Enemies in Love
Page 19
4. Arnold Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America (New York: Stein & Day, 1979), 217.
5. Elaine Raines, “Florence’s Prisoner of War Camp,” Arizona Daily Star, August 27, 2009.
6. Hoza, PW, 147.
7. Arnold Krammer email to Alexis Clark, May 23, 2017.
8. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 232.
9. Ibid., 232–233.
10. Ibid., 235.
11. Ibid., 228.; Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva, 27 July 1929. Part IV: End of Captivity, Section II: Liberation and Repatriation at the End of Hostilities, Art. 75.
12. Arnold Krammer email to Alexis Clark, May 23, 2017.
13. Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva, 27 July 1929. Article 75. Part IV: End of Captivity, Section II: Liberation and Repatriation at the End of Hostilities, Art. 75.; Krammer, Nazi Prisoners, 249.
14. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 233–247.
15. Ibid., 243–244; “Camp Shanks” New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center, NYS Division of Military and Naval Affairs, dmna.ny.gov/forts/fortsQ_S/shanksCamp.htm.
16. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 247–250.
17. Hoza, PW, 146.
18. Ibid., 147.
19. Kristina Brandner email to Alexis Clark, May 21, 2017.
20. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.
21. Ibid.
22. Luke Harding, “Germany’s Forgotten Victims,” Guardian, October 22, 2003.
23. Kristina Brandner email to Alexis Clark, May 21, 2017.
24. Charlotte Tutsek interview, December 2015.
25. Barbara Schmitter Heisler, From German Prisoner of War to American Citizen: A Social History with 35 Interviews (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013), 8.
26. Ibid., 101.
27. Barbara Schmitter Heisler interview, June 2, 2017.
28. Chris Albert interview, May 8, 2012.; Certificate of Marriage, Friedrich Karl Albert and Elinor Elizabeth Powell, June 26, 1947. City of New York, Office of City Clerk, Municipal Building, Manhattan.
29. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.
30. Chris Albert interview, May 8, 2012.
9. Searching for Acceptance
1. “This Day in Truman History, July 26, 1948, President Truman Issues Executive Order No. 9981 Desegregating the Military,” Truman S. Library and Museum, www.trumanlibrary.org/anniversaries/desegblurb.htm.
2. Darlene Clark Hine. Black Women in White: Racial Conflict and Cooperation in the Nursing Profession 1890–1950 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 184–185.
3. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.
4. Dr. Edward Allen interview, January 13, 2013.
5. “Edward William Brooke III, 1919–2015,” United States House of Representatives, history.house.gov/People/Detail?id=9905.
6. Milton Cemetery records, Gladys E. Powell.
7. Gladys E. Powell obituary, Milton Record, June 4, 1948.
8. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.
9. Ibid.
10. Kristina Brandner email to Alexis Clark, May 21, 2017; Refratechnik company website, www.refra.com/en/history.
11. David Imhoof, Becoming a Nazi Town: Culture and Politics in Göttingen Between the World Wars (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013), 7.
12. Imhoof, Becoming a Nazi Town, 13–20; “Göttingen: A Short History,” Max Planck Institute For Biophysical Chemistry, www.mpibpc.mpg.de/137260/goehistory.
13. Hope Taylor interview, October 28, 2014.
14. Clarence Lusane, Hitler’s Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans, and African-Americans in the Nazi Era (New York: Routledge, 2002), 55, 90, 110–112, 140–143.; “Blacks During the Holocaust,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005479.
15. Yara-Colette Lemke Muniz de Faria, “Transatlantic Adoption: Mabel A. Grammer and the Brown Baby Plan,” The Civil Rights Struggle, African-American GIs and Germany, www.aacvr-germany.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=136&Itemid=11; “Homes Needed for 10,000 Brown Orphans,” Ebony, October 1948, 19, NAACP General File. Library of Congress; Letters from 1946 to Walter White of the NAACP from Les Amis Des Enfants de France, American Committee to Aid the Italian-Negro GI Babies, and W.E.B. Du Bois. NAACP General File, Box 11, A642 “Brown Babies,” Library of Congress.; Claudia Levy. “Mabel Grammer Dies,” Washington Post, June 26, 2002.
16. Heide Fehrenbach, Race After Hitler: Black Occupation Children in Postwar Germany and America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 40.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., 42.
19. Ibid., 43.
20. Kristina Brandner interview, June 22, 2012.
21. Kristina Brandner email to Alexis Clark, March 20, 2016.
22. Kristina Brandner interview, June 22, 2012.
23. Charlotte Tutsek interview, May 25, 2014.
24. Kristina Brandner interview, June 22, 2012.
25. Kristina Brandner email to Alexis Clark, February 26, 2016.
26. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.
