The First Iron Lady
Page 43
considers conversion to Catholicism 44
temporarily loses her children to the court at Berlin 111
Elisabeth-Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 52–3, 54
Elizabeth of Bohemia ‘the Winter Queen’ 62, 176, 289
Elizabeth I 103, 131, 195, 242, 288, 290, 301
Elizabeth of York 301
Eltz, Baron Philipp von 56, 58, 67, 78
Empthusen, Pieter van 70
Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Duke of York) 65, 93, 168, 209
Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover 69, 71, 73–5, 78, 79, 82, 110
Ernest Augustus, Prince Bishop of Osnabrück 156
Essex, John 130
For the Further Improvement of Dancing 126
Eusden, Laurence 276
Evelyn, John 131, 212, 218, 236
Evelyn, Sir John 196
Evelyn, Lady Mary 167
Eyre, Lady 270
The Festival of the Golden Rump (satirical print) 240
Fielding, Sarah 9
Fifty New Chuches Act (1711) 120
Figuelotte see Sophia Charlotte of Hanover
Fitzwilliam, Mary 255
Flying Post 100, 127
Fog’s Weekly Journal 301–2
Fox, Stephen 296
Franck, Johann Wolfgang 20
Frederica Louisa of Prussia 111, 266
Frederick I of Prussia (Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg) 23, 24
offers a home to Caroline 32–3
character and description 33, 34
attitude towards his mistress 34, 103
elevated to ‘King in Prussia’ 34
attitude towards Caroline to marrying Charles of Spain 47, 50
unhappy at Caroline’s marriage to George Augustus 60
reaction to death of Figuelotte 66–7
Frederick II of Prussia ‘Frederick the Great’ 2, 199, 241, 265
Frederick II of Saxe-Gotha 39–40
Frederick III 288
Frederick Augustus of Brandenburg-Ansbach 22
Frederick Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg 75
Frederick Augustus of Saxony ‘Augustus the Strong’ 31–2, 81
Frederick Christian of Schaumberg-Lippe 110
Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales
birth of 87, 93
education of 111, 263
character and description 266, 270
relationship with Caroline and George Augustus 1, 6, 158–9, 180, 211, 248–50, 263, 264, 270, 282, 316, 325
portraits of 87–8, 271, 302–3
titles conferred upon 89, 263, 270
develops rickets 92–3
bilingualism as cornerstone of education 95
placed in the keeping of his great uncle Ernest Augustus 110–11, 211
inoculated against smallpox 216–17
possible marriage to his cousin Wilhelmine discussed 241
absent from parents’ coronation 248, 250
as chief mourner in grandfather’s funeral procession 248
sadness at death of George Louis 249
arrival in London 257
intended by his parents to be Elector of Hanover 262
unwelcome return to London 262–4, 266–7
marriage plans 265–6, 303, 305, 318–19
strained meetings with family in London 267–70
birthday celebrations 270, 276
takes part in family entertainments 282
homoerotic friendship with Hervey 296
at his sister Anne’s wedding 307
irritation at marriage of his sister Anne before his own 308
cultural patronage 316–17
sexual indiscretions 317
politicises his personal grievances 325–6
and birth of his daughter in difficult circumstances 326–7
expelled from court 328
Frederick William I of Prussia 49, 51–2, 57, 90, 209, 241, 265, 304
Frederick William of Brandenburg ‘the Great Elector’ 23, 41, 46
Fredericka Elisabeth, Duchess of Saxe-Weissenfels 43
Gascar, Henri 75
Gay, John 97, 123, 129, 152, 193, 219, 259, 286
Beggar’s Opera 259–60
The Captives 193, 259
The Shepherd’s Week 241
Gemmingen, Baronness von 110, 136, 180
Gentleman’s Magazine 253, 277, 330
George I (George Louis, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg) 51
birth of 75
banishes son from court 10–13, 172
coronation of 54, 129–30
