The Case Against Fluoride
Page 50
10. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk et al. , “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders” (article in Russian), Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) 31, no. 6 (1985): 25–29. English translation at http://www.fluoridealert.org/bachinskii.1985.pdf.
11. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al. , “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang, ” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf; also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm.
12. Y. Li et al. , “Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures” (n. 4 above).
13. E. B. Bassin, D. Wypij, R. B. Davis, and M. A. Mittleman, “Age-specific Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water and Osteosarcoma (United States), ” Cancer Causes and Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 421–28.
14. C. W. Douglass and K. Joshipura, “Caution Needed in Fluoride and Osteosarcoma Study” (letter), Cancer Causes & Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 481–82.
15. F. T. Shannon, D. M. Fergusson, and L. J. Horwood, “Exposure to Fluoridated Water Supplies and Child Behaviour, ” New Zealand Medical Journal 99, no. 803 (1986): 416–18.
16. K. E. Heller, S. A. Eklund, and B. A. Burt, “Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations, ” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 57, no. 3 (1997): 136–43.
17. E. Dincer, “Why Do I Have White Spots on My Front Teeth, ” New York State Dental Journal 74, no. 1 (2008): 58–60, http://www.nysdental.org/img/current-pdf/JrnlJan2008.pdf.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Fluoridation Census 1992, ” page iv, U. S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Prevention Services, Division of Oral Health, Atlanta, Georgia, 1993, http://fluoridealert.org/cdc.f.census.1992.html.
19. E. D. Beltrán-Aguilar, B. F. Gooch, A. Kingman, et al. , “Surveillance for Dental Caries, Dental Sealants, Tooth Retention, Edentulism, and Enamel Fluorosis—United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2002, ” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54, no. 3 (August 26, 2005): 1–44, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm.
20. K. E. Heller et al. , “Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations” (n. 16 above).
21. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 177 (n. 1 above).
22. S. Barrett, “Fluoridation: Poison-mongers Delaying Health for Millions?” Journal of the American Dental Association 93, no. 55 (1976): 880, as cited by Brian Martin in Scientific Knowledge in Controversy: The Social Dynamics of the Fluoridation Debate (State University of New York Press, 1991).
23. B. Sprague, M. Bernhardt, and S. Barrett, “Fluoridation: Don’t Let the Poisonmongers Scare You” (undated), online at QuackWatch, http://www.quackwatch.com/03HealthPromotion/fluoride.html.
24. M. Crichton, “‘Aliens Cause Global Warming’. From a lecture delivered by the late Michael Crichton at the California Institute of Technology on Jan. 17, 2003, ” Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122603134258207975.html.
Chapter 26
1. B. Martin, Scientific Knowledge in Controversy: The Social Dynamics of the Fluoridation Debate (State University of New York Press, 1991).
2. E. Groth, “The Fluoridation Controversy; Which Side is Science On?” A commentary in Scientific Knowledge in Controversy: The Social Dynamics of the Fluoridation Debate by Brian Martin (State University of New York Press, 1991), 169–92.
3. Ibid. , 174–75.
4. B. Osmunson, personal communication with Paul Connett, 2008.
5. J. Colquhoun, “Education and Fluoridation in New Zealand: An Historical Study, ” PhD diss. , University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1987.
6. J. Colquhoun, “Why I Changed My Mind about Fluoridation, ” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 41 (1997): 29–44. Reprinted in Fluoride 31, no. 2 (1998): 103–18, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/312103.htm.
7. T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (The University of Chicago Press, 1962).
8. B. C. Nesin, “A Water Supply Perspective of the Fluoridation Discussion, ” Journal of the Maine Water Utilities Association 32 (1956): 33–47.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries, ” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Ten Great Public Health Achievements: United States, 1900–1999, ” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 12 (April 2, 1999): 241–43, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm.
11. “Rethinking Fluoridation: EPA Headquarters Union Calls for Moratorium, ” a video interview with Bill Hirzy, Ph. D. , a risk assessment scientist for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Produced by Michael Connett for Grass Roots & Global Video, a project of the American Environmental Health Studies Project in association with Fluoride Action Network, May 2001.
12. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004).
13. M. Connett and P. Connett, “The Fluoride Deception: An Interview with Christopher Bryson” (video, 28:30 min. ), 2004, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3949434744498031545&hl=en#.
14. SourceWatch, “American Council on Science and Health, ” The Center for Media and Democracy, http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Council_on_Science_and_Health.
15. Ibid.
16. B. Moyers, “PR Strategies. Trade Secrets: A Moyers Report, ” PBS-TV (Public Broadcasting Service), produced by Public Affairs Television, Inc. , 2001, http://www.pbs.org/tradesecrets/evidence/secrecy_pop03.html, and http://www.pbs.org/tradesecrets/transcript.html.
17. “ACSH Considers Legal Action Against Attempts to Reclassify Fluoride, ” Food Chemical News, April 30, 1990.
18. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment (New York: Devin-Adair, 1957).
19. G. Caldwell and P. E. Zanfagna, Fluoridation and Truth Decay (Massachusetts: Top-Ecol Press, 1974).
20. W. Varney, Fluoride in Australia: A Case to Answer (Sydney: Hale and Iremonger, 1986).
21. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment, 8 (n. 18 above).
