What Is Marriage For?
Page 36
childhood, invention of, 91; in Enlightenment, 106–7
children, 12, 33, 37, 38, 49, 55, 76, 81, 90, 88–144, 184, 240; abuse of, 135–37, 160, 251; custody of, 75, 105–17, 118–19, 123–24, 142–44, 183, 206, 212, 225, 238, 252; danger to, 81, 86–87, 118–22, 141–44; indenturing, 95–96, 97, 111–12, 135; in industrial economy, 109; as labor, 94–95, 115; for love, 112, 114–15; mantle, 101, 103, 110; and marriage law, 142–43, 155, 158; as productive property, 107, 111; raised by same-sex parents, 117–44; sexual orientation of, 126–28; of single mothers, 99, 120; successful development of, 98, 120–21, 131–33; of widows, 119, 135
choice, freedom of, 3, 21–22, 24, 78, 81, 236–37, 253
Christianity, early, 250; adoption in, 110; celibacy in, 57–59, 87, 162, 195; divorce and, 231–32; incest rules in, 162–65; and monogamy, 170; opposition to marriage in, 178; rules about sex in, 61–64. See also Church, Roman Catholic
Christianity Today magazine, 98
Church, Roman Catholic: bastardy in, 101; consent to marriage in, 196, 242–43; control of marriage by, 195–200, 211, 250; divorce in, 231–33; on donor insemination, 116; incest rules in, 14, 163–64, 166; medieval definition of marriage in, 89; monogamy in, 170–71; rules about sex in, 61–64, 83. See also Christianity, early
Church of the Latter Day Saints (Mormons), 171–75
civil marriage, 38, 39, 44, 48, 202, 213
civil rights movement, miscegenation law and, 155–57
Clarissa, 244–45
Clinton, Bill and Hillary, 226
coitus interruptus, 53, 55, 62, 85
coitus reservatus, 182
colonial America: anti-miscegenation laws in, 149–51; bastardy in, 103–4; indenture in, 111; intermarriage in, 149–51; patriarchy in, 107; secular marriage law in, 203
Commentary magazine, 85
common law, British, 107, 124; adoption in, 110
common-law marriage, 103–4, 204–5, 207, 213
Comstock, Anthony, 74–76, 77–79, 81, 82, 83, 232
Comstock Act, 76, 81
conception, premarital, 102–3
concubines, 59, 61, 65, 100, 169–70, 175, 194, 200, 201, 211
condoms, 63, 74, 75
Congreve, William, 215
Conjugal Sins, 74
consent in marriage, 196, 241–48; active, 244–46; history of, 241–46; parental, 243; romantic theories of, 89, 244–45
conservatives, ideology of, 251–52
Considering Parenthood: A Workbook for Lesbians, 115
contraception, xii, xiii, 53, 55, 62–63, 72–74, 77, 79–83, 85, 87, 113–14, 116, 239, 252
conubium (Roman legal marriage), 211
Cott, Nancy, 202, 220, 234
Council of Trent, 201
couples, unmarried, x, 36–37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 209–12. See also marriage: intermediate
coverture, 28
Cranmer, Archbishop Thomas, 66, 248
crime against nature, 53, 55, 63, 73, 77, 82, 85
custody: of children, 107–9, 252; by father, 106–9, 119, 123–24; by mother, 75, 105–9, 113, 118–19, 124, 206; post-divorce, 123–24, 143–44
Cypher, Julie, 159
D-, Sylvester, 156
Dante Alighieri, 7
Davies, Robert, 202
deadbeat dads, 35
de facto marriage, 19, 47, 209. See also marriage: intermediate
Defense of Decency laws, 76
Defense of Marriage Act, 24, 76
Defoe, Daniel, 26
demi-marriage. See marriage: intermediate
Denver Children’s Hospital, 136
