The Ghost of Galileo

by J. L. Heilbron

  59. Donne, Poems (1986), 149.

  60. Whinney and Millar, English Art (1957), 127–8; Sanderson, Graphice (1658), 20.

  61. Jonson, Bartholomew Fayre, V.iiii; Marlowe, Works (1981), ii. 436 (ll. 177–80), text of 1598; Mulherron and Wyld, National Trust Historic Houses and Collections Annual (2011), 20–5.

  62. Mulherron and Wyld, Apollo, 175 (March 2012), 127; Hefford, National and Art Collections Fund Review, 86 (1990), 100.

  63. Wyld, contributor’s comment, in Rowell, Ham House (2013), 182.

  64. Ferino-Pagden, Cinque sensi (1996), 18–20, 106–11, 116–19, 228–35; Vinge, Five Senses (1975), 15–20.

  65. Ferino-Pagden, Cinque sensi (1996), 144–5; Vinge, Five Senses (1975), 54–5.

  66. Cleyn, Quinque sensuum descriptio (1646).

  67. Ferino-Pagden, Cinque sensi (1996); Mulherron and Wyld, Apollo, 175 (March 2012), 122–8; Aristotle, De anima, 422b17–423a20, 424b23-4, and De sensu, 436b17–437a15, in Aristotle, Complete Works (1984), i. 672–3, 675, 693–4.

  68. Hefford, in Campbell (ed.), Tapestry (2007), 175, 181–2.

  69. Hefford, National and Art Collections Fund Review, 86 (1990), 99; Faulkner, Bolsover (1975), 15–16. The set of The Hunter’s Chase, to which Cleyn contributed four designs, would also have appealed to William, but they date from the war years. Hefford, in Campbell (ed.), Tapestry (2007), 181–2; Dulac-Rooryck, Revue du Louvre, 33 (1983), nos 5–6.

  70. Worsley, Cavalier (2007), 81–3.

  71. Cavendish, Life (1667), 149–50.

  72. Worsley, Cavalier (2007), 48.

  73. Walpole, Works (1798), iii. 252; Croft-Murray et al., Catalogue (1960), i.1. 284, and Decorative Painting (1962–70), i. 211.

  74. Cavendish, Life (1667), 140; Pegge, Sketch (1785), 17–18, 21.

  75. Worsley, Cavalier (2007), 102–3, and plate 10; the Witt Library, London, attributes the lunette paintings to Cleyn, giving “Palmer AA50/109656-7” as source. Klibansky et al., Saturn (1964), plate 140, show a spitting image of the lecher.

  76. Jonson, The New Inn, I.i.29, quoted by Worsley, Cavalier (2007), 84.

  77. Norgate, Miniatura (1919), 64.

  78. Wotton, Elements (1624), 85.

  79. Lees-Milne, Age (1953), 86–9, quoting from a letter to Rome of 17 September 1636.

  80. Wilks, in Coward (ed.), Companion (2009), 196, 198.

  81. Thornton and Tomlin, National Trust Studies (1980), 21–5; Newberry, International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship, 5/4 (1986), 357; Rowell, Apollo, 143 (1996), 19, and editorial comment, in Rowell, Ham House (2013), 14–15, 19–20, 67–8, 79–80, 146, and Wyld, contributor’s comment, pp. 186–7.

  82. Martin, Apollo, 113 (February 1981), 92; Sanderson, Graphice (1658), 24; Croft-Murray, Decorative Painting (1962–70), i. 196–7.

  83. BPB 16/11, 16/12, 16/14, 37/7, 50/25; CSPD, 1637, 13 April 1637, 567, providing £280 and an assistant. Other pertinent financial arrangements are mentioned in BPB 16/39, 16/42, 16/44.

  84. BPB 37/7, 50/25; Howarth, British Library Journal, 20/2 (1994), 158–9.

  85. Tesauro, Cannochiale (1664), 1–3; Zanardi, Archivum historicum Societatis Jesu, 47 (1978), 43–4, 48, 54–8, 65–9, 79–80 n. 244.

  86. Cf. Llasera, Représentations (1999), 72–3, 63.

  87. Alberti, On Painting (1966), 89–91; Lee, Ut pictura (1967), 41–5.

  88. John Morris to Johannes de Laet, 27 February 1639, in Bekkers, Correspondence (1970), 29; Upton, De studio (1654), fo. A2r–v; Spelman, Aspilogia (1654), 132.

