The Shahnameh
Page 30
Jones, William, 15, 16
Joyce, James, 142, 149
Julius Caesar, 55
Jung, Carl, 153
Justar-ha-ye Shahnameh Shenasi va Mabahes-e Adabi (Essays on the Shahnameh and literary topics) (Omidsalar), 24
justice, 37–39
Kabuki theater, 185–86
Kar-Namag-e Ardashir-e Pabagan, 48
Kasra’i, Seyavash, 161, 163
Kaveh the Blacksmith: Iranian left and, 32, 168, 178–79; literary nationalism and, 161; in Shahnameh, 6, 57–58, 107, 122–23
Kelidar (Dolatabadi), 174, 179
Kermani, Mirza Aqa, 168
Key Kavous: filicide and, 134, 226; Iranian left and, 161; in Shahnameh, 60, 64, 75, 90, 92, 111, 130–31, 134, 160–61, 226
Key Khosrow, 44, 90, 140–41
Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal: critical edition by, 15, 42, 162; on Ferdowsi, 71, 74, 79, 233n9
“Khan-e Hashtom” (The eighth trial) (Sales), 209–12, 213–14
“Khan-e Hashtom va Adamak” (Sales), 174, 175–76
Kharijites, 41–42
Khavaran-nameh (Ibn Hisam), 51, 113, 154
Khayr, Hakim Iranshah ibn Abi al-, 50–51
Khayyam, Omar, 60
Khosrow I (Anushirvan the Just), 49
Khudavand-name (Persian epic), 114
Khvatay-namak (Book of Lords), 38, 49
Kierkegaard, Søren, 19–20
Kilito, Abdelfattah, 199
Kimyagarov, Benyamin, 37
Kimyagarov, Boris, 186
King Lear (Shakespeare), 185
Kiumars, 217
Kurosawa, Akira: Naderi and, 174; Shahnameh and, 151, 154–56, 185–86; Shakespeare and, 147–48, 185–86
Kushnameh, 50–51
Lacan, Jacques, 153
Lahuti, Abolqasem, 168
Langlès, Louis M., 15
Lawrence of Arabia (film), 185
Lean, David, 148, 151, 154–55, 185, 186
Legend of Rostam (film), 186
Legend of Seyavash (film), 186
Levinas, Emmanuel, 158
linguistic nationalism, 176–78
linguistic unconscious, 153
literary humanism (adab), 42, 105–6, 153, 218
literary nationalism, 45–47, 97–103, 160–70, 207–8
Lohrasp-nameh, 50–51
Long Gray Line, The (film), 185
López-Chávez, Celia, 237n19
Lucan, 18, 53
Lumsden, Matthew, 15
Lusíadas (Camões), 18, 53
Macan, T., 15
Macaulay, T. B., 227
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 185
Maftun (Abd al-Razzaq Beik ibn Najafqoli Khan Donbali). See Mokhtar-nameh (Maftun)
Mage Publications, 163
Mahabharata (Sanskrit epic), 22, 52
Mahmoud, Sultan of Ghazna (r. 998–1002), 11–12, 70–72, 73–76
Manizheh, 74, 80–84, 140–41, 157
Manuchehri Damghani (d. 1040), 68
Man Without Qualities, The (Musil), 149
Mardom va Ferdowsi (People and Ferdowsi) (Enjavi Shirazi), 230n6
Márquez, Gabriel García, 149–50, 179
Marx, Karl, 196
Masochism (Deleuze), 135
Mas’udi Marvazi, 101, 104
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 173–74
melodic implosion, 155
Meltzl, Hugo, 196
Melville, Herman, 142, 149, 230n1
Meskoub, Shahrokh, 24, 161, 163
Milton, John, 53–54, 149
mimesis, 110–16
Minovi, Mojtaba, 24
“Minute on Education” (Macaulay), 227
Mirza Abu Taleb Mir Fendereski (Abu Taleb Isfahani), 113–14
Mirza Muhammad Rafi’ Bazil, 113–14
Moby-Dick (Melville), 142, 149, 230n1
Modern Epic (Moretti): definition of modern epic in, 149; Eurocentric “world system” in, 18–19, 21, 23, 177–80, 181–82, 185, 200–201; on One Hundred Years of Solitude (Márquez), 149–50; on rise of modern epics, 58, 145; Shahnameh and, 142; triumphalism of “the West” in, 147, 175
modern epics: Quint on, 149; Shahnameh as, 162–64, 176–80, 192–93. See also Modern Epic (Moretti)
modernity, 151, 170. See also colonial modernity
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, 167
Mohl, Julius, 15, 83
Mokhtar-nameh (Maftun), 51, 114
Mongol Empire (1206–1368), 141, 145
Moqaddameh’i bar Rostam va Esfandiar (An introduction to Rostam and Esfandiar) (Meskoub), 24
Moretti, Franco: on world literature, 196. See also Modern Epic (Moretti)
Motaghareb metric system, 44
Motebassem, Hamid, 174–75
Motlagh, Ali Ahmadi, 167, 168–69
M. Ra’is Firuz, 186
Mughal Empire (1526–1857), 141, 145
Muhammad, Prophet, 41, 107, 113–14
