Unfriendly Fire
Page 45
19. U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Directive No. 1332.14, Enlisted Administrative Separations, January 28, 1982.
20. Shilts, Conduct Unbecoming, 532–39.
21. “Defense Force Management: DOD’s Policy on Homosexuality,” U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), June 12, 1992, http://archive.gao.gov/d33t10/146980.pdf (accessed March 8, 2008), 4.
22. Shilts, Conduct Unbecoming, 561, 595.
23. Urvashi Vaid, Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation (New York: Anchor Books, 1995), 155–56.
24. Charles Moskos, “Why Banning Homosexuals Still Makes Sense,” Navy Times, March 30 1992; Shilts, Conduct Unbecoming, 699, 709.
25. Shilts, Conduct Unbecoming, 729, 735–38; Wade Lambert and Stephanie Simon, “U.S. Military Moves to Discharge Some Gay Vets of Gulf War,” Wall Street Journal, July 20, 1991.
26. Michelangelo Signorile, “The Outing of Assistant Secretary of Defense Pete Williams,” The Advocate, August 27, 1991; Theodore Sarbin and Kenneth Karols, Nonconforming Sexual Orientations and Military Suitability, Defense Personnel Security Research and Education Center, December 1988; Michael Frisby, “Military Seeks Third Study of Policy on Gays,” Boston Globe, November 2, 1989.
27. Barton Gellman, “Cheney Rejects Idea That Gays Are Security Risk,” Washington Post, August 1, 1991.
28. “1992 Campaign Nunn Rules Out Seeking Presidency,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 6, 1991; Sharen Shaw Johnson, “Women in Combat: The Battle Moves to Congress,” USA Today, January 24, 1990.
29. A. L. May, “Nunn and Miller Endorse Clinton for White House,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, December 20, 1991.
30. Author interview with David Mixner, December 27, 2006; David Mixner, Stranger Among Friends (New York: Bantam, 1996).
31. Lawrence Korb, “The President, the Congress, and the Pentagon: Obstacles to Implementing the ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ Policy,” in Gregory M. Herek et al., eds., Out in Force: Sexual Orientation and the Military (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 290–301.
32. John Gallagher and Chris Bull, Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement, and the Politics of the 1990s (New York: Crown, 1996), 72–77.
33. Author interview with Urvashi Vaid, March 5, 2008; Vaid, Virtual Equality, 148–77.
34. Vaid, Virtual Equality, 148–77.
35. Marla Williams, Carol Ostrom, and David Schaefer, “Reaching Out at Westlake—Seattle Crowd Cheers Clinton—Democratic Candidate Promises Change in Jobs, Schools, Health Care,” Seattle Times, July 26, 1992.
36. Author interview with Vaid; Vaid, Virtual Equality, 148–77; Mixner, Stranger Among Friends, 207.
37. Mixner, Stranger Among Friends, 204.
38. Author interview with Mixner.
39. Curtis Wilkie, “Harvard Tosses Warmup Queries to Clinton on Eve of New Hampshire Debate,” Boston Globe, October 31, 1991; “Remarks Announcing the New Policy on Gays and Lesbians in the Military,” National Defense University at Fort McNair (Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, vol. 29), July 19, 1993.
40. Joseph Steffan, Honor Bound: A Gay American Fights for the Right to Serve His Country (New York: Villard Books, 1992).
41. Department of Justice, “Reply Memorandum in Support of Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment and in Opposition to Plaintiff ’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment,” in Wolinsky and Sherrill, Gays and the Military, 150–60.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Joseph C. Steffan v. Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense, 780 F. Supp. 1 (1991).
45. “Judge Criticized for Calling Former Navy Cadet ‘a Homo,’ ” San Francisco Chronicle, March 9, 1991; Department of Justice, “Reply Memorandum”; Steffan v. Cheney; Wolinsky and Sherrill, Gays and the Military, xiv.
46. Steff an v. Cheney.
47. “World News Tonight,” ABC News, transcript, May 19, 1992; Laura Myers, “Navy Board Recommends Honorable Discharge for Gay Sailor,” Associated Press, July 1, 1992; “Nightline,” ABC News, May 19, 1992; Stephen Power, “Bill Would Ban U.S. Military Exclusion of Gays,” Boston Globe, May 20, 1992; Charles Doe, “Metzenbaum Introduces Bill to Overturn Military Gay Ban,” United Press International, July 28, 1992; John Enders, “Gay Sailor Cites ‘Openly Hateful’ Reaction to Homosexuals in Military,” Associated Press, January 28, 1993.