  89. Johnson, Catalogue (1934), pp. vii–viii.

  90. Ovid, Metamorphosis (1970), 4–5.

  91. Ellison, Sandys (2002), 1–2, 7, 16–25, 49–50, 57–62, 68–77.

  92. Ellison, Sandys (2002), 126–30, 137–9, 161–5; Davis, Sandys (1955), 198–9, 283–5, and Bibliographical Society of America, Papers, 35 (1941), 258–63, 271–3.

  93. Bush, in Ovid, Metamorphosis (1970), pp. vii–xii; Davis, Bibliographical Society of America, Papers, 35 (1941), 263–6. Ovid had required 11,995 lines; that Sandys could match his laconic Latin in corresponding English couplets within 10% was itself an achievement. Rubin, Ovid’s Metamorphoses (1985), 2–4, 14–15.

  94. Sandys, in Ovid, Metamorphosis (1632), “To the reader.”

  95. Ovid, Metamorphosis (1970), frontispiece and p. 3 (“Minde of the Frontispiece);” Limon, in Peck, Mental World (1991), 214, 221, 223.

  96. Sandys, in Metamorphosis (1970), “Minde of the Frontispiece,” 2.

  97. Ferrand, Treatise (1990), 525–7.

  98. Ovid, Metamorphosis (1970), 170, 192, 219, 264, 292.

  99. Ovid, Metamorphosis (1970), 496, 508–17, 533–4.

  100. Ovid, Metamorphosis (1970), 714.

  101. Ovid, Metamorphosis (1970), 672–3, 691.

  102. Sandys, in Ovid, Metamorphosis (1632), 48, 50, 53–7, 108–9, 720–1.

  103. Davis, Library, 3 (1948), 193 n. 4, 198–9, and Sandys (1955), 205.

  104. J. Hall, in Brome (ed.), Lachrymae (1649), 46; “J.B.,” in Brome (ed.), Lachrymae (1649), 50; Steggle, Brome (2004), 184–5; McWilliams, Yearbook of English Studies, 33 (2003), 273–5.

  105. Edward Standish, in Brome (ed.), Lachrymae (1649), 70–1; Gearin-Tosh, Essays and Studies, 34 (1981), 107–13.

  106. Dreyden, in Brome (ed.), Lachrymae (1649), 89–90.

  107. Griffiths, Print (1998), 20.

  108. Sandys, editorial comment, in Ovid, Metamorphosis (1632), 219, 449.

  109. Variae deorum ethnicorum effigies (1654); Varii zophorii animalium (1645); Propaegnion, sive puerorum ludentium shemata varia (1651, 1658), according to Croft-Murray et al., Catalogue (1960), i.1. 284. Cleyn designed but did not engrave these series. The British Museum, London, has the Effigies, the Statens Museum for Konst, Copenhagen, the Zophorii.

  110. British Museum, Inv. 1874.8.8.21 (L.B.1), and 1881.6.11.232, in Croft-Murray, Catalogue (1960), i.2, plate 99, and i.1. 285–6.

  111. Hodnett, Barlow (1978), 70–3; Aesop (1979), 51–2, 31–41; Five Centuries (1988), 32, 56; Acheson, Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies, 9/2 (2009), 30; Patterson, Fables (1991), 83–94.

  112. Cf. Lewis, English Fable (1996), 71–9.

  113. Davenant, Gondibert (1651), ii.5.9; in Gladisch (ed.), Gondibert (1971), 177.

  114. Ogilby, Aesop (1651), bk 1, p. 2; the redrawn figure for the second edition (1668) omits the schoolhouse and misses the point of the moral.

  115. Quoted by Acheson, Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies, 9/2 (2009), 29.

  116. “Of the Frogs Desiring a King,” fable XII, in Ogilby, Aesop (1651), 36; Kishlansky, in Amussen and Kishlansky (eds), Culture (1995), 347–52.

  Chapter 8

  1. Oriel College, Buttery Books, 1643–5; Shadwell, Registrum (1893–1902), i. 248, 250. Sir John may have lived with a son-in-law outside Oxford when ill but returned to Oriel to die; Hamper, editorial comment, in Dugdale, Life (1827), 76.

  2. Barratt, Cavalier (2015), 86, 93–4; Varley, Siege (1932), 25, 65–7.

  3. Varley, Siege (1932), 30–1, 47–8, 57–61.

  4. Varley, Supplement (1935), 9–10; Toynbee and Young, Strangers (1973), 10–12, 20; Barratt, Cavalier (2015), 39, 46, 82; Fanshaw, Memoirs (1907), 24–5 (quotes).

  5. Greaves, Morbus epidemicus (1643), 1, 6, 8–9, 13–22, 23 (quote); Barratt, Cavalier (2015), 117–19; Varley, Siege (1932), 96–8, and Supplement (1935), 15.

