward’s representative in the north, 359, 372; and Treaty of Picquigny, 367; at Clarence’s trial, 403; profits from Clarence’s death, 407–8; governing qualities of, 417–20; Edward confers land on, 446; demands protectorship of the realm, 458–60; swears loyalty to Edward V, 460–1; detains Edward V at Northampton, 465–7, 470–1; confirmed as protector of the realm, 473; declared king, 488–9; coronation, 492–6; royal progress in York (1483), 507; legal reforms, 522; death of son, 526; gives grant to King’s College Chapel, 525; creates Council of the North, 532; reburies Henry VI in St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 533; denounces Henry Tudor, 541, 552; rumoured to be planning to marry Elizabeth of York, 548–51; assembles forces after Henry Tudor lands, 557; at battle of Bosworth, 559–63; killed in battle at Bosworth, 563; body abused and buried without rites, 564; posthumous portrayal of, 567–8; library, 136, 313, 418; scoliosis, 417–18, 481, 527

  Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York: birth, 342; ‘marriage’ to Anne Mowbray, 398–9, 400; at Christmas (1482), 442; inherits estates of the duke of Norfolk, 447; in Westminster sanctuary, 472; leaves Westminster sanctuary, 483–4; disappearance of, 496; plot to rescue from the Tower, 500; death in the Tower, 503–4

  Richmond, Edmund Tudor, Earl of, 16

  Richmond Castle, 408

  Ripley, George, The Marrow of Alchemy, 375

  Ripon, 240

  Rivers, Richard Woodville, 1st Earl: captured by Warwick at Sandwich, 22; at battle of Towton, 46; surrenders to Edward, 49; abandons Lancastrian cause, 58; social rise of, 113, 114–15; and merchant community, 121; appointed treasurer of England, 144–6, 155; diplomatic role, 153, 163; appointed on judicial commission, 176; investigates Lancastrian conspiracies, 192, 196–7, 203; named in petition issued by Warwick, 212; executed at Coventry, 217

  Robin of Holderness, 208–9

  Robin of Redesdale, 208, 209–10, 215, 240, 310

  Rogger, John, 145

  Ross, William, 353

  Rotherham, Thomas: receives pension from Louis XI, 366; at Clarence’s trial, 402; executor of Edward IV’s will, 448; at royal council after Edward IV’s death, 450; at Edward IV’s funeral, 455; Richard III’s mistrust of, 471; arrested and sent to the Tower, 480–1; on King’s College Chapel, 525

  Rouen, 7–8

  Rous, John, Historia regum Anglie, 567–8

  royal mints, 105–6

  Rozmital, Leo von, 141–4

  Rushton, Alexander, 390, 391

  Russell, John, Bishop of Rochester later Bishop of Lincoln, 160, 423, 445, 454, 476–8, 480, 483, 520

  Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, 10, 13, 20, 31–2, 375

  Salazar, Jean de, 562

  Salisbury, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of, 11, 19–20, 22, 32

  San Matteo (ship), 335

  Sandal Castle, 31, 32

  Sanderico, Giacomo de, 96

  Sandwich: sack of (1457), 17; Warwick’s raid on (1460), 22–3; Yorkists disembark at (1460), 25–6

  Sayer, William, 294

  Scales, Lord, 27

  Scotland: Lancastrian support, 49, 55, 65–6, 70, 79; truce with the Yorkist government, 90–1; Edward IV’s treaty with (1475), 350–1, 359; border raids, 416–17, 425; Duke of Albany’s claim to, 417, 425, 432–6, 510, 529; English campaign against (1482), 420–1, 425–9, 432–6; truce with Richard III, 535

