Delphi Complete Works of Varro

by Marcus Terentius Varro

  Stolo, Quod ad haec pertinet, Cato non male, quod scribit de sationibus, ager crassus et laetus si sit sine arboribus, eum agrum frumentarium fieri oportere; idem ager si nebulosus sit, rapa, raphanos, milium, panicum; in agro crasso et calido oleam conditaneam, radium maiorem, Sallentinam, orcitem, poseam, Sergianam, Colminiam, albicerem, quam earum in iis locis optimam dicant esse, eam maxime serere. Agrum oliveto conserendo, nisi qui in ventum favonium spectet et soli ostentus sit, alium bonum nullum esse. Qui ager frigidior et macrior sit, ibi oleam licinianam seri oportere. Si in loco crasso aut calido posueris, hostum nequam fieri et ferendo arborem perire et muscum rubrum molestum esse. Hostum vocant quod ex uno facto olei reficitur. Factum dicunt quod uno tempore conficiunt, quem alii CLX aiunt esse modiorum, alii ita minus magnum, ut ad CXX descendat, exinde ut vasa olearia quot et quanta habeant, quibus conficiunt illut. Quod Cato ait circum fundum ulmos et populos, unde frons ovibus et bubus sit et materies, seri oportere (sed hoc neque in omnibus fundis opus est neque, in quibus est opus, propter frondem maxime), sine detrimento ponuntur a septemtrionali parte, quod non officiunt soli.

  Ille adicit ab eodem scriptore, si locus umectus sit, ibi cacumina populorum serenda et harundinetum. Id prius bipalio verti, ibi oculos harundinis pedes ternos alium ab alio seri, * * * aptam esse utrique eandem fere culturam. Salicem Graecam circum harundinetum seri oportere, uti sit qui vitis alligari possit.

  [24.1] “What Cato says about planting,” said Stolo, “is very much to the point on this subject: ‘Soil that is heavy, rich, and treeless should be used for grain; and the same soil, if subject to fogs, should preferably be planted in rape, turnips, millet, and panic-grass. In heavy, warm soil plant olives — those for pickling, the long variety, the Sallentine, the orcites, the posea, the Sergian, the Colminian, and the waxy; choose especially the varieties which are commonly agreed to be the best for these districts. Land which is suitable for olive planting is that which faces the west and is exposed to the sun; no other will be good. [2] In colder and thinner soil the Licinian olive should be planted. If you plant it in rich or warm soil the yield will be worthless, the tree will exhaust itself in bearing, and a reddish scale will injure it.’ [3] A hostus is what they call the yield of oil from one factus; and a factus (‘making’) is the amount they make up at one time. Some say this is 160 modii, others reduce it so far as 120 modii, according to the number and size of the equipment they have for making it. As to Cato’s remark that elms and poplars should be planted around the farm to supply leaves for sheep and cattle, and timber (but this is not necessary on all farms, and where it is necessary it is not chiefly for the forage), they may safely be planted on the northern edge, because there they do not cut off the sun.”

  [4] Scrofa gave the following advice from the same author: “ ‘Wherever there is wet ground, poplar cuttings and a reed thicket should be planted. The ground should first be turned with the mattock and then the eyes of the reed should be planted three feet apart; . . . the same cultivation is adapted pretty much to each. The Greek willow should be planted along the border of the thicket, so that you may have withes for tying up vines.

  XXV.

  Vinea quo in agro serenda sit, sic observandum. Qui locus optimus vino sit et ostentus soli, Aminneum minusculum et geminum eugeneum, helvium minusculum seri oportere. Qui locus crassior sit aut nebulosus, ibi Aminneum maius aut Murgentinum, Apicium, Lucanum seri. Ceteras vites, et de iis miscellas maxime, in omne genus agri convenire.

  [25.1] ‘Soil for laying out a vineyard should be chosen by the following rules: In soil which is best adapted for grapes and which is exposed to the sun the small Aminnian, the double eugeneum, and the small parti-coloured should be planted; in soil that is heavy or more subject to fogs the large Aminnian, the Murgentian, the Apician, and the Lucanian. The other varieties, and especially the hybrids, grow well anywhere.’

  XXVI.

  In omni vinea diligenter observant ut ridica vitis ad septemtrionem versus tegatur; et si cupressos vivas, pro ridicis quas inserunt, alternos ordines inponunt neque eos crescere altius quam ridicas patiuntur, neque propter eos ut adserant vites, quod inter se haec inimica.

  Agrius Fundanio, Vereor, inquit, ne ante aeditumus veniat huc, quam hic ad quartum actum. Vindemiam enim expecto. Bono animo es, inquit Scrofa, ac fiscinas expedi et urnam.