arranges marriage for son George Augustus 57–60
assigns castle of Herzberg to Caroline 60
reaction to death of Figuelotte 66
refurbishes Herrenhausen 71
lack of panache at his court 72
relationship with son 73, 82–4, 86, 87, 136, 146–7, 149–50, 152, 156–7, 168–73, 205–6, 231
unhappy marriage to Sophia Dorothea of Cell 73–8
character and description of 74, 96
mistresses and illegitimate offspring 74, 76, 79, 79–80
refuses to invite foreign officials to grandson’s baptism 88
accession to English throne 106–9
travels to London for coronation 110–11
prefers company of Hanoverian entourage 126
attends opera 131, 207–8
dispenses with court protocol 143–4
relationship with Caroline 150–1, 154–6
dismissed as a ‘turnip-hoer’ 153
chooses godparents for grandson 168–9
names grandson George William 168
reaction to death of George Louis 177
anger towards son and family 178, 190–2, 201–2
lavish entertainments 185
retains control over grandchildren 185–7, 262–3, 265
displeased at acquisition of Richmond Lodge by George Augustus 188
visits Hanover 192, 217
limited reconciliation with George Augustus and Caroline 206–8, 209–10, 217
attempts to bring Frederick Louis to London 211
agrees to inoculation of grandchildren 215
involvement in South Sea Bubble 219
death of 229–30
stipulations in will concerning succession 262, 263
George II (George Augustus) 1
character and description 6, 56, 60, 83, 85, 88, 98–100, 226–7, 276, 321–2
relationship with Frederick Louis 1, 6, 158–9, 180, 211, 248–50, 261, 263, 264, 266–7, 270, 282, 304–5, 316, 317, 325–6
banished from court 10–13, 172, 175
as possible husband for Caroline 49–50
travels incognito to press his suit 56–8
agrees to marry Caroline 59–60, 67
sleeps through wedding sermon 72
relationship with father 73, 82–4, 86, 87, 136, 146–7, 149–50, 152, 156–7, 168–73, 190–2, 201, 231
effect of mother’s banishment on 81–2
attentiveness to Caroline 85–6, 93–4, 98–9, 237, 283, 285–6, 321, 325
bravery in battle 90–1
contracts smallpox 90
joins the army 90–1
poems inspired by 91
learns English 95
sexual (mis)adventures 100–3, 182–3, 283–4
as heir to English throne 106–9
travels to London 115–16
public persona 122–3, 126, 159
declaration of English blood 126
portraits of 128, 237, 302–3
state apartments at St James’s Palace 132–3
cultivates policy of ‘Englishness’ 136–7
predisposition for ceremonies and customs 138–9
created Prince of Wales 146–7
becomes president of charitable foundation 153
moves to Hampton Court 160–3
reaction to birth of second son 168
establishes secondary court at Leicester House 1
75–6
takes Henrietta Howard as mistress 182–5, 226–7, 284, 311–13, 315–16
moves to Richmond Lodge 188–90
limited reconciliation with George Louis 204–8, 217
attends opera with George Louis 207–8
involved in children’s education 212–13
as focus for opposition politicians 217–18
involvement in South Sea Bubble 219
birthday celebrations and entertainments 222–3
hangs portraits of mother in Leicester House 230
informed of George Louis’s death 230
makes financial provision for Caroline 237–8
satirical print on 240
political involvements 243–4, 246–8, 275–6, 309–11
considered Caroline’s puppet 245
moves into Kensington Palace 251
establishes court at St James’s Palace and Kensington 254
dismisses father’s court servants 257–8
receives a copy of father’s will 260–1
creates Anne princess royal 269
comment on the sterility of his conversation 272
resumes habit of weekly dining in public 272–3
appoints Caroline regent in his absence 280–1
visits to Hanover 280, 285
attitude to illness 294–5
