The Man Who Laughs

by Victor Hugo

  * * *

  VI

  THE HIGH AND THE LOW

  ALL AT ONCE a bright light broke upon the House. A Four doorkeepers brought and placed on each side of the throne four high candelabra filled with wax-lights. The throne, thus illuminated, shone in a kind of purple light. It was empty, but august. The presence of the queen herself could not have added much majesty to it.

  The Usher of the Black Rod entered with his wand, and announced:

  "The Lords Commissioners of her Majesty."

  The hum of conversation immediately subsided.

  A clerk, in a wig and gown, appeared at the great door, holding a cushion worked with fleurs-de-lis, on which lay parchment documents. These documents were bills. From each hung the bille or bulle, by a silken string, from which laws are called bills in England, and bulls at Rome. Behind the clerk walked three men in peers' robes, and wearing plumed hats.

  These were the Royal Commissioners. The first was the Lord High Treasurer of England, Godolphin; the second, the Lord President of the Council, Pembroke, the third, the Lord of the Privy Seal, Newcastle.

  They walked one by one, according to precedence, not of their rank, but of their commission--Godolphin first, Newcastle last, although a duke.

  They reached the bench in front of the throne, to which they bowed, took off and replaced their hats, and sat down on the bench.

  The Lord Chancellor turned toward the Usher of the Black Rod, and said:

  "Order the Commons to the bar of the House."

  The Usher of the Black Rod retired.

  The clerk, who was one of the clerks of the House of Lords, placed on the table, between the four woolsacks, the cushion on which lay the bills.

  Then there came an interruption, which continued for some minutes. Two doorkeepers placed before the bar a stool, with three steps.

  This stool was covered with crimson velvet, on which fleurs-de-lis were designed in gilt nails.

  The great door, which had been closed, was reopened, and a voice announced:

  "The faithful Commons of England."

  It was the Usher of the Black Rod announcing the other half of Parliament.

  The Lords put on their hats.

  The members of the House of Commons entered, preceded by their Speaker, all with uncovered heads.

  They stopped at the bar. They were in their ordinary garb; for the most part dressed in black, and wearing swords.

  The Speaker, the Right Honourable John Smith, an esquire, member for the borough of Andover, got up on the stool which was at the centre of the bar. The Speaker of the Commons wore a robe of black satin, with large hanging sleeves, embroidered before and behind with brandenburgs of gold, and a wig smaller than that of the Lord Chancellor. He was majestic, but inferior.

  The Commons, both Speaker and members, stood waiting, with uncovered heads, before the peers, who were seated, with their hats on.

  Among the members of Commons might have been remarked the Chief Justice of Chester, Joseph Jekyll; the queen's three Serjeants-at-Law--Hooper, Powys, and Parker; James Montagu, Solicitor-General; and the Attorney-General, Simon Harcourt. With the exception of a few baronets and knights, and nine lords by courtesy--Hartington, Windsor, Woodstock, Mordaunt, Granby, Scudamore, Fitzhardinge, Hyde, and Berkeley--sons of peers and heirs to peerages--all were of the people--a sort of gloomy and silent crowd.

  When the noise made by the trampling of feet had ceased, the Crier of the Black Rod, standing by the door, exclaimed:

  "Oyez!"

  The Clerk of the Crown arose. He took, unfolded, and read the first of the documents on the cushion. It was a message from the queen, naming three commissioners to represent her in Parliament with power to sanction the bills.

  "To wit----"

  Here the Clerk raised his voice.

  "Sidney Earl Godolphin."

  The Clerk bowed to Lord Godolphin. Lord Godolphin raised his hat.

  The Clerk continued:

  "Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery."

  The Clerk bowed to Lord Pembroke. Lord Pembroke touched his hat.

  The Clerk resumed:

  "John Holles, Duke of Newcastle."

  The Duke of Newcastle nodded.

  The Clerk of the Crown resumed his seat.

  The Clerk of the Parliament arose. His under-clerk, who had been on his knees behind him, got up also. Both turned their faces to the throne and their backs to the Commons.

  There were five bills on the cushion. These five bills, voted by the Commons and agreed to by the Lords, awaited the royal sanction.

  The Clerk of the Parliament read the first bill.

  It was a bill passed by the Commons, charging the country with the costs of the improvements made by the queen to her residence at Hampton Court, amounting to a million sterling.