Diana, Princess of Wales, 224
diaphragms, 81, 82
Dickens, Charles, 1
dispensation fees, 61–62, 64, 164–65, 200
divorce, xii, 3, 15, 30, 32, 33, 34, 40–42, 68, 106, 183, 195, 227, 228, 229–41, 252; children and, 118–20, 123–24, 125–28, 225; history of, 230–40; incompatibility as grounds for, 233–35; increased rates of, 33, 240; laws of, 237–38
Dixon, Suzanne, 92–93
domestic partnership, 42, 51–52, 209
Donne, John, 68, 72
donor insemination (DI), 115–17, 128–29, 143–44; research on children of, 130–32
dower, 4, 10, 27, 194, 212
dowry, 4, 7, 8, 12–14, 20, 24, 27, 42, 169, 194; education as, 5, 6, 10
Dowry Fund (Monte delle Doti), 7
Du Bois, W. E. B., 154
Duncan, Isadora, 189, 223
Dwight, Timothy, 239
Economy: marriage and, 2–52, 229–30, 240, 250; post-industrial, 33, 34, 109; rise of capitalist, 3, 27–28, 251; transformation of “traditional,” 16, 22–26, 27–28, 146
Edmunds Act, 175
education, college, as modern dowry, 5, 6, 10
egalitarian democracy, 251
egg donation, 115
Egypt, 62, 89, 161
Ellis, Havelock, 80
engagement. See betrothal
Engels, Friedrich, xii, 182, 183
England, 8, 24, 100–103, 110, 199, 202–3, 223, 235–37, 239, 240, 243, 245; protections for same-sex couples in, 44, 252
Enlightenment: childrearing in, 106–7; definition of marriage, 89; and rule of husbands, 219
equality in marriage, xii, 36, 170, 217, 220–23, 251; critique of, 220–22
equality of sexes, xiv, xix, 42, 108–9, 159, 251
Etheridge, Melissa, 159
Familia, components of Roman, 92–94
family: affection in, 112; authority of traditional, 8–10, 96; definitions of, 89–92, 94, 98, 110, 112; disintegration of, 90, 98–99; etymology of, 92; in flux, x–xi, 90–91; function of, 91–92; as labor unit, 33, 34, 36–37, 94–96, 111; lesbian, 117, 130–32; meaning of, 90–91; 1950s, xi, 3, 90, 97, 186, 189, 216; nuclear, 94, 98; nurture in, 112; in Rome, 92–94; among slaves, 93, 95; “traditional,” 92, 113, 146
Family Research Council, 98
fatherhood, effect on men, 137–39
fathers: affectionate, 121–22, 138–39; custody by, 105–10, 124, 138–39; fear of, 135–39; gay, 125–30, 125–28, 134–35, 139–42; need for, 104–5, 118–22, 131–34, 138–39; and play with children, 123; “sociological,” 104–5
feminism, xiii, xiv, xix, 33, 77–81, 87, 109, 114, 168, 183, 184, 206, 219–23, 224, 246, 250, 252
Fielding, Henry, 26, 245
fillius nullius, doctrine of, 101–2, 150
Florence, fifteenth-century marriage in, 6, 7, 8
fornication, 65, 67, 102, 206
Foster, Lawrence, 173
“fostering out.” See children: indenturing
foundlings, death rates of, 101
Fourth Lateran Council, 196
France, xii, 34–35, 147, 242, 252; annulment petitions in, 233–34; civil solidarity pacts in, 209; divorce in, 237, 240; legal age of marriage in, 201, 247; mantle children in, 101; marriage in civil code in, 202, 222
freedom, fear of female, 30–33, 78–79, 159
freedom to marry, 34–35, 208–9
free lovers, 71–72, 188–89, 205–8, 250
Freud, Anna, 142
Friedman, Cynthia, 48
Friedman, Lawrence, 153
Fruits of Philosophy, The, 75
Frum, David, 224
Gay bars, 82
gay men, 50, 65, 82, 85, 86, 154, 158–59, 186–89, 222, 253; as parents, 115, 117, 125–30, 125–28, 134–35, 137