48. Joe Taylor, “Navy Flier Challenges Pentagon Policy of Discharging Gays,” Associated Press, July 23, 1992; Robert Stone, “Uncle Sam Doesn’t Want You,” New York Review of Books, September 23, 1993; Melissa Healy, “Military Chiefs Reject Idea of Women in Combat,” The Record (Ontario), July 31, 1992.
49. Marcy Gordon, “For Thorne, First Day of Navy Discharge Hearing Bittersweet,” Associated Press, July 11, 1994.
50. Joe Taylor, “Navy Flier Challenges Pentagon Policy of Discharging Gays,” Associated Press, July 23, 1992; Joe Taylor, “Discharge Recommended for Gay Navy Flier,” Associated Press, July 24, 1992; Charles Doe, “Metzenbaum Introduces Bill to Overturn Military Gay Ban,” United Press International, July 28, 1992.
51. “Lesbian Sues Military in Parting Shot,” Boston Globe, June 12, 1992; “Lesbian Colonel Removed by Guard,” Associated Press, May 28, 1992.
52. Margarethe Cammermeyer, Serving in Silence (New York: Viking, 1994).
53. Williams, Ostrom, and Schaefer, “Reaching Out at Westlake”; Cammermeyer, Serving in Silence.
54. Senate Committee on Armed Services, Policy Concerning Homosexuality in the Armed Forces, 103rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1993, 284; Ed Offley, “Guard Bans Lesbian Colonel,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 29, 1992.
55. Gallagher and Bull, Perfect Enemies, 126–29; Jeffrey Schmalz, “Difficult First Step,” New York Times, November 15, 1992. Estimates of money raised by gays and lesbians range from $3 to $4 million: See Elizabeth Drew, On The Edge: The Clinton Presidency (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 42.
2. CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS: THE MORALITY OF BEING GAY
1. Charles Moskos, “Racial Integration in the Armed Forces,” American Journal of Sociology 72, no. 2 (1966): 132–48.
2. Charles Moskos, “From Citizens’ Army to Social Laboratory,” in Wilbur Scott and Sandra Carson Stanley, eds., Gays and Lesbians in the Military: Issues, Concerns, and Contrasts (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994), 53–65; Charles Moskos, “Soldiering: It’s a Job, Not an Adventure in Social Change,” Washington Post, January 31, 1993.
3. Ibid.
4. Author interview with Charles Moskos, February 17, 2000.
5. Sharen Shaw Johnson, “Women in Combat: The Battle Moves to Congress,” USA Today, January 24, 1990.
6. Author interview with Moskos.
7. “Newsweek/Gallup Profile American Voters on Gay Rights,” The Hotline, September 8, 1992; “61 Percent Seek Delay in Lifting Ban on Gays in Military,” Associated Press, November 21, 1992; John Gallagher and Chris Bull, Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement, and the Politics of the 1990s (New York: Crown Publishers, 1996), 150; David Tuller, “Gays Say Debate Could Be Beneficial,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 28, 1993; Morning Edition, NPR, January 29, 1993; John Bicknell, “Study of Naval Officers’ Attitudes Toward Homosexuals in the Military,” master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, March 2000.
8. Gallagher and Bull, Perfect Enemies, 20–31.
9. Ibid., 32–33.
10. The reported reach of Dobson’s empire ranges widely, with Dobson’s own material claiming that 220 million people hear his radio broadcast daily; other sources put the number at only 5 million: See Focus on the Family, “Press Biography: Dr. James Dobson,” http://www.focusonthefamily.com/press/focusvoices/A000000025.cfm (accessed March 8, 2008); Economist, “Trouble in the Family,” March 3, 2007; Alison Mitchell, “Fretting Over Grip on House, G.O.P. Courts Conservatives,” New York Times, May 9, 1998. See also “Focus on the Family Head Embroiled in Policy Fights,” Gran
d Rapid Press, May 14, 2005; Marc Fisher, “The GOP, Facing a Dobson’s Choice,” Washington Post, July 2, 1996.
11. Fisher, “The GOP”; Laura Maggi, “Perkins; From Pulpit to Politics; U.S. Senate Hopeful Is Comfortable with Both,” Times Picayune, October 9, 2002; Max Blumenthal, “Justice Sunday Preachers,” The Nation, April 26, 2005.
12. Peter Applebome, “Homosexual Issue Galvanizes Conservative Foes of Clinton,” New York Times, February 1, 1993.
13. Ibid.; Gallagher and Bull, Perfect Enemies, 84, 150.
14. Michael Weisskopf, “Energized by Pulpit or Passion, the Public Is Calling,” Washington Post, February 3, 1993; “Clinton Compromises on Lifting Military Ban on Gays,” Facts on File World News Digest, January 28, 1993; Thomas Ricks and Jill Abramson, “Clinton Agrees to Compromise on Military Ban,” Wall Street Journal, January 28, 1993.