  6. Barratt, Cavalier (2015), 74, 87 (quote, from Anthony Wood); Toynbee and Young, Strangers (1973), 32.

  7. Varley, Siege (1932), 30–1, 36–41, and Mercurius (1948), pp. vii, ix–xi.

  8. Milton, Polemic (2007), 23–6, 106, 113–15, 122–5.

  9. Milton, Polemic (2007), 107, 127–9.

  10. The queen to the king, 23 February 1643, in Haldane, Portraits (2017), 12.

  11. Varley, Mercurius (1948), 42–3.

  12. Dugdale, Life (1827), 47, 50; William Strode, in Oxford University, Musarum oxoniensum ΕΠΙΒΑΤΗΡΙΑ (1643), fos D2v
–D3r.

  13. Williams and Bankes, in Musarum oxoniensum ΕΠΙΒΑΤΗΡΙΑ (1643), fos Aa1v–Aa2v, B2v–B3r, resp.; Bate, Narrative (1652), 39; Baillon, Henriette-Marie (1877), 201–2; White, Henrietta Maria (2006), ch. 5.

  14. Varley, Siege (1932), 8–11, 26–8, 122–4, and Mercurius (1948), 73 (quote).

  15. Parry, Trophies (1995), 157–9, 169–70; Gibson, in H. Spelman, Works (1727), fo. b1r; Fox, Scholarship (1956), 666–7, 71–2.

  16. J. Spelman, Considerations (1642), 22, and View (1642), fo. E4, resp.

  17. J. Spelman, Case (1643), 24, and Protestants Account (1642), 45, resp.

  18. Charles I, Eikon (1649), ed. Knachel (1966), 76, 91, 94, 162–4, 168.

  19. Fuller, Holy State (1642), 74–5, 150; Walten, in Fuller, Holy State (1938), 15–16, 26, 32, and Houghton, Formation (1938), 17–37, 155–68.

  20. Earle, Microcosmographie (1638), §§33, 66.

  21. Fuller, Holy State (1642), 53–4, 273, 353–4.

  22. Albion, Charles I (1935), 349–66; Sanderson, Compleat History (1658), 702.

  23. Foster, Oxoniensia, 46 (1981), 116–18; Davidson, “Catholicism” (1970), 666–7, 669–70; Laud, Works (1847–60), v.1, 184, 215, 269.

  24. Victoria History. Oxford, iv (1979), 410–11; Meyer, American Historical Review, 19 (1913), 25–6; letters of 18/8 August 1641 and 23 June 1642 to her sister, in Henriette-Marie, Lettres (1881), 58, 61.

  25. Ross, Lotterie (1642), fos A2r–A3v.

  26. Ross, Lotterie (1642), A4v.

  27. RCHM, Report, 6 (1877), 19; Clarendon, History (1849), ii. 131–3, 137, 589 = bk 5, 203–5, 209, bk 6, 396; Hawtrey, History (1903), i. 43, 48, 50; Johnston, Life (1837), ii. 204–14; Lloyd, Memoires (1668), 586 (Illi quod est rarissimum, nec facilitas authoritatem, nec severitas amorem diminuit).

  28. Foss, Judges (1848–64), iii. 251–4; Victoria History. Middlesex, iii (1961), 100, 342; De Groot, English Historical Revue, 117/474 (2002), 1221.

  29. Bankes, “Will,” 24 September 1642, D-BKL/B/A/1/1; Rous, Diary (1866), 129 (property in Norfolk).

  30. Bankes, Story (1853), 59–60; Bennett, Historical Dictionary (2000), 33–4; Victoria History. Dorset, ii (1908), 150–61; Heywood, Notes; Little, History Today, 65/2 (2015), 14–16. Norsworthy, Cornhill Magazine, 150 (1934), 66–81, presents a lively version of the story.

  31. RCHM, Report, 6 (1877), 182; D’Ewes, Journal (1923), 109n.; Hutchins, History (1973), ii. 241.

  32. Bainbridge to Ussher, 3 October 1626, in Parr, Life (1686), 370–1. Bainbridge calculated eclipses for Ussher.

  33. Quoted by Tyacke, in Pennington and Thomas (eds), Puritans (1978), 84.

  34. Shalev, in Hamilton, Republic (2005), 85–7, 91, 94–7, and in JHI 63 (2002), 575.

  35. Greaves, Description (1650), 59; Rice, Modern Language Notes, 43/7 (1928), 451–2; Dursteler, Mediterranean Historical Review, 16/2 (2001), 9–10, 25; Goodwin, in Bon, Seraglio (1996), 13–16; Bentivoglio to Paolo Guardo, 21 January 1612 and 12 December 1618, in Bentivoglio, Collection (1764), 37, 121.