  Scott, Sir John, 26

  Secretum Secretorum (book), 418

  seigniorage (tax), 105–6, 145

  Sellyng, William, 507–8

  Sforza, Galeazzo, 330

  Shaw, Ralph, 485–6

  Shaw, Sir Edmund, 449, 483, 551

  Sheen, London, 125, 311–12

  Shore, Jane, 485, 515, 519

  Shrewsbury (town), 342

  Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 3rd Earl of, 203, 272

  Simnel, Lambert, 568

  Sixtus IV, Pope, 357, 429, 435

  Sluis, 82, 193

  Smith, John, 500

  social mobility, 113–15

  Societas Aluminum, 156–7

  solar eclipse (1485), 547

  Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of: confined in the Tower, 92; escapes after battle of Hexham, 101; at the Burgundian court, 125, 151, 201, 253, 258; joins Margaret of Anjou at Koeur, 194; and Henry VI’s restoration, 275, 283; at battle of Tewkesbury, 286–7; executed after battle of Tewkesbury, 288–9

  S
omerset, Edward Beaufort, 2nd Duke of, 8, 9–10, 11, 13, 14

  Somerset, Eleanor Beauchamp, Duchess of, 92

  Somerset, Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of: support for Margaret of Anjou, 16; at battle of Wakefield, 31, 32; at second battle of St Albans, 36; at battle of Towton, 46, 47, 48; imprisoned in France, 59; released by Louis XI, 66; returns to England with Margaret of Anjou, 71; defects to the Yorkists, 75–6; favoured by Edward IV, 79–81; rejoins the Lancastrians, 91–3; at battle of Hedgeley Moor, 100; executed after battle of Hexham, 101

  Somnium Vigilantis (‘Dream of the Vigilant’), 21–2, 327

  Southwell, Thomas, 391

  Spini, Cristofano, 335

  St Albans: first battle of (1455), 13–15; second battle of (1461), 35–6

  St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, 85

  St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 207, 433, 455, 533, 567

  St Leger, Thomas, 105, 159, 266, 300, 450, 455, 495, 512, 516

  St Mary Overy, London, 27

  St Michael’s Mount, 343, 349

  St Omer, 87, 88, 147

  St Paul’s Cathedral, 10, 17, 54, 530

  St Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster, 400, 450

  Stacy, John, 363, 388–91, 394

  Stafford, Humphrey see Devon, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of

  Stafford, Sir Henry, 505

  Stallworth, Simon, 478–9, 485

  Stamford, 33, 104, 230

  Stanley, Sir William, 554, 558–9, 563, 569

  Stanley, Thomas (later 1st Earl of Derby): shifting loyalties of, 34, 272–3; conflict with Richard, duke of Gloucester, 232–3; joins Warwick’s rebellion, 241; household steward to Edward IV, 309, 342; negotiations with Burgundy, 423; backs Edward’s planned Scottish campaign, 428, 431, 434, 436; at Edward IV’s funeral, 455, 456; imprisoned by Richard III, 480, 481, 483; at Richard III’s coronation, 495–6; awarded Order of the Garter, 498; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 513, 523; at battle of Bosworth, 560, 561; Richard’s doubts about, 554–5; declares Henry VII king at Bosworth, 563

  Stanley family, 342, 359, 420, 554–5, 558–9

  Steelyard, 77

  Steres, Richard, 203

  Stillington, Robert, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 185, 189–90, 407, 521

  Stockton, John, 290

  Stonor, Elizabeth, 376

  Stonor, Sir William, 376, 439, 455, 478–9, 485, 513

  Stony Stratford, 100, 111, 466–7, 470

  Strange, George Stanley, 9th Baron, 513–14, 555

  Strangways, Sir James, 63–4

  Strensham, John, 404

  Sunnyff, Thomas, 492

  Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of (later Duke of Norfolk), 168, 490, 557, 563, 570

  Switzerland, 379

  Swynford, Katherine, 8

  Tailboys, Sir William, 101

  Tani, Agnolo, 147, 180, 335

  Tapton, John, 404

  taxation: for Scottish campaign (1463), 76–7, 90; new income tax (1464), 95; papal tax, 103–4, 181; ‘queen’s gold,’ 197; for war with France (1468), 190; (1472), 329–30, 333, 355, 358, 369; (1483), 445; of the poor, 351; Richard grants tax breaks, 510 see also benevolences; forced loans; seigniorage