15. Ibid.; John King, “Religious Right Raising Money Over Gays-in-the-Military Fight,” Associated Press, February 1993; Gallagher and Bull, Perfect Enemies, 150.
16. Anne Loveland, American Evangelicals and the U.S. Military, 1942–1993 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 16–26, 221–25, 247, 250.
17. Robert H. Knight, “How Lifting the Military Homosexual Ban May Affect Families,” policy paper, InFocus, Family Research Council, November 1992.
18. Ibid.; Robert H. Knight, “Should the Military’s Ban on Homosexuals Be Lifted?” policy paper, Insight, Family Research Council, November 1992.
19. Knight, “Lifting the Military Homosexual Ban.”
20. Ibid.
21. Robert Maginnis, “The Ethical Challenges of Future Strategy,” speech, 13th Annual Strategy Conference, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, April 11, 2002; Robert L. Maginnis, “The Homosexual Subculture,” enclosure in House Committee on Armed Services, Policy Implications of Lifting the Ban on Homosexuals in the Military: Hearings Before the House Committee on Armed Services, 103rd Cong., 1st sess., 1993 (testimony of Brig. Gen. William Weise).
22. Eric Schmitt, “Months After Order on Gay Ban, Military Is Still Resisting Clinton,” New York Times, March 23, 1993.
23. Anne Loveland interview with Robert Maginnis, August 10, 1994, Anne Loveland papers; Maginnis, “The Ethical Challenges.”
24. Maginnis, “The Homosexual Subculture.”
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Andrew Sullivan, “False Bennett,” New Republic, January 5 and 12, 1998; Gallagher and Bull, Perfect Enemies, 27–28, 122.
30. Tony Marco, “The Homosexual Deception: Making Sin a Civil Right,” policy paper, Concerned Women for America, 1991–1992.
31. Family Research Council, “First Lady Attacks Readiness by Opposing Ban on Homosexuals in the Military,” press release, December 9, 1999; “Forum: Gays in the Military,” Online NewsHour, PBS, January 2000, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/january00/gays_military.html; Robert Maginnis, “Homosexuals in the Military, 2001 Update,” Family Research Council, http://www.frc.org/get/mp01c1.cfm (site now discontinued); Maginnis, “The Ethical Challenges.”
32. Loveland interview with Maginnis; Rowan Scarborough, “Army Investigates Release of Data on Gay Crime,” Washington Times, June 9, 1993; Cathryn Donohoe, “The Major’s March: In Step with Military’s Ban on Homosexuals, Army Litigator Makes Her Personal Case,” Washington Times, June 10, 1993.
33. Melissa Wells-Petry, Exclusion: Homosexuals and the Right to Serve (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1993), 50.
34. Ibid., 76.
35. Ibid., 39, 75, 81, 94; Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).
36. Wells-Petry, Exclusion, 90–91.
37. U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Summary Report of the Military Working Group, July 1, 1993; Maginnis, “The Ethical Challenges”; Gallagher and Bull, Perfect Enemies, 139,151, 152.
38. Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Speeds Plan to Lift Gay Ban,” New York Times, April 16, 1993; Peter Copeland, “Don’t Tell, Don’t Have Sex: Background Report Says Homosexuals Can Serve—Quietly,” Scripps Howard News Service, June 19, 1993; Peter Copeland, “Gay-Ban Decision Is Near,” Houston Chronicle, June 23, 1993.
39. Department of Defense, Military Working Group.
40. Maginnis, “The Ethical Challenges.”
41. Knight, “Should the Military’s Ban on Homosexuals Be Lifted?”
42. Knight, “Should the Military’s Ban on Homosexuals Be Lifted?”; Knight, “Lifting the Military Homosexual Ban.”
43. Loveland, American Evangelicals, 335–37; Loveland interview with Maginnis.
44. Anne Loveland interview with Ron Soderquist, February 26, 1993, Anne Loveland papers.
45. “Defending ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,’ ” Yale Law School panel discussion, October 5, 2006.
46. Rowan Scarborough, “Senate Panel OK’s Gay-Ban Hearings; Kennedy Dissents, Lambastes Nunn,” Washington Times, May 4 1993.