  [26.1] “In every vineyard they are careful to see that the vine is protected toward the north by the prop; and if they plant live cypresses to serve as props they plant them in alternate rows, yet do not allow the rows to grow higher than the props, and are careful not to plant vines near them, because they are hostile to each other.”

  “I am afraid,” remarked Agrius to Fundanius, “that the sacristan will com back before our friend comes to the fourth act; for I am awaiting the vintage.” “Be of good cheer,” replied Scrofa, “and get ready the baskets and jar.”

  XXVII.

  Et quoniam tempora duorum generum sunt, unum annale, quod sol circuitu suo finit, alterum menstruum, quod luna circumiens comprendit, prius dicam de sole. Eius cursus annalis primum fere circiter ternis mensibus ad fructus est divisus in IIII partis, et idem subtilius sesquimensibus in IIX, in IIII, quod dividitur in ver et aestatem et autumnum et hiemem. Vere sationes quae fiunt, terram rudem proscindere oportet, quae sunt ex ea enata, priusquam ex iis quid seminis cadat, ut sint exradicata; et simul glaebis ab sole percalefactis aptiores facere ad accipiendum imbrem et ad opus faciliores relaxatas; neque eam minus binis arandum, ter melius. Aestate fieri messes oportere, autumno siccis tempestatibus vindemias, ac silvas excoli commodissime tunc, praecidi arbores oportere secundum terram: radices autem primoribus imbribus ut effodiantur, nequid ex iis nasci possit. Hieme putari arbores dumtaxat his temporibus, cum gelu cortices ex imbribus careant et glacie.

  [27.1] “And since we have two measures of time, one annual which the sun bounds by its circuit, the other monthly which the moon embraces as it circles, I shall speak first of the sun. Its annual course is divided first into four periods of about three months each up to its completion, and more narrowly into eight periods of a month and a half each; the fourfold division embraces spring, summon, autumn, and winter. [2] For the spring plantings the untilled ground should be broken up so that the weeds which have sprung from it may be rooted up before any seed falls from them; and at the same time, when the clods have been thoroughly dried by the sun, to make them more accessible to the rain and easier to work when they have been thus broken up; and there should be not less than two ploughings, and preferably three. [3] In summer the grain should be gathered, and in autumn, when the weather is dry, the grapes; and this is the best time for the woods to be cleared, the trees being cut close to the ground, while the roots should be dug out at the time of the early rains, so that they cannot sprout again. In winter trees should be pruned, provided it is done when the bark is free from the chill of rain and ice.

  XXVIII.

  Dies primus est veris in aquario, aestatis in tauro, autumni in leone, hiemis in scorpione. Cum unius cuiusque horum IIII signorum dies tertius et vicesimus IIII temporum sit primus et efficiat ut ver dies habeat XCI, aestas XCIV, autumnus XCI, hiems XXCIX, quae redacta ad dies civiles nostros, qui nunc sunt, primi verni temporis ex a. d. VII id. Febr., aestivi ex a. d. VII id. Mai., autumnalis ex a. d. III id. Sextil., hiberni ex a. d. IV id. Nov., suptilius descriptis temporibus observanda quaedam sunt, eaque in partes VIII dividuntur: primum a favonio ad aequinoctium vernum dies XLV, hinc ad vergiliarum exortum dies XLIV, ab hoc ad solstitium dies XLIIX, inde ad caniculae signum dies XXVII, dein ad aequinoctium autumnale dies LXVII, exin ad vergiliarum occasum dies XXXII, ab hoc ad brumam dies LVII, inde ad favonium dies XLV.

  [28.1] “The first day of spring occurs [when the sun is] in Aquarius, that of summer when it is in Taurus, of autumn when it is in Leo, of winter when it is in Scorpio. As the twenty-third day of each one of these four signs is the first day of the four seasons, this makes spring contain 91 days, summer 94, autumn 91, winter 89, which numbers, r
educed to the official calendar now in force, fix the beginning of spring on February 7, of summer on May 9, of autumn on August 11, of winter on November 10. [2] But in the more exact divisions certain things are to be taken into account, which cause an eightfold division: the first from the rising of the west wind to the vernal equinox, 45 days, thence to the rising of the Pleiades 44 days, thence to the solstice 48 days, thence to the rising of the Dog Star 27 days, thence to the autumnal equinox 67 days, from there to the setting of the Pleiades 32 days, hence to the winter solstice 57 days, and back to the rising of the west wind 45 days.

  XXIX.