  The reading over, the Clerk bowed low to the throne. The under-clerk bowed lower still; then, half turning his head toward the Commons, he said: "The queen accepts your bounty--et ainsi le veut."

  The Clerk read the second bill.

  It was a law condemning to imprisonment and fine whomsoever withdrew himself from the service of the trainbands. The trainbands were a militia, recruited from the middle and lower classes, serving gratis, which in Elizabeth's reign furnished, on the approach of the Armada, one hundred and eighty-five thousand foot-soldiers and forty thousand horse.

  The two clerks made a fresh bow to the throne, after which, the under-clerk, again half turning his face to the Commons, said:

  "La Reine le vent."

  The third bill was for increasing the tithes and prebends of the Bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry, which was one of the richest in England; for making an increased yearly allowance to the cathedral, for augmenting the number of its canons, and for increasing its deaneries and benefices, "to the benefit of our holy religion," as the preamble set forth.

  The fourth bill added to the budget fresh taxes: one on marbled paper; one on hackney coaches, fixed at the number of eight hundred in London, and taxed at a sum equal to fifty-two francs yearly each; one on barristers, attorneys, and solicitors, at forty-eight francs a year a head; one on tanned skins, notwithstanding, said the preamble, the complaints of the workers in leather. One on soap, notwithstanding the petitions of the City of Exeter and of the whole of Devonshire, where great quantities of cloth and serge were manufactured; one on wine at four shillings, one on flour; one on barley and hops; and one renewing for four years--"the necessities of the State," said the preamble, "requiring to be attended to before the remonstrances of commerce"--tonnage-dues, varying from six francs per ton, for ships coming from the westward, to eighteen francs on those coming from the eastward. Finally, the bill, declaring the sums already levied for the current year insufficient, concluded by decreeing a poll-tax on each subject throughout the kingdom of four shillings per head, adding that a double tax would be levied on every one who did not take the fresh oath to Government.

  The fifth bill forbade the admission into the hospital of any sick person who on entering did not deposit a pound sterling to pay for his funeral in case of death. These last three bills, like the first two, were one after He other sanctioned and made law by a bow to the throne, and the four words pronounced by the under-clerk, "la Reine le veut," spoken over his shoulder to the Commons. Then the under-clerk knelt down again before the fourth woolsack, and the Lord Chancellor said:

  "Soit fait comme il est désiré."

  This terminated the royal sitting. The Speaker, bent double before the Chancellor, descended from the stool, backward, lifting up his robe behind him; the members of the House of Commons bowed to the ground, and as the Upper House resumed the business of the day, heedless of all these marks of respect, the Commons departed.

  * * *

  VII

  STORMS OF MEN ARE WORSE THAN STORMS OF OCEANS

  THE DOORS WERE closed again, the Usher of the Black Rod re-entered; the Lords Commissioners left the bench of State, took their place
s at the top of the dukes' benches, by right of their commission, and the Lord Chancellor addressed the House.

  "My Lords, the House having deliberated for several days on the Bill which proposes to augment by a hundred thousand pounds sterling the annual provision for his Royal Highness the Prince, her Majesty's Consort, and the debate having been exhausted and closed, the House will proceed to vote; the votes will be taken according to custom, beginning with the puisne Baron. Each lord, on his name being called, will rise and answer content, or non-content, and will be at liberty to explain the motives of his vote, if he thinks fit to do so. Clerk, take the vote."

  The Clerk of the House, standing up, opened a large folio, and spread it open on a gilded desk. This book was the list of the peerage.

  The puisne of the House of Lords at that time was John Hervey, created Baron and Peer in 1703, from whom is descended the Marquis of Bristol.

  The Clerk called:

  "My Lord John, Baron Hervey."

  An old man in a fair wig rose, and said, "Content."

  Then he sat down.

  The Clerk registered his vote.

  The Clerk continued:

  "My Lord Francis Seymour, Baron Conway, of Killultagh."

  "Content," murmured, half rising, an elegant young man, with a face like a page, who little thought that he was to be ancestor to the Marquises of Hertford.

  "My Lord John Leveson, Baron Gower," continued the Clerk.

  This Baron, from whom were to spring the Dukes of Sutherland, rose, and, as he reseated himself, said, "Content."

  The Clerk went on:

  "My Lord Heneage Finch, Baron Guernsey."