gender: equality, xiv, 36, 42, 80, 215–25; stereotypes of, 122–23, 134–35, 217–19; supremacy, 159, 223–26, 250
General Accounting Office, U.S., 38
Genesis, 145
Germanic clans, 8, 146, 162, 169, 231
Germany, 91; mantle children in, 101; marriage laws in, 36, 222, 252; medieval divorce in, 231
Gibson, Gideon, 151
Gilded Age, 3
Ginsberg, Allen, 159
Glanville, 110
Glendon, Mary Ann, 20, 109, 194, 208, 212
Goldman, Emma, 207
<
br /> Goode, William, 37
Goodyear, Charles, 74
Greece, ancient: adoption in, 110; legitimacy in, 100, 192; status of wives in, 217, 218
Greeley, Horace, 239
Gregory (Pope), 64
Griswold v. Connecticut, 83, 84, 191
Grossberg, Michael, 17
Gutman, Herbert, 18, 167
Hardwicke, Lord, 203
Hawaii, xii, 117
Hawkins, Chauncey J., 88
health and marriage, 42–48
health insurance, 46, 51, 209
Hebrews, Old Testament. See Jews
holy matrimony, concept of, 65–66, 69, 70–72, 219, 233, 244
home, separation from work, 28–29
homicide, 81, 98
homosexuality, 84, 85, 86, 139–41, 142, 187
housewife, as category, 28–29
Hufton, Olwen, 13, 21
Hume, David, 227
husband-rule: in Athens, 218; in early Christianity, 218; in Old Testament, 218; as slavery, 71, 183, 206, 215, 219–20, 222. See also patriarchy
Incest, 14, 18, 81, 87, 145, 158, 160–62, 166, 195–96, 202; history of, 161–65; purpose of, 166–68; social basis of, 166
incest taboo, 147, 160–68
incompatibility, 233–35
Indiana, 204; divorce law in, 237–38
inheritance, 14; in adoption, 110, 112–13; by children out of wedlock, 100–105; in marriage law, 48–50, 183, 202
inner life, xii, 22, 35–36, 58, 70–71, 73, 86, 193, 233, 251
intermarriage, ix, 145, 149, 155; children of, 155, 158; prohibition of, 150–52. See also anti-miscegenation laws; miscegenation
interracial marriage, ix, 145; attitudes toward, 155–56, 158–60, 239; children of, 134
intimacy, sacredness of, 72, 83
in vitro fertilization (IVF), xiii, 112, 115
Ireland, 101, 149
Israel, 50, 123, 185, 211, 252
Italian city-states, 103, 106, 199
James, Alice, 224
Jazz Age, 81
Jerome, Saint, 216
Jeters, Mildred, 156
Jews, x, 140, 203, 250; betrothal of, 102–3; childrearing duties, 114; divorce, 195; marriage as private act among, 194–95; marriage vows of, 203; marrying brother’s widow (levirate), 104, 162; marrying inward (endogamy among), 148–49, 161–62, 164, 167; patriarchy among, 218; polygamy among, 169; sexual attitudes among, 55, 56–57; sexual theology of, 69–70
Johnson, Samuel, 10, 100, 105
Joseph, 104
Jourdain, 242
Kennedy, John F., 189
Key, Ellen, 228
kibbutzim, marriage in, 185, 186
kinship, marriage for, xiii, 145–76, 190, 251; opposition to marriage for, 177–90; out-group marriage, resistance to, 158–59; Roman, 93
Kollantai, Alexandra, 183
Lady’s Magazine, The, 89
LaHaye, Tim and Beverly, 83–84
Lamb, Michael, 124
Laslett, Peter, 103
Laval, John H., 89
Lee, Ann, xii, 179–80
legitimacy, 89, 99–105, 170, 183, 192, 195, 238; definition of, 90; principle of, 104–5. See also bastardy
Lennon, John, 226
Leo XIII (Pope), 220–21
lesbian, 40, 50, 58, 82, 85, 86, 115, 148, 154, 158–59, 186–89, 246, 253; families, research on, 130–32; mothers, 51, 115, 117, 125, 126, 128–35, 139–42
levirate, 162