  Primo intervallo inter favonium et aequinoctium vernum haec fieri oportet. Seminaria omne genus ut serantur, putari arbusta, stercorari in pratis, circum vites ablacuari, radices quae in summa terra sunt praecidi, prata purgari, salicta seri, segetes sariri. Seges dicitur quod aratum satum est, arvum quod aratum necdum satum est, novalis, ubi satum fuit, antequam secunda aratione novatur rursus. Terram cum primum arant, proscindere appellant, cum iterum, offringere dicunt, quod prima aratione glaebae grandes solent excitari; cum iteratur, offringere vocant. Tertio cum arant iacto semine, boves lirare dicuntur, id est cum tabellis additis ad vomerem simul et satum frumentum operiunt in porcis et sulcant fossas, quo pluvia aqua delabatur. Non nulli postea, qui segetes non tam latas habent, ut in Apulia et id genus praediis, per sartores occare solent, siquae in porcis relictae grandiores sunt glaebae. Qua aratrum vomere lacunam striam fecit, sulcus vocatur. Quod est inter duos sulcos elata terra dicitur porca, quod ea seges frumentum porricit. Sic quoque exta deis cum dabant, porricere dicebant.

  [29.1] “These are things which should be done in the first period, from the rising of the west wind to the vernal equinox: — All kinds of nurseries should be set out, orchards pruned, meadows manured, vines trenched and outcropping roots removed, meadows cleared, willow beds planted, grain-land weeded. The word seges is used of ploughed land which has been sowed, arvum of ploughed land not yet sowed, novalis of land where there has been a crop before it is “renewed” (novatur) by a second ploughing. [2] When they plough the first time they say they are ‘breaking up,’ the second time that they are ‘breaking down,’ because at the first ploughing large clods are usually turned up, and when the ploughing is repeated they call it ‘breaking down.’ When they plough the third time, after the seed has been broadcast, the oxen are said to ‘ridge’; that is, with mould boards attached to the ploughshare they both cover the broadcast seed in ridges, and at the same time cut ditches to let the rain-water drain off. Some farmers, who have fields which are not very large, as in Apulia and farms of that kind, have the custom later on of breaking up with hoes any large clods which have been left on the ridges. [3] Where the plough makes a hollow or channel with the share, it is called a ‘furrow.’ The space between two furrows, the raised dirt, is called porca, because that part of the field presents (porricit) the grain; so they also used to employ the word porricere when they offered the entrails to the gods.

  XXX.

  Secundo intervallo inter vernum aequinoctium et vergiliarum exortum haec fieri. Segetes runcari, id est herbam e segetibus expurgari, boves terram proscindere, salicem caedi, prata defendi. Quae superiore tempore fieri oportuerit et non sunt absoluta, antequam gemmas agant ac florescere incipiant, fieri, quod, si quae folia amittere solent ante frondere inceperunt, statim ad serendum idonea non sunt. Oleam seri interputarique oportet.

  [30.1] “In the second period, between the vernal equinox and the rising of the Pleiades, these operations should be carried out: — Crops should be weeded, that is, the grass cleared from the crops, oxen should break up the ground, willows should be cut, and meadows fenced. What should have been done in the former period but was not completed should be done before the plants begin to bud and flower, because if those which are deciduous once begin to frond, they are at once unsuited for planting. Olives should be planted and pruned.

  XXXI.

  Tertio intervallo inter vergiliarum exortum et solstitium haec fieri debent. Vineas novellas fodere aut arare et postea occare, id est comminuere, ne sit glaeba. Quod ita occidunt, occare dictum. Vites pampinari, sed a sciente (nam id quam putare maius), neque in arbusto, sed in vinea fieri. Pampinare est e sarmento coles qui nati sunt, de iis, qui plurimum valent, primum ac secundum, non numquam etiam tertium, relinquere, reliquos decerpere, ne relictis colibus sarmentum nequeat ministrare sucum. Ideo in vitiario primitus cum exit vitis, tota resicari solet, ut firmiore sarmento e terra exeat atque in pariendis colibus vires habeat maiores. Eiuncidum enim sarmentum propter infirmitatem sterile neque ex se potest eicere vitem, quam vocant minorem flagellum, maiorem et iam unde uvae nascuntur palmam. Prior littera una mutata declinata a venti flatu, similiter ac flabellum flagellum. Posterior, quod ea vitis immittitur ad uvas pariendas, dicta primo videtur a pariendo parilema: exin mutatis litteris, ut in multis, dici coepta palma. Ex altera parte parit capreolum. Is est coliculus viteus intortus, ut cincinnus. hi sunt enim vitis quibus teneat id quo serpit ad locum capiendum, a quo capiendo capreolus dictus. Omne pabulum, primum ocinum farraginem viciam, novissime faenum, secari. Ocinum dictum a graeco verbo, okeos quod valet cito, similiter quod ocimum in horto. Hoc amplius dictum ocinum, quod citat alvom bubus et ideo iis datur, ut purgentur. Id est ex fabali segete viride sectum, antequam genat siliquas. Farrago contra ex segete ubi sata admixta hordeum et vicia et legumina pabuli causa viride aut quod ferro caesa ferrago dicta, aut inde, quod primum in farracia segete seri coepta. Eo equi et iumenta cetera verno tempore purgantur ac saginantur. Vicia dicta a vinciendo, quod item capreolos habet, ut vitis, quibus, cum susum versus serpit, ad scapum lupini aliumve quem ut haereat, id solet vincire. Si prata inrigua habebis, simulac faenum sustuleris, inrigare. In poma, quae insita erunt, siccitatibus aquam addi cotidie vesperi. A quo, quod indigent potu, poma dicta esse possunt.