10. Finally Home
1. Alethea Felton interview, April 7, 2013.
2. Letter to Morton School Board written by Elinor Albert, from personal family scrapbook.
3. Handwritten letter from Josephine L. Shumate of the NAACP to Elinor Albert, May 24, 1954.
4. Hope Taylor interview, May 12, 2016.
5. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014; Chris Albert interview, May 8, 2012.
6. Maria P.P. Root, Love’s Revolution: Interracial Marriages (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001), 164–165.
7. James R. Browning, “Anti-Miscegenation Laws in the United States,” Duke Law Journal 1, no. 1 (1951).
8. Alethea Felton interview, April 7, 2013.
9. Chris Albert interview, June 29, 2012. “There was shit that had gone down,” said Chris about Frederick’s time in Chicago. “My father—he wasn’t obviously a man’s man but he would fuck around. I think specifically when he went to the Baking Institute, because when he came back, it was like, he was gone for months at a time, and I don’t know if it was over a course of six months or a year that he came back. but there was discord that I later learned about.”
10. Alberta Eiseman, “Keeping a Post War Dream Alive,” New York Times, August 4, 1996; Alan Bisbort, “Village of Light,” Connecticut Magazine, June 2011.
11. Alan Bisbort, “Village of Light.”
12. Eiseman, “Keeping a Post War Dream Alive.”
13. Bisbort, “Village of Light.”
14. Lisa Prevost, “A Planned Community Stays the Course,” New York Times, September 24, 2010.
15. Gallup Poll, 1958 (“Question: Do you approve or disapprove of marriage between blacks and whites?”), www.gallup.com/poll/163697/approve-marriage-blacks-whites.aspx.
16. Chris Albert interview, May 8, 2012.
17. Chris Albert interview, August 17, 2012.
18. Ibid., 2012.
19. Chris Albert interview, June 29, 2012.
20. Chris Albert interview, August 17, 2012.
21. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.
22. Ibid.; Chris Albert interview, June 29, 2012.
23. Pamela Ballard interview, May 8, 2012.
24. In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled that anti-miscegenation laws banning interracial marriages were unconstitutional in Loving v. Virginia.
25. Chris Albert interview, May 8, 2012.
26. Alethea Felton interview, April 7, 2013.
27. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.
28. Chris Albert interview, June 29, 2012.
29. Chris Albert interview. May 7, 2012 and August 17, 2012.
30. Pepperidge Farm ad for new apple pie tart, Life, May 1, 1970. Frederick Albert ran product development at Pepperidge Farm during this time. The Pepperidge Farm archivist co
uldn’t confirm which recipes Frederick specifically created.
31. Charlotte Tutsek interview, November 30, 2015.
Postscript
1. Chris Albert interview, August 17, 2012.
2. Stephen Albert interview, June 29, 2012.
Index
“In this digital publication the page numbers have been removed from the index. Please use the search function of your e-Reading device to locate the terms listed.”
Academy of Fine Arts (Vienna)
Albert, Charlotte. See Tutsek, Charlotte Albert
Albert, Christopher Wilhelm Farrow (“Chris”)
birth
childhood
experiences as mixed-race child
on father’s love of jazz music
on father’s wartime story
as jazz musician
on mother
on relationship with his father
Albert, Elinor Elizabeth Powell
as army nurse at Camp Florence
basic training at Fort Huachuca
cooking skills
death
decision to join the U.S. Army Nurse Corps
early career aspirations
early feelings for Frederick
experiences of racism and discrimination
family and early life in Milton, Massachusetts
family life in Village Creek community
family role as stay-at-home mother
first pregnancy and childbirth
gardening hobby
marital problems and Frederick’s infidelity
married life and challenges of being a mixed-race family
married life and frequent moves
married life in Germany
married life in the U.S.
nursing school in New York City
physical appearance
relationship with Frederick at Camp Florence
relationship with mother Gladys
second pregnancy and childbirth
sociability, confidence, and quick wit
war’s end and temporary separation from Frederick
Albert, Frederick Karl Josef
artistic interests
boating/sailing hobby
Camp Florence guards’ beating of
Camp Florence kitchen job
at Camp Florence POW camp
capture as POW in Italy and detention
culinary school and baking career
death
early feelings for Elinor
and Elinor’s first pregnancy
employment and career struggles
employment with father’s company
English language proficiency
feelings for African American people
financial worries
German childhood and young adulthood
German family
German military service
infidelity and adultery
jazz music interests
married life and challenges of being a mixed-race family
married life and frequent moves
married life and role as sole family provider
married life in Germany
married life in the U.S.
parents’ response to marriage
physical appearance
postwar immigration to the U.S.