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 145, 168, 191
Lewis, Charlie, 124
Lincoln, Abraham, 175
Locke, John, 106, 219
longevity, of married people, 44–48
love: adoption for, 111–13; marriage for, 26, 174, 218, 228–53
Loving, Richard (and Mildred), 156, 208
Loving v. Virginia, 154, 156–57, 208, 242
Luther, Martin, 64–65, 66, 88, 106, 200
Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound and Uterine Tonic, 74
Lysol, 74
Madson, Elizabeth, 202
Maimonides, 69
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 104, 105
Maniere, Nicholas, 14
mantle children, 101, 103, 110
marital status, laws on, 38–39, 40–42
marriage: ages at, 8, 9, 24, 65, 97, 201–2, 247; choice in, 3, 13, 22–26, 244–46; civil, 38, 39, 42, 44, 48, 50, 89, 183, 202; “complex,” 181–82; consent in, 196–99, 206, 241–48; contemporary, 38–44, 251; contract, 3, 5, 14, 42, 169, 197, 203, 218, 223, 231, 232; definitions of, 89, 90, 170, 201, 203, 208, 224, 231, 236, 239, 252; development of secular status of, 38–39, 201–3; different rules coexisting on same territory, 19, 20, 59, 104, 152, 166, 203; duration of, 97; equality in, xii, 36, 42, 206–7, 215, 219, 220–23; exchange, rules of, 4–5; and health, 42–48; history of, in West, xi–xii; history of public/private distinction in, 193–209; ideological views of, 250; as immanent state, 193, 196, 204; intermediate, x, 37, 47, 51–52, 61, 102–4, 118, 199, 203, 209–12; for kinship, 146–48, 158; licit and illicit, 65, 199, 205; liturgy of, 195, 196; for love, 4, 34, 89, 174, 218, 228–53; without money, 16, 19–21; in Mormon theology, 171–72; nineteenth-century transformation of, xiii, 89, 204–5; obedience in, 22; origins of “modern,” 3, 23; parental control over, 24–26; as political institution, 191–93, 201, 203, 212, 214–15, 218–19; predictions of dire consequences of marriage rule changes, 3, 30–33, 74, 82, 87, 90, 98–99, 108–10, 114, 157–58, 165, 220–21, 224, 251–52; as public event, 199; rates of, 8, 37, 160; recognition of, 213–14; same-sex, xii, xiv, 2, 3, 36, 42–43, 46, 48, 55, 90, 105, 142–44, 189, 190, 211, 223–26, 229, 239, 240–41, 246–47, 251–53; settlements, 30; among slaves, 16–19; as social battleground, xi, 58, 59, 249–50, 253; as socially defined institution, 192, 214; “traditional,” xiii, 2, 14–15, 16, 89, 90, 129, 170, 250; unpaid economy of, 3–16, 37–38, 42–48; women and, xiii, xiv, 26–34, 159, 215–26, 240, 246, 252; as work-unit, 11–16
Marriage Crisis, The, 113–14
marriage law: Anglican, 202–3; canon, 196, 211; and children, 142–43; contemporary, 34–35, 38–44, 48–50, 208–9, 212–13
Married Love, 72
Married Women’s Property Acts, 30–33, 41
Marx, Karl, 182
Mary, 104
masculinity, 121, 122, 130
Mason, Mary Ann, 111
Massachusetts, 136, 234
masturbation, 60, 75, 79, 82, 85, 116
means test, 20
medieval Europe: bastards and foundlings in, 101; continuity in, 21–22; definition of marriage in, 89; family in, 94, 96–97; polygamy in, 169–70; position of wives in, 217
Michael H v. Gerald D, 104–5
Mill, John Stuart, 20, 25, 26, 191, 220, 224, 236
Miller, Leo, 71–72, 207
Milton, John, 227, 236
miscegenation, ban on, 148, 149–55. See also anti-miscegenation laws; intermarriage