  [31.1] “In the third period, between the rising of the Pleiades and the solstice, these operations should be carried out: — Digging or ploughing the young vines and then forking them, that is, breaking the ground so that there will be no clods. This is called occare because they crush (occidunt) the ground. The vines should be thinned (for that is better than pruning), but by an expert, and this should be done not in the orchard but in the vineyard. [2] Thinning consists in leaving the first and second, sometimes even the third of the strongest shoots with spring from the stock and picking off the rest, lest the stock be not strong enough to furnish sap to the shoots if all are left. For that reason, in the vine-nursery when the vine first comes out, it is the practice for the whole to be cut back, so that it may come from the ground with a sturdier stock and have greater strength in sending out shoots. [3] For a slender stock, on account of weakness, is sterile and cannot put out the vine, which, when it is smaller, they call flagellum, while the larger from which the grapes spring they call palma. The first word by the change of one letter is derived from flatus, the blowing of the wind, so that they call it flagellum instead of flabellum. The second word seems at first to have been called parilema, from parere, to bear, because the shoot is sent out to bear grapes; [4] thence, by change of letters, as in many words, it got to be called palma. On the other side, it bears a tendril; this is a vine twig twisted like a curl. It is by means of these tendrils that the vine holds the support on which it creeps to grasp a place, from which grasping (capere) it is called capreolus. All fodder crops should be cut, first clover, mixed fodder, and vetch, and last hay. Ocinum is derived, as is the garden clover (ocimum), from the Greek word ὠκέως, which means ‘quickly.’ It is called ocinum for the further reason that it moves (citat) the bowels of cattle, and is fed to them on that account, as a purgative. It is cut green from the bean crop before it forms pods. [5] Farrago, on the other hand, is so called from a crop where a mixture of barley, vetch, and legumes has been sowed for green feed, either because it is cut with the steel (ferrum, ferrago) or for the reason that it was first sowed in a spelt (far) field. It is with this that horses and other animals
are purged and fattened in the spring. Vetch is so called from vincire, to bind, because it also has tendrils as the vine has, with which, when it creeps up to cling to the stalk of the lupine or some other plant, it usually binds (vincit) it. If you have meadows to be irrigated, as soon as you have gathered the hay, irrigate them. During droughts water should be given every evening to the fruit trees that are grafted. It may be that they are called poma from the fact that they need drink (potus).

  XXXII.

  Quarto intervallo inter solstitium et caniculam plerique messem faciunt, quod frumentum dicunt quindecim diebus esse in vaginis, quindecim florere, quindecim exarescere, cum sit maturum. Arationes absolvi, quae eo fructuosiores fiunt, quo caldiore terra aratur. Si proscideris, offringi oportet, id est iterare, ut frangantur glaebae; prima enim aratione grandes glaebae ex terra scinduntur. Serendum viciam, lentem, cicerculam, ervilam ceteraque, quae alii legumina, alii, ut Gallicani quidam, legarica appellant, utraque dicta a legendo, quod ea non secantur, sed vellendo leguntur. Vineas veteres iterum occare, novellas etiam tertio, si sunt etiam tum glaebae.

  [32.1] “In the fourth period, between the solstice and the Dog Star, most farmers harvest, because it is a saying that the grain is in the sheath for fifteen days, blooms for fifteen days, dries for fifteen days, and is then ripe. Ploughing should be completed, and it will be more valuable in proportion as it is done in warm ground; if you are ‘breaking up’ the ground it should be crushed, that is, gone over a second time so that the clods may be broken; for in the first ploughing large clods are cut from the ground. [2] You should sow vetch, lentils, small peas, pulse, and other plants, which some call legumes, and others, like some Gallic farmers, call legarica, both words being derived from legere, because these are not reaped, but are gathered by pulling. Hoe old vines a second time, young ones even a third time, if there are clods still left.

  XXXIII.