47. Rowan Scarborough, “Court-Martials of Gays Usually for Sex Assaults,” Washington Times, June 4, 1993; House Committee on Armed Services, Policy Implications of Lifting the Ban on Homosexuals in the Military: Hearings Before the House Committee on Armed Services, 103rd Cong., 1st sess., 1993.
48. House Committee on Armed Services, Policy Implications.
49. Ibid.; also see http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/reading_room/633-3.pdf (accessed May 5, 2008).
50. Art Pine, “Issue Explodes into an All-Out Lobbying War,” Los Angeles Times, January 28, 1993.
51. Lambda Report, no. 2, June and July 1993.
52. John Lancaster, “Clinton and the Military: Is Gay Policy Just the Opening Skirmish?” Washington Post, February 1, 1993; Anne Loveland interview with Bill Horn, March 2, 1993, Anne Loveland papers.
53. Laurie Goodstein, “For Muslims in the Military, a Chaplain of Their Own,” Washington Post, December 4, 1993.
54. Eugene Gomulka, untitled position paper.
55. Erick Schmitt, “Chaplain Says Homosexuals Threaten the Military,” New York Times, August 26, 1992.
56. Gomulka, position paper, emphasis added.
57. House Republican Research Committee, Testimony of Chaplain (Col.) James A. Edgren, USA (Ret.), March 24, 1993.
58. Letter from Robert Dugan to Anne Loveland, September 14, 1994, Anne Loveland papers; American Security Council Foundation, press release, April 14, 1993; miscellaneous notes by Anne Loveland, Anne Loveland papers.
59. National Association of Evangelicals, enclosure to Anne Loveland, March 2 1993, Anne Loveland papers.
60. Richard Abel, “Should Homosexuals Serve in the Military,” position paper, Anne Loveland papers.
61. Dugan letter to Loveland.
62. Letters reprinted in National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), Commission on Chaplains, The Centurion (newsletter), March 1993, emphasis in original.
63. Rand, Sexual Orientation, 1993; NAE, Commission on Chaplains, “Homosexual Behavior and Military Service,” November 30, 1992.
64. NAE, Insight (newsletter), March 1993, June 1993.
65. Ibid., August 1993.
66. House Republican Research Committee, Edgren Testimony.
67. NAE, The Centurion, March 1993.
68. House Committee on Armed Services, Policy Implications of Lifting the Ban, 142–81.
69. David Plummer letter to Anne Loveland, February 19, 1993, Anne Loveland papers; Chaplaincy Full Gospel Churches, letter to William J. Clinton, January 29, 1993 (in February newsletter), Anne Loveland papers.
70. Chaplaincy Full Gospel Churches letter.
71. Letter from Ted Shadid to Anne Loveland, Anne Loveland papers.
72. Chaplaincy Full Gospel Churches, “Policy Paper on Homosexuality in the U.S. Military,” adopted June 23, 1993, Anne Loveland papers; Chaplaincy Full Gospel Churches, newsletter, July 1993, Anne Loveland papers.
73. Chaplaincy Full Gospel Churches, newsletter, April 1993, Anne Loveland papers; Ronald Ray, “Military Necessity and H
omosexuality,” in Ronald Ray, Gays: In or Out? The U.S. Military and Homosexuals: A Sourcebook (Washington, D.C.: Brassley’s, 1993), 36–41.
74. Ray, “Military Necessity.”
75. Vaid, Virtual Equality, 165.
76. Moskos interview, February 17, 2000.
3. THE POWELL-NUNN ALLIANCE
1. Barton Gellman, “Cheney Rejects Idea That Gays Are Security Risk,” Washington Post, August 1, 1991.
2. “Powell Says Discipline Is Basis of Military Homosexual Ban,” Associated Press, February 6, 1992.
3. Morris J. MacGregor, Integration of the Armed Forces 1940–1965 (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, US Army, 1981), 23; Charles Doe, “Metzenbaum Introduces Bill to Overturn Military Gay Ban,” United Press International, July 28, 1992.
4. U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Directive No. 1332.14, Enlisted Administrative Separations, January 28, 1982; Senate Committee on Armed Services, Policy Concerning Homosexuality in the Armed Forces, 103rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1993, 293–95; Charles Moskos, “From Citizens’ Army to Social Laboratory,” in Wilbur Scott and Sandra Carson Stanley, eds., Gays and Lesbians in the Military: Issues, Concerns, and Contrasts (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994), 58; David Ari Bianco, “Echoes of Prejudice: The Debates over Race and Sexuality in the Armed Forces,” in Craig Rimmerman, ed., Gay Rights, Military Wrongs: Political Perspectives on Lesbians and Gays in the Military (New York: Garland Publishing, 1996), 49.