  36. Greaves, Pyramidographie (1646), and Discourse (1647), 40–1.

  37. Birch, in Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (1737), i, pp. ii–vi; Greaves, Miscellaneous Works 1737), ii. 480; Smith, Vitae (1707), 8–9.

  38. Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (1737), ii. 364–71; Greaves to Ussher, 19 September 1644, in Parr, Life (1686), 509.

  39. Smith, Vitae (1707), 15. Bainbridge died on 3 November, Greaves was in place on the 14th.

  40. Birch, in Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (1737), i, pp. lviii, lxx–lxxi; Lawlor, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 6 (1901), 262.

  41. CSPD, 1641–3, 14 November 1643, 496–502; Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (1737), ii. 168.

  42. Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (1737), ii. 390–2.

  43. Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (1737), ii. 379–83 (navigation), 375–8 (calendrics); Greaves to Ussher, 19 September 1644, Miscellaneous Works (1737), ii. 451–4.

  44. Feingold, in North and Roche (eds), Essays (1985), 275–6, and Apprenticeship (1984), passim.

  45. Feingold, in Galluzzi (ed.), Novità (1983), 417–18.

  46. Quoted in Feingold and Gouk, AS 40 (1983), 145–50.

  47. “Our English Aristotle”: Wilkins, Mercury (1641), 10.

  48. Trevor-Roper, Physician (2006), 360–1; Birken, Journal of British Studies, 23/1 (1983), 49, 55–6.

  49. Laud to Bankes, 1 January 1635, in Laud, Further Correspondence (2018), 139.

  50. Keynes, Harvey (1978), 301–2, 309–12; Robb-Smith, Oxford School Medical Gazette, 12 (1957), 72–6; Munk, Roll, i. (1878), 277–9 (E. Greaves); DNB, s.v. Brent; Greaves, Pyramidographia (1646), in Miscellaneous Works (1737), i. 136–7n.

  51. Birch, in Greaves, Miscellaneous Works (1737), i, pp. xxviii–xxix; Aubrey, Lives (1898), ii. 284–5; (2018), i. 272; ii. 1125.

  52. Ward, Vindiciae (1654), 390.

  53. Abell, Reports and Transactions of the Devonshire Asssociation, 57 (1925), 259–60.

  54. DNB, s.v. Heylyn; Heylyn, Mikrokosmos (1639), 14–15, and Cosmographie (1652), 1–18, 22–3, fo. A5v (quote); Tyacke, in Pennington and Thomas (eds), Puritans (1978), 92–3.

  55. Lewalski, Writing Women (1993), 184–90.

  56. Weber, Lucius Cary (1940), ch. 4; Malcolm, Historical Journal, 24 (1981), 317–18; Trevor-Roper, Catholics (1987), 188, quoting Hyde.

  57. Sandys, Paraphrase (1636), “To the King,” and p. 25; Weber, Lucius Cary (1940), 215–19, 245; Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 365–6; Hayward, SC 2 (1987), 20.

  58. Cf. Ellison, Sandys (2002), 185–96, 202, 212.

  59. Trevor-Roper, Catholics (1987), 176–7, 188–97, 208, 220, 227–8.

  60. Earle, Microcosmographie (1638), §41.

  61. Quoted by Trevor-Roper, Catholics (1987), 212, from Bodleian, MS Clar. 126, nos 22, 59; praise for Bacon, nos 27–32.

  62. Mathew, Age (1951), 232, 235, 239; Hayward, SC 2 (1987), 32–4, 41–2.

  63. Bond, Inventories (1947), 246, 248. The parish church sells a postcard of the recently cleaned painting.

  64. Aubrey, Lives (2018), i. 296–8.

  65. Heydon, Discourse (1650), fo. A4; Curry, Prophecy (1989), 35, 37 (second quote, from Ashmole, Theatrum chemicum (1652), 453); Powell, Aubrey (1964), 50; Frank, Royal Society of London, Notes and Records, 27 (1973), 199–200.

  66. Wharton, Works (1683), 217, 221–2, 216–17 (text of 1645).

  67. Wharton, Works (1683), 269 (text of 1647).

  68. Great Eclipse (August 1644), title page.

  69. Geneva, Astrology (1995), 183–4, 195, 207, 211, 216, 222, 229 (quote); Parker, Familiar (1975), 89, 95–100.

  70. Lilly, Collection (1645), fo. A3v, pp. 3–5, 33–4, 45. The Hempe ditty was current when Bacon was a boy; Bacon, “Essays,” in Philosophical Works (1905), 780 (“On Prophecy”).