  The ancestor of the Earls of Aylesford, neither older nor less elegant than the ancestor of the Marquises of Hertford, justified his device aperto vivere voto, by the proud tone in which he exclaimed, "Content."

  While he was resuming his seat, the Clerk called the fifth Baron:

  "My Lord John, Baron Granville."

  Rising and resuming his seat quickly, "Content," exclaimed Lord Granville, of Potheridge, whose peerage was to become extinct in 1709.

  The Clerk passed to the sixth.

  "My Lord Charles Montague, Baron Halifax."

  "Content," said Lord Halifax, the bearer of a title which had become extinct in the Saville family, and was destined to become extinct again in that of Montague. Montague is distinct from Montagu and Montacute. And Lord Halifax added, "Prince George has an allowance as her Majesty's Consort; he has another as Prince of Denmark; another as Duke of Cumberland; another as Lord High Admiral of England and Ireland; but he has not one as Commander-in-Chief. This is an injustice and a wrong which must be set right, in the interest of the English people."

  Then Lord Halifax passed a eulogium on the Christian religion, abused popery, and voted the subsidy.

  Lord Halifax sat down, and the Clerk resumed:

  "My Lord Christopher, Baron Barnard."

  Lord Barnard, from whom were to descend the Dukes of Cleveland, rose to answer to his name.

  "Content."

  He took some time in reseating himself, for he wore a lace band which was worth showing. For all that, Lord Barnard was a worthy gentleman and a brave officer.

  While Lord Barnard was resuming his seat, the Clerk, who read by routine, hesitated for an instant; he readjusted his spectacles, and leaned over the register with renewed attention; then, lifting up his head, he said:

  "My Lord Terrain Clancharlie, Baron Clancharlie and Hunkerville."

  Gwynplaine arose.

  "Non-content," said he.

  Every face was turned toward him. Gwynplaine remained standing. The branches of candles, placed on each side of the throne, lighted up his features, and marked them against the darkness of the august chamber in the relief with which a mask might show against a background of smoke.

  Gwynplaine had made that effort over himself which, it may be remembered, was possible to him in extremity. By a concentration of will equal to that which would be needed to cow a tiger, he had succeeded in obliterating for a moment the fatal grin upon his face. For an instant he no longer laughed. This effort could not last long. Rebellion against that which is our law or our fatality must be short-lived; at times, the waters of the sea resist the power of gravitation, swell into a waterspout and become a mountain, but only on condition of falling back again.

  Such a struggle was Gwynplaine's. For an instant, which he felt to be a solemn one, by a prodigious intensity of will, but for not much longer than a flash of lightning lasts, he had thrown over his brow the dark veil of his soul--he held in suspense his incurable laugh. From that face upon which it had been carved he had withdrawn the Joy. Now it was nothing but terrible.

  "Who is this man?" exclaimed all.

  That forest of hair; those dark hollows under the brows; the deep gaze of eyes which they could not see; that head, on the wild outlines of which light and darkness mingled weirdly, were a wonder, indeed. It was beyond all understanding; much as they had heard of him, the sight of Gwynplaine was a terror. Even those who expected much found their expectations surpassed. It was as though on the mountain reserved for the gods, during the banquet on a serene evening, the whole of the all-powerful body being gathered together, the face of Prometheus, mangled by the vulture's beak, should have suddenly appeared before them, like a blood-coloured moon on the horizon. Olympus looking on Caucasus! What a vision! Old and young, open-mouthed with surprise, fixed their eyes upon Gwynplaine.

  An old man, respected by the whole House, who had seen many men and many things, and who was intended for a dukedom--Thomas, Earl of Wharton--rose in terror.

  "What does all this mean?" he cried. "Who has brought this man into the House? Let him be put out." And addressing Gwynplaine, haughtily: "Who are you? Whence do you come?"

  Gwynplaine answered:

  "Out of the depths."

  And, folding his arms, he looked at the lords.

  "Who am I? I am wretchedness. My lords, I have a word to say to you."

  A shudder ran through the House. Then all was silence. Gwynplaine continued:

  "My lords, you are highly placed. It is well. We must believe that God has His reasons that it should be so. You have power, opulence, pleasure, the sun ever shining in your zenith; authority unbounded, enjoyment without a sting, and a total forgetfulness of others. So be it. But there is something below you--above you, it may be. My lords, I bring you news; news of the existence of mankind."