arranges marriage of daughter Anne 305–6
arranges marriage of son Frederick to Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 318–19
replaces mistress Henrietta with Amalie von Walmoden 320–1, 323–4
survives storm at sea 324–5
expels Frederick from court 328
installs Amalie at St James’s Palace 331
George IV 235
George VI 3–4
George of Denmark 62, 117
George Augustus see George II
George Frederick of Ansbach 20, 43
George Louis, Elector of Hanover see George I
George William
birth of 167–8
godparents chosen by grandfather 168–9
named by grandfather 168
baptism of 169–70
death of 176–7, 208
George William of Celle 61, 73, 87
Germaine, Sir John 151, 290
Gibson, Edmund 179
Codex juris ecclesiastici Anglicani 96–7
Gin Act (1736) 324
Giusti, Tommaso 71, 146
Godeau, Siméon 36, 71
Göthe, Eosander von 36
Goupy, Joseph 221
Grafton, Charles Fitzroy, Duke of 39, 258, 282, 283
Grantham, Henrietta, Countess of 167
Grantham, Henry d’Auverquerque, Earl of 11, 279
Grantham House, Dover Street (London) 11, 13, 175, 178
Granville, Dowager Lady 258
Granville, Mary see Delany, Mrs (Mary Pendarves née Granville)
Greenwich Naval Hospital 119
Griffiths, Nehemiah 154
‘The Leek. A Poem on St David’s Day’ 153
Grindall, William 291
Grote, Johann Friedrich 211
Gucht, Michiel van der 119
Guelphi, Giovanni Battista 299
Gufer, Mark Anton 21
Hailes, David Dalrymple, Lord 12
Hamilton, Sir David 163, 166
Hampton Court 118, 132, 139, 145, 160–4, 181, 182, 210, 251, 273, 285, 287, 289, 307
Handel, George Frederick 72, 158, 210, 223, 232, 277, 288
Atalanta 319
Deborah 288
Floridante 223
Giulio Cesare in Egitto 223
Radamisto 207
Riccardo Primo, Rè d’Inghilterra 239
Rinaldo 128
This is the Day that the Lord has made 306–7
Water Musick 171
‘The Ways of Zion do Mourn’ 330
Hanet, Jean 263
Hanover 5, 34, 60, 68–73, 78, 84, 96, 106, 170, 192–4, 217–18, 280, 288, 289
Harley, Robert 50, 106
Harrington, Earl of 281
Harris, John, Bishop of Llandaff 255
Hawksmoor, Nicholas 120, 132, 333
Haym, Nicola Francesco 223
Hedwig Sophie, Duchess of Holstein Gottorp 57
Henrietta Maria of France 117
Henry VIII 1, 117, 151, 288, 290
Herrenhausen 69–71, 80, 97, 101–2, 132, 146, 165, 193, 195, 252
Hertford, Frances, Countess of 126, 142, 221, 222, 237, 254, 274, 296
Hertford, Lord 142
Hervey, Lord John
on Caroline as power behind the throne 2, 239–40, 245
on Caroline claiming that ‘popularity always makes me sick’ 123
on pageantry and splendour 138
on George Augustus loving England and hating Germany 152
on relationship between George Augustus and his father 156
on Mary Bellenden’s rejection of George Augustus’s advances 182
on Caroline’s iciness on finding a love letter 183
aphorism on George Augustus 184
on George Augustus’s relationship with Henrietta 184
on George Augustus and Caroline’s attitude towards Lady Portland 187
on Caroline’s denying herself seeing various men 200
mock’s Lady Deloraine’s absorption into philosophy 200
marriage to Mary Lepell 224
refers to Mary Howard’s ‘wretched head’ 225
on politicians and place-seekers 230
on the splendour of Caroline’s jewellery 233–4
records discussion on Whig loyalty 237
Walpole’s manipulation of Caroline 246
identifies Caroline’s ‘dominant passion’ as pride 247
describes Countess of Burlington as ‘a cringing House-Maid’ 254–5
on expense of court life 255
description of Frederick Louis’s return to London 264, 266–7
descriptions of Princesses Anne and Amelia 268, 269
on the reading of prayers 273
on the suffering of London’s luxury goods trade 274
on Caroline’s ‘stoking while she hated’ 276