  71. Lilly, Collection (1645), fo. A3.

  72. Quoted in Gregory, Posthuma (1649), 299.

  73. Parker, Familiar (1975), 134, 139–40; Geneva, Astrology (1995), 100.

  74. Gell, Stella nova (1649), 19, 25–6; Ps. 114: 4.

  75. DNB, s.v. “Gell.”

  76. Rusche, English Historical Review, 80 (1965), 331, 333; Parker, Familiar (1975), 149–51; Curry, Prophecy (1989), 28–9.

  77. Brahe, Learned: Tico Brahae (1632), “Preface.”

  78. Barratt, Cavalier (2015), 100–18; Varley, Siege (1932), 81, and Supplement (1935), 10.

  79. Van Eerde, Hollar (1970), 23, 28–9; Sprinzels, Hollar (1938), 15, 46.

  80. Piles, Art (1744), 377; Rogers, Dobson (1983), 10–16 (“somewhat pedestrian”); Whinney and Millar, English Art (1957), 85 (“ponderous”); Rudolf, in Cropper (ed.), Diplomacy (2000), 209–12; Baker, Lely (1912), i. 91–101.

  81. Millar, Burlington Magazine, 90 (1948), 98; Wilks, in Coward (ed.), Companion (2009), 199–200 (quote). The history was A. C. Davila, Istoria delle guerre civili di Francia (1630); Rogers, Dobson (1983), 72–4, 88–9; Baker, Lely (1912), i. 96; Wilson, Lanier (1994), 200–1.

  82
. Whinney and Millar, English Art (1957), 85–6.

  83. Rogers, Dobson (1983), 18; Norgate, Miniatura (1919), 83; Walpole, Works (1798), ii. 351 (Charles on Dobson); Millar, Tercentenary (1951), 6.

  84. Haldane, Portraits (2017), 11, 58–9.

  85. Howarth, Master Drawings, 49/4 (2011), 438–9, 452, 461, 463, 466 (figs 4, 26, 49, 55, 59).

  86. DNB, s.v. Dutton; Morgan, Memoirs (1899), 103–4, 114–15, 123, 149–50.

  87. Morgan, Memoirs (1899), 111–12.

  88. Gent, Picture (1981), 35, 39, 43–4, 60, quoting Norgate, Miniatura (1919), and Wotton, Elements (1624), 80, 83.

  89. Gent, Picture (1981), 57.

  90. Peacock, in Sharpe and Lake (eds), Culture (1993), 207–8 (garbling Aristotle, Poetics, 1450b1–2 (Compete Works (1984), ii. 2321)), 218–21; Bate, Mysteries (1635), 147 (quote); Lee, Ut pictura (1967), 9, 13, 18.

  91. Haldane, Portraits (2017), 44; Noldus and Roding (eds), Isaacsz (2007), 271 (“Portrait of a Man with a Boy”).

  92. Examples in Museo di storia della scienza,Catalogo (1991), 73–5, and Van Helden, IMSS, Catalogue (1999), 24, 66–8; Powell, Art History, 39/2 (2016), 283–7, on telescopes in paintings.

  93. Gorman and Marr, Burlington Magazine, 149/1247 (2007), 87–8; Gorman et al., Mysterious Masterpiece (2010), 50–123; Marr, Between Raphael and Galileo (2011), 199–214.

  94. McCoy, Edge (2012), 71, fig. 6.1.

  95. CSPD, 1639, 543; Howarth, Lord Arundel (1985), 167–8; Gilman, Arundel Circle (2002), 23, 29–30, 147–57; Hervey, Life (1921), 416–24; Davenant, Madagascar (1638), 16, 18 (quote).

  96. Hamond, Paradox (1640), fos A2, B2, C1; Heylyn, Mikrokosmos (1639), 762; Wright, JHI 4 (1943), 113, 117.

  97. Ogilby, Africa (1670), 677, 692–3.

  98. See the sixteenth-century examples in Museo di storia della scienza, Catalogo (1991), 17.

  99. Wotton, Survey (1938), 20.

  100. Peacham, Gentleman (1634), 56–7; CSPD, 1641–3, 498 (14 November 1643).

  101. Catalogi librorum (1697), 307; cf. p. 302, on gifts of instruments to the collection from Greaves and his brother Thomas; Aubrey, Lives (2018), i. 266.

  102. Hobbes, Correspondence (1994), 875, records Payne’s donation; Tyacke, in Pennington and Thomas (eds), Puritans (1978), 89.