  Assemblies are like children. A strange occurrence is as a jack-in-the-box to them. It frightens them; but they like it. It is as if a spring were touched, and a devil jumps up. Mirabeau, who was also deformed, was a case in point in France.

  Gwynplaine felt within himself, at that moment, a strange elevation. In addressing a body of men, one's foot seems to rest on them; to rest, as it were, on a pinnacle of souls--on human hearts, that quiver under one's heel. Gwynplaine was no longer the man who had been, only the night before, almost mean. The fumes of the sudden elevation which had disturbed him had cleared off and become transparent, and in the state in which Gwynplaine had been seduced by a vanity, he now saw but a duty. That which had at first lessened, now elevated, him. He was illuminated by one of those great flashes which emanate from duty.

  All round Gwynplaine arose cries of "Hear, hear!"

  Meanwhile, rigid and superhuman, he succeeded in maintaining on his features that severe and sad contraction under which the laugh was fretting like a wild horse struggling to escape.

  He resumed:

  "I am he who cometh out of the depths. My lords, you are great and rich. There lies your danger. You profit by the night; but beware! The Dawn is all-powerful. You can not prevail over it. It is coming. Nay! it is come. Within it is the day-spring of irresistible light. And who shall hinder that sling from hurling the sun into the sky? The sun I speak of is Right. You are Privilege. Tremble! The real master of the house is about to knock at the door. What is the father of Privilege? Chance
. What is his son? Abuse. Neither Chance nor Abuse is abiding. For both a dark morrow is at hand! I am come to warn you. I am come to impeach your happiness. It is fashioned out of the misery of your neighbour. You have everything, and that everything is composed of the nothing of others. My lords, I am an advocate without hope, pleading a cause that is lost; but that cause God will gain on appeal. As for me, I am but a voice. Mankind is a mouth, of which I am the cry. You shall hear me! I am about to open before you, peers of England, the great assize of the people; of that sovereign who is the subject; of that criminal who is the judge. I am weighed down under the load of all that I have to say. Where am I to begin? I know not. I have gathered together, in the vast diffusion of suffering, my innumerable and scattered pleas. What am I to do with them now? They overwhelm me, and I must cast them to you in a confused mass. Did I foresee this t No. You are astonished. So am I. Yesterday, I was a mountebank. To-day, I am a peer. Deep play! Of whom? Of the Unknown. Let us all tremble. My lords, all the blue sky is for you. Of this immense universe you see but the sunshine. Believe me, it has its shadows. Among you I am called Lord Fermain Clancharlie; but my true name is one of poverty--Gwynplaine. I am a wretched thing carved out of the stuff of which the great are made, for such was the pleasure of a king. That is my history. Many among you knew my father. I knew him not. His connection with you was his feudal descent; his outlawry is the bond between him and me. What God willed was well. I was cast into the abyss. For what end? To search its depths. I am a diver, and I have brought back the pearl, truth. I speak because I know. You shall hear me, my lords. I have seen, I have felt! Suffering is not a mere word, ye happy ones! Poverty I grew up in; winter has frozen me; hunger I have tasted, contempt I have suffered; pestilence I have undergone; shame I have drunk of. And I will vomit all these up before you, and this ejection of all misery shall sully your feet and flame about them. I hesitated before I allowed myself to be brought to the place where I now stand, because I have duties to others elsewhere, and my heart is not here. What passed within me has nothing to do with you. When the man, whom you call Usher of the Black Rod, came to seek me by order of the woman whom you call the queen, the idea struck me for a moment that I would refuse to come. :But it seemed to me that the hidden hand of God pressed me to the spot, and I obeyed. I felt that I must come among you--Why? Because of my rags of yesterday. It is to raise my voice among. those who have eaten their fill that God mixed me up with the famished. Oh, have pity! Of this fatal world to which you believe yourselves to be long, you know nothing. Placed so high, you are out of it. But I will tell you what it is; I have had experience enough. I come from beneath the pressure of your feet. I can tell you your weight. Oh, you who are masters, do you know what you are? do you see what you are doing' No. Oh, it is dreadful! One night, one night of storm; a little deserted child, an orphan alone in the immeasurable creation, I made my entrance into that darkness which you call society. The first thing that I saw was the law, under the form of a gibbet; the second was riches, your riches, under the form of a woman dead of cold and hunger; the third, the future, under the form of a child left to die; the fourth, goodness, truth, and justice, under the figure of a vagabond whose sole friend and companion was a wolf."