  Tetzel, Gabriel, 142, 143

  Tewkesbury, battle of (1471), 286–9

  Tewkesbury Abbey, 406

  Texel, Frisia, 244, 245

  Thuresby, John, 392, 393

  Thwaites, Sir Thomas, 423, 495

  Tiptoft, John, 1st Earl of Worcester: execution of Earl of Oxford, 68–70; defends Calais against the French, 71; commands fleet for planned Scottish campaign, 89; provides trade escorts, 95; condemns Sir Ralph Grey to death, 103; Anglo-Burgundian tournament (1467), 126, 151, 163; at the Archbishop of York’s enthronement (1465), 135; suppresses rebellion in Ireland, 180; executes Earl of Desmond and his sons, 203; interrogates Lincolnshire rebels, 232; condemns Warwick’s insurgents to death, 234; execution of, 250

  Tocotes, Sir Roger, 392, 393

  Tower of London: Duke of Somerset imprisoned in, 9–10, 11; Lancastrian forces defeated by Yorkists, 27; Lancastrian supporters imprisoned in, 50; Edward IV spends night before coronation, 52; Tower mint, 105; Elizabeth Woodville spends night before coronation, 129; Henry VI imprisoned in, 132; Lancastrian sympathisers interrogated in, 192; execution of Richard Steres, 203; Henry Percy confined in, 223; Elizabeth Woodville orders surrender of, 246–247; Henry VI released from, 247; George Neville imprisoned in, 276; Elizabeth Woodville takes refuge in, 277, 290; Henry VI killed in, 293–294; Duke of Clarence imprisoned in, 394–395, 398, 403, 405; execution of Duke of Clarence, 406; Edward V confined in, 474, 478; Richard III’s council meeting in, 480–483; Richard of Shrewsbury sent to, 484; Richard Brackenbury appointed constable of, 491; princes disappearance in, 496; attempt to rescue princes from, 500; princes death in, 503; Duke of Clarence’s son held in, 568

  Towton, battle of (1461), 45–50, 59

  trade: under Henry VI, 6, 16–17, 22; Anglo-Burgundian, 88, 118–19, 123, 131, 145, 147, 149–50, 153, 171–2, 177, 201, 220–1, 257, 378–9; Anglo-French, 366, 369, 409; bullion crisis, 94; Danish seizure of English ships (1468), 198; Edward IV’s interest in, 95–6; English protectionism, 77–9; expansion (1478), 409–10; monopolized by London, 137, 409; and recoinage, 105 see also alum trade; book trade; Calais Staple; cloth trade; Hanseatic League; Medici bank; Merchant Adventurers; merchants; Staple; wool trade

  Tree of Battles (book), 428

  Trenta, Stefano, 181–3, 185

  Tuddenham, Sir Thomas, 67

  Tudor, Henry see Henry VII

  Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke: Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, 4–5; defeated by Herbert’s forces (1461), 62; defends Harlech castle, 196, 200; raises forces in Wales, 241; at battle of Tewkesbury, 284, 299; with Henry Tudor in Brittany, 500

  Tudor, Owen, 114

  Turberville, John, 530, 541

  Twynyho, Ankarette, 392–3

  Twynyho, John, 393

  Tyrell, John, 340, 401, 402, 503, 515, 533, 542, 570

  Urswick, Christopher, 534

  Utrecht, Netherlands, 118

  Valois, Catherine de, 114

  Vasco de Saavedra, Pedro, 162

  Vaughan, Thomas, 38, 62–3, 121, 146, 153, 160, 317, 320, 339, 399, 470–1, 488, 504

  Vegetius, De re militari, 136

  Vere, Aubrey de, 67

  Vergil, Polydore, 406–7, 543, 562, 564

  Vernon, Henry, 175–6, 272

  Vernon, Roger, 175

  Waddington Hall, Lancashire, 132

  Wake, John, 469, 491–2, 540

  Wake, Ralph, 469

  Wake, Roger, 469, 470, 475, 491, 565, 567–8

  Wake, Thomas, 81, 218, 226, 469, 491

  Wake, William, 491

  Wakefield, battle of (1460), 31–2

  Wales: Sir William Herbert’s control of, 58, 200; Lancastrian resistance in, 61–2, 76, 174, 196; and battle of Edgecote (1469), 216; Richard, duke of Gloucester reimposes control in, 223; Jasper Tudor raises forces in, 241; Prince Edward given authority over, 335, 446–7; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 511, 512; Henry Tudor lands in, 556