postwar return to Europe
relationship with Elinor at Camp Florence
relationship with father Karl
relationship with his sons
relationship with mother Margarete
romance with Charlotte’s landlady
social awkwardness and emotional reticence
Albert, Karl (Frederick’s father)
business career
coldness and detachment from family
death
extramarital affairs
Frederick and Elinor’s residence with
and Frederick’s marriage to Elinor
German nationalism
and postwar Europe
Albert, Margarete (Frederick’s mother)
death
Frederick and Elinor’s residence with
and Frederick’s marriage to Elinor
Göttingen home
marriage and husband’s infidelity
physical beauty
poor treatment of Elinor
relationship with son Frederick
support for Third Reich
Albert, Stephen
birth
childhood
experiences as mixed-race child
and father’s love of jazz music
on parents
Allen, Edward
Allied Reparations Committee
Almond, Edward “Ned”
American Institute of Baking (Chicago)
American Nurses Association
American Red Cross
Gladys Powell in
recruitment of black nurses
See also International Red Cross
anti-Semitism
Arizona
black population
cotton farming
Florence’s local residents
Phoenix
POWs and cotton picking labor
Tucson
See also Camp Florence (Arizona POW camp); Fort Huachuca (southern Arizona)
Armed Forces Radio
Armstrong, Louis
Army and Navy Relief Fund
army nurses. See black army nurses of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps
Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary (Spelman College)
Austria, postwar
Baker, Chet
Ballard, Pamela
Bandy, Robert
Basie, Count
Bechet, Sidney
Bethune, Mary McLeod
black army nurses of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps
assignments to POW camps
basic training at Fort Huachuca
at Camp Florence POW camp
differential treatment of German POWs and
discriminatory treatment
Elinor’s decision to join
enlistment challenges
foreign/overseas assignments
friendly relations with German POWs
hospital work
racist treatment by German POWs
Staupers’s efforts to ensure equal treatment
Truman’s Executive Order banning segregation
wartime nursing shortage and proposed conscription
black nurses
NACGN
nursing schools and curricula
Red Cross recruitment
state board examinations and qualifications
wartime nursing shortage and proposed draft
See also black army nurses of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps
Black Power
black soldiers in the U.S. military
at Fort Huachuca
mixed-race children born to
in postwar occupied Germany
racist discrimination and Jim Crow segregation
relationships between enlisted men and white officers
World War I
World War II
Bolton, Frances
Boston, Massachusetts
black population
Elinor and Frederick’s early married life in
race riots and the Irish (1800s)
racial activism and early civil rights movement
residential segregation and housing restrictions
Boston Custom House
Bousefield, Midian Othello
Bradley, Omar
Brandner, Kristina
on the Alberts’ Göttingen home
on Gladys Albert’s treatment of Elinor
Brooke, Edward
“brown babies” (mischlingskinder)
Bryan, B. M.
Buffalo Soldiers
Camp Florence (Arizona POW camp)
black nurses’ barracks and private rooms
black nurses’ experiences
>
black nurses’ friendly relations with POWs
black nurses’ hospital work
black nurses’ isolation
black nurses’ social outlets and recreation
camaraderie between POWs and guards
camp newspaper (Der Ruf)
Catholic chapel and religious services
cotton picking labor
desert landscape setting
Elinor and Frederick’s relationship at
Elinor and Frederick’s trysts and hidden encounters
Elinor’s assignment to
Frederick at
Frederick’s arrival and processing
Frederick’s baking classes
Frederick’s kitchen job
Frederick’s volunteer work in hospital
Italian POWs at
Jim Crow segregation and discrimination
and local residents of Florence
postwar repurposing as prison/state hospital
prisoners’ canteen
prisoners’ clothing/uniforms
prisoners’ escape attempts
prisoners’ separation (hard-core Nazis and those who renounced Hitler)
prisoners’ treatment and relative freedom
routines and schedules
at war’s end
Camp Livingston (Louisiana)
Camp McCain (Mississippi)
Camp McCoy (Wisconsin)
Camp Papago Park (Arizona)
Camp Rupert (Idaho)
Camp San Luis Obispo (California)
Camp Shanks (Rockland County, New York)
Camp Zachary Taylor (Louisville, Kentucky)
Chandler, Arizona
Chicago Defender
civil rights movement
Civil War
Collins, James
Community Dramatics and Pageants (Milton, Massachusetts)
concentration camps
cotton farming
Arizona
effects of World War II
migrant workers
POWs and
POWs at Camp Florence
Count Basie Band
The Crisis (NAACP magazine)
Davis, Miles
Dawes, Charles
Dawes Plan
Declaration of Independence
“degenerate art”
Delano, Jane
Dentzer, Edward
Der Ruf (Camp Florence newspaper)
Deutsch, Albert
displaced persons (postwar Europe)
Dixie Hospital Training School (Hampton, Virginia)
Douglass, Frederick
draft of nurses, proposed
Duke Ellington Orchestra
Ebony