misogyny, 85
monogamy, 57, 80, 170–71, 186, 188, 189, 190
Moon, Reverend, 10
moral life, basis for, 250
Moral Majority, 83
Moral Physiology, 72
Morgan, Marabel, 226
Mormons, 145; patriarchy among, 173–74; polygamy among, 145, 171–77; theology of, 171–72
Morrill Act, 175
Mosher, Clelia, 77
Motherhood, dawn of, 107–9
motherhood, independent, 99
mothers, 51, 81, 99
Myrdal, Gunnar, 153
N AACP Legal Defense Fund, 154
Nahman, Moses ben, 69
Nation, The, 238
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 153, 154
National League for the Protection of Family, 203
Netherlands: marriage laws, 210, 217; protections for same-sex couples in, xii, 44, 52, 252; same-sex parents in, 118
Nevada, soliciting the divorce trade in, 238
New York: divorce laws
in, 240; legitimacy in, 104; wives’ financial position in, 217
New York Academy of Medicine, 81
New York Times, 34, 120
New York Tribune, 239
New Zealand, divorce in, 239
Nichols, Mary and Thomas, 71
Nichols, Mary Gove, 207
nineteenth century: capitalism in, 3, 179, 235; child custody, 111, 206; English divorce in, 235–36; free lovers in, 71–73, 205–7; incest prohibitions in, 165; marriage in, 179, 204–7, 250; position of women in, 29–33; utopian communities in, 179–82, 186
Noyes, John Humphrey, 181–82
nurture, in family, 112
Obedience, 21–23, 26, 33, 180
Old Testament Hebrews. See Jews
Onan (and onanism), 63, 104, 162
Oneida, 146, 181–82, 183, 186, 190
Ono, Yoko, 226
oral sex, 53, 63, 85
Orlovsky, Peter, 159
orphans, 97
Ovid, 229
Owens, Robert Dale, 72, 237
Oz, Amos, 185, 214
Parallel Lives, 215
parenthood: emotional rewards of, 114–15; equality in, 99; gender differences in, 122–25; for love, 113, 114–15; “real,” 105
parents, 24–26, 49, 90, 97, 105–6, 112, 124–25, 132–33; same-sex, 105, 113, 117–44
Parsons, Talcott, 89
Paston family, 8–9, 197
patriarchy: in British eighteenth-century marriage, 191; in colonial America, 107; in early Christianity, 218; among Mormons, 173–74; in Rome, 92–93, 106–7. See also husband-rule
Paul, 58, 66, 218
paupers, marriage among, 19–21
pedophiles, 136–37
Perez, Andrea, 155–56
Petrie Papyrus, 62
Pius XI (Pope), 77
Plato, xii, 177–78
pluralism, 87, 141, 213, 253; in utopian communities, 181–82
Podhoretz, Norman, 85
polygamy, 77, 81, 87, 145–47, 158, 168–77, 252; divorce and remarriage as, 231, 238, 239; history of, 168–71; Mormon, 171–75; prohibition of, 175–77; in Southern slavery, 175
Popenoe, David, 139
Popenoe, Paul, 114–15, 139
pornography, 75, 81
powers of attorney, 42–43
precontracts, 61, 198
pregnancy, 13, 60, 61, 69, 71, 82, 101, 184
Presbyterians, 165
Pride and Prejudice, 1, 26
procreation: ideology of, 83, 89; sex for, 59–63; as social duty, 56–57
property law, marriage and, 24, 27–33, 41
prostitution, 61, 62, 71, 82, 183, 239, 252. See also brothel
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The, 35–36
Protestants, 22, 101, 141, 149, 170, 179, 250; conferral of secular status on marriage by, 201–3, 205; consent to marriage among, 243–44; incest prohibitions among, 165; and reform of marriage rules, 200–201, 210, 232–33, 235. See also Reformation