22. W. Varney, Fluoride in Australia, 69 (n. 20 above).
23. T. Cambanis, “Dr. Frederick J. Stare, 91, Pioneer in Nutrition Studies, ” Boston Globe (Massachusetts), April 6, 2002, page B7.
24. G. Caldwell and P. E. Zanfagna, Fluoridation and Truth Decay, 11 (n. 19 above).
25. W. Varney, Fluoride in Australia, 70 (n. 20 above).
26. Ibid.
27. G. Caldwell and P. E. Zanfagna, Fluoridation and Truth Decay, 10 (n. 19 above).
28. Ibid. , 244.
29. D. S. Bernstein, D. M. Hegsted, C. D. Guri, and F. J. Stare, “Prevalence of Osteoporosis in High- and Low-fluoride Areas in North Dakota, ” Journal of the American Medical Association 198, no. 5 (1966): 85–90.
30. H. E. Meema, “Fluorides and Osteoporosis” (letter), The Lancet, February 25, 1967.
31. E. Hedderberg, “Fluoride Is Called Helpful to the Elderly, ” St. Petersburg Times (Florida), September 9, 1969.
32. “ACSH Considers Legal Action Against Attempts to Reclassify Fluoride” (n. 17 above).
33. Ibid.
34. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (n. 12 above).
35. Ibid. , 209.
36. J. Barzun, Science: The Glorious Entertainment (New York, Evanston, and London: Harper & Row, 1964), 71–72.
Review and Conclu
sion
1. J. A. Brunelle and J. P. Carlos, “Recent Trends in Dental Caries in U. S. Children and the Effect of Water Fluoridation, ” Journal of Dental Research 69 (1990): 723–27.
2. D. Fagin, “Second Thoughts on Fluoride, ” Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–81. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/sc.am.jan.2008.html.
3. “The Professionals’ Statement Calling for an End to Water Fluoridation, ” Fluoride Action Network, http://fluoridealert.org/prof-statement.pdf.
4. M. Tavares and V. Chomitz, “A Healthy Weight Intervention for Children in a Dental Setting, ” Journal of the American Dental Association 140, no. 3 (2009): 313–16.
About the Authors
Paul Connett obtained his bachelor’s degree from Cambridge, England, and his PhD in chemistry from Dartmouth College in the United States. He retired from a full professorship at St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York, in May 2006. He is currently the director of the Fluoride Action Network. His specialty at St. Lawrence was environmental chemistry and toxicology. For twenty-five years, he has been involved in waste management, an issue that has led him to give over two thousand pro bono presentations in forty-nine U. S. states and fifty-two other countries. In 2010, he gave two presentations on Zero Waste and Sustainability to the United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development in New York City. At the urging of his wife, Ellen, he began researching the issues of fluoride’s toxicity and the water fluoridation debate in July 1996. Before Professor Connett began reading the literature on fluoride, he had accepted the prevailing American perception that people opposed to fluoridation were scientifically ill informed. After fourteen years of reviewing the primary literature his perception has dramatically changed. Paul and Ellen Connett were included in American Environmental Leaders from Colonial Times to the Present by Anne Becher and Joseph Richey (Grey House Publishing, 2008)
James S. Beck, who holds doctorates in medicine (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri) and biophysics (University of California, Berkeley), was urged nine years ago to look at the issue of fluoridation in the city of Calgary, Canada, by a family physician who opposed it. He was appalled at the ethics of the practice, joined a small committee of one physician and five dentists trying to stop fluoridation in the city, and began a study of the scientific literature on fluoride’s purported efficacy as preventive of caries and on its myriad toxicities. He has lobbied city councils and engaged in public debate since. He is currently professor emeritus of medical biophysics at the University of Calgary, Canada.
H. Spedding Micklem is an emeritus professor in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK. He graduated DPhil from the University of Oxford and worked on the scientific staff of the Medical Research Council at Harwell for eight years before moving to the Department of Zoology at Edinburgh, where he engaged in teaching and research for twenty-five years, publishing mainly in the fields of stem cell biology and immunology. He held visiting research fellowships for several periods at l’Institut Pasteur in Paris, Stanford University, and New York University School of Medicine. He became interested in fluoride about seven years ago and soon realized that fluoridation of the public water supply was not the sensible public health measure that he had always supposed.
Peter Meiers, author of Zur Toxizität von Fluorverbindungen (Heidelberg: Verlag für Medizin, 1984) and owner of the Web site www.fluoride-history.de, became aware of the fluoride debate late in 1981, when the possible carcinogenic effects of fluoride were mentioned by Hans Alfred Nieper, MD, in a letter to the editor of a weekly medical magazine. Though he has no academic degrees, Meiers began a critical study of the available medical literature and approached health officers, as well as community-administered local kindergarten leaders, who then used to distribute fluoride tablets to children, to draw their attention to the issue. The distribution of fluoride tablets by local kindergartens was stopped in 1984, yet a new challenge arose with plans to fluoridate the drinking water of the city of Berlin (later defeated by public vote). Another key event leading to Meiers’s special interest in the history of fluoridation was his participation in a TV discussion during which the representative of a dental organization argued in favor of fluoride. As soon as the cameras went off, this dentist said, “In a few years we dentists will ask, ‘How could we have ever gotten involved in this fluoride matter?’”
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