on George Augustus’s brusqueries 278
on royal family breakfast 278
on Caroline’s indisposition at court entertainments 294
as Caroline’s cavalier servente 295–7
return to court 295–6
homoerotic friendships 296
described as an ‘amphibious thing’ 297
asked if he pitied Princess Anne 307
on Caroline’s ‘German outlook’ 311
on Caroline’s ill-health 314–15
on Frederick’s relationship with his parents 317–18, 326
on the pictures hung in Caroline’s dressing-room 321
on George Augustus’s bullying 322
on the death of Caroline 329
Memoirs 3, 6, 239, 242, 296
Hervey, Mary Lepell, Lady 141, 161, 181, 224, 228, 256, 296, 328
Het Loo 87
Highmore, Joseph 320
Hinchinbrooke, Elizabeth, Viscountess 134, 167
Histoire Secrette de la Duchesse D’Hanover 81
Hoadly, Bishop 201, 240
Hobart, Henrietta see Howard, Henrietta
Hogarth, William 9, 257
The Family of George II 302–3
A Performance of The Indian Emperor … 302
Hohenzollern family 22
Holbein, Hans 289, 290
Hollar, Wenceslaus 17–18, 120, 289
Houghton Hall, Norfolk 220, 286
Howard, Charles 99, 102, 182, 227, 228, 312–13
Howard, Georgiana 257
Howard, Henrietta 6
birth and family background 101
character and description 101
marriage to Charles Howard 101, 182
relationship with Caroline 101–2, 183, 184, 227–8, 312–14
travels to Herrenhausen 101–2
as mistress of George Augustus 102–3, 183–5, 226–7, 256, 284, 311–16
leaves son in England 111
as member of Caroline’s household 135–6, 256
entertains guests 162
installed at Leicester House 181
popular ballad on 181
encourages Swift to join Caroline’s circle 193
longs to escape her husband and life at court 226, 227
builds Marble Hill House 228
receives letter from Swift concerning Caroline’s philanthropic intentions 236
friendship with Gay 259
on Caroline and George Augustus’s reading habits 277
and George Augustus’s diversions 283
health of 311
becomes Countess of Suffolk 313
and death of husband Charles 314
withdraws from court 315–16
Howard, Henrietta (daughter of Mary Howard) 257
Howard, Henry 101
Howard, Mary see Delorain, Mary Howard, Countess of
Howe, Emmanual Scrope 87, 88
Howe, Sophy 137, 141, 181, 224–5
Hume, Sir Gustavus 133
Humphreys, Samuel 288
Humphries, John 190
Hyde, Anne 88
Ireland, Mrs Susanna 291
Irwin, Viscountess 322
Jacobites, Jacobinism 6, 10, 105, 106, 126, 129, 136, 137, 148–9, 156, 188, 309
James II 104, 117, 162, 213
James VI and I 62, 235, 289
Jervas, Charles 10, 232, 270–1, 287
Joanna Elizabeth of Baden-Durlach 20
Johann Georg of Saxe-Weissenfels 43
Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg 40
Johann Wilhelm II, Elector Palatine 45–7
Johanna Sophia, Countess of Schaumburg-Lippe (and Countess of Bückeburg) see Schaumberg-Lippe, Johanna Sophia, Countess of
John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach 19–23
John Frederick of Saxony 40
John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach 20
John George IV of Saxony 39, 292
description and character 25, 26, 31
health of 25–6
marriage to Eleonore 25–6
mistress as possible half-sister 26–31, 76
death of 31
Jones, Mary 118, 328
Jorry, Christian Ulrich 110
Joseph I 53
Joseph, King of Hungary 43
Kennett, Dr White 166
Kensington Gardens 251–3
Kensington Palace 118, 132, 139, 191, 210, 250–1, 253–4, 279, 287, 289, 290, 324
Kent, William 234, 253–4, 287, 299, 300, 306, 316, 329
Kérouaille, Louise de, see Portsmouth, Duchess of
Kew Palace 270
Kielmansegg, Johann Adolf von 110
Kielmansegg, Sophia Charlotte von (half-sister of George Louis) 110, 130, 159–60, 195, 218, 305
King, Peter 246, 249, 283
King’s Theatre, Haymarket 131, 207