  Walker, Walter, 45

  Walsingham, 209, 440

  Waltham Abbey, 203, 229

  Waltham Forest, 441

  Warbeck, Perkin, 569–70

  Warwick, Anne Beauchamp, Countess of, 135, 233, 303, 338, 350

  Warwick, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of (‘the kingmaker’): hostility to Duke of Somerset, 11–12; at first battle of St Albans, 14; captain of Calais garrison, 17, 97; assassination attempts, 19; privateering of, 18; attempts reconciliation with Henry VI, 19; raid on Sandwich, 22–3; relationship with Edward IV, 23, 28; seeks papal approval of Yorkist cause, 24–5, 35; at battle of Northampton, 26–7; dominance of, in government, 27, 33–4, 60, 97–8; at second battle of St Albans, 35–6; advises Edward to claim the throne, 40–1; injured before battle of Towton, 46; Edward IV rewards with lands and grants, 64; sieges of Lancastrian castles (1462), 74–5, 81; negotiates truce with Scotland, 89–90; diploma
cy with France, 97, 98–9, 131, 150–1, 161–2, 163–4, 169–70; and international trade, 95, 96; reaction to Edward IV’s marriage, 115, 123; takes custody of Henry VI, 132; entrusted with education of Richard III, 135–6; at churching of Elizabeth Woodville, 142–3; and Anglo-Burgundian relations, 147, 150–1, 182, 207; loss of influence with Edward, 166, 170, 177; issues petition against Yorkist supporters, 211–13; marriage of daughter Isabel to Clarence, 172–4, 182, 210–11; transfers loyalty to Margaret of Anjou, 174; appointed on judicial commission, 176; briefly reconciled with Edward, 178–9; popularity of, 177; condemns Lancastrian agents, 196; joins Robin of Redesdale’s insurgency, 213; and ordinances for Clarence’s household, 203–5; execution of Sir William Herbert, 216–17; imprisons Edward at Middleham Castle, 217; claims illegitimacy of Edward IV, 220; reconciliation with Edward, 221, 224–5, 226; and Robert Welles’ uprising, 229–32; escapes to France with Clarence, 233–5; reconciled with Margaret of Anjou, 236–8; raises army against Edward, 241–2; restoration of Henry VI, 247–50, 255; killed at battle of Barnet, 280–1; body displayed at St Paul’s, 281

  Waver, Henry, 121, 130

  Wavrin, Jean de, 162–3, 211

  Waynflete, William, Bishop of Winchester, 247

  Welles, John, 502

  Welles, Richard, 7th Baron Welles, 225–6, 229–30

  Welles, Sir Robert, 225, 227–32

  Welsh Marches, 4, 65, 335, 446

  Wenlock, John, 1st Baron, 96, 109, 116, 176–7, 178, 192, 234, 252, 287, 288

  Wesel, Gerhard von, 281

  Westminster: Exchequer offices, 65, 155, 301, 355, 520, 537; parliaments, 9, 15, 63–4, 76, 123, 254–5, 326, 328, 344, 444, 510, 520, 564; Duke of York declared heir to the throne, 3, 30; Edward IV declared king, 43; Anglo-Burgundian tournament, 164; marriage treaty of Margaret of York, 183, 185; Warwick and Clarence reconciled with Edward, 224–5, 226; Edward IV’s restoration, 276; Fauconberg’s assault on, 291; oath-taking to Prince Edward, 299–300; Caxton sets up printing press, 377; Edward convenes royal council (1476), 377, 382; trial of Burdet and Stacy, 389; Twynyho trial, 393; Clarence’s trial, 394, 402–5; joust for the marriage of Richard of Shrewsbury, 400–2; death of Edward IV, 447–50; Richard III declared king, 489; Richard III’s coronation, 494–5; oath-taking to Edward, son of Richard III, 524; Richard III denounces Henry Tudor, 541; Richard III celebrates Christmas at (1484), 544; Henry Tudor declared king, 564–5

 

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