Muqanna, al-, 76
Musil, Robert, 149
Mu’tazilites, 41–42
Naderi, Amir, 174, 180
Nahavand, battle of (642), 41
Nameh-ye Bastan (Kermani), 168
naqqal (troubadour storytellers), 33, 37–38, 51, 106, 116, 210–13
narrative suspension, 116–23
Nasser Khosrow (1004–1088), 75–76
Nazi Germany, 99
Neruda, Pablo, 173–74
Nezam al-Molk (Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi), 105
Nezami Aruzi, 67
Nezami Ganjavi, 100
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 19–20
Nodushan, Mohammad Ali Islami, 239n26
Noh theater, 185–86
Nöldeke, T., 25
Nushin, Abd al-Hossein, 168
Obama, Barack, 16
Odyssey (Homer), 53, 215–16
Oedipal complex, 5–6, 61, 118, 127, 134–38. See also filicide; parricide
Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), 134
Omar Khayyam Nishapuri, 100
Omidsalar, Mahmoud: on Alexander the Great, 237–38n1; on Shahnameh, 3, 24–25, 164; on Shahryar-nameh, 231–32n20; on Zahhak, 229n4
One Hundred Years of Solitude (Márquez), 149–50, 179
Onsori, 68
“On the Concept of History” (Benjamin), 147
Ordibehesht-nameh (Sorush Isfahani), 114
Orientalism: epics and, 23; literary nationalism and, 100; Shahnameh and, 15, 53, 88, 166, 194
Orientalism (Said), 227
Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), 141, 145
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979), 14, 98–103, 152, 163–68, 170, 222. See also Reza Shah Pahlavi
Pahlavi language (Middle Persian), 38, 40, 42, 44, 48–49
Paradise Lost (Milton), 149
Paradise Regained (Milton), 149
pararealism, 108–10, 112, 115–16
parricide, 61–62, 92, 134–37, 155–56, 226
Passage to India, A (film), 185
Persian language: Ferdowsi and, 69–70; as lingua franca in Iran, 13–14; literary nationalism and, 98–99; origins, evolution, and role of, 40, 41–42, 144, 153; pronouns in, 2, 82
Persian literature, 42, 44, 67–69
Persian passion play (ta’ziyeh), 113
Persophilia (Dabashi), 45, 192
Pesar-e Iran az Madarash bi-Khabar ast (Iran’s son has no news from his mother) (film), 186
Pharsalia (Lucan), 18, 53
Philosophy of Liberation (Dussel), 202–3
Pizer, John, 196
planetary geography, 199
Plato, 55, 78
Poet and Hero in the Persian Book of Kings (Davidson), 25
poetic implosion, 155
Poetics and Politics of Iran’s National Epic (Omidsalar), 25
polychronic conception of time and space, 109–10, 115–17, 150
polyfocality, 112–13, 114–17, 201–2
polyvocality, 65–66, 78–79, 112–13, 114–17
Pound, Ezra, 149
Présentation de Sacher-Masoch (Masochism: Coldness and Cruelt
y) (Deleuze), 5–6
“Present Tasks of Comparative Literature” (Meltzl), 196
proto-Zoroastrian uprisings, 41–42, 76
Provincializing Europe (Chakrabarty), 19–20
psychoanalytic unconscious, 153
public sphere, 45–46
Qadisiyyah, battle of (636), 36, 41
Qajar dynasty (1789– 1924), 160–61
Qazvini, Mohammad, 100
Quint, David: on Alexander Nevsky (film), 58, 59, 147–49, 154–55, 180; typology of epics by, 18–19, 21, 23, 52–59, 151–52, 156, 219, 225
Qur’an, 41, 51, 105, 143–44, 146, 169
Rabi.’ See Ali-nameh (Rabi’)
Rahimi, Mostafa, 239n26
Rahmanian, Hamid, 15–16, 163–64
Rahnema, Fereydun, 186
Raji (Mulla Beman Ali), 114
Ramayana (Sanskrit epic), 22, 52
Ran (film), 155
razm (battle), 52, 188
Razzaq, Mansur ibn Abd al-, 71
redeemed mankind, 84–87
Republic (Plato), 55
Reza Shah Pahlavi, 98–99, 160–61, 167, 186
Ring des Nibelungen, Der (Wagner), 149, 179
Rostam: birth and emergence of, 126–30, 141; Esfandiar and, 132–33, 134, 137–38, 154, 184–85; Seyavash and, 64, 90, 130; Sohrab and, 36–38, 59–62, 75, 104, 130, 154, 155–56, 160, 184–85, 187–88, 226
“Rostam & Sohrab” (videoclip), 174–75
Rostam and Sohrab (1957 film), 186
Rostam and Sohrab (1972 film), 186
Rostam and Sohrab (Tjeknavorian), 174–75, 186
Rostam Sohrab (Gharibpour), 174–75
Rudabeh, 127–29, 141, 157
Rudaki, Abu Abdollah Ja’far ibn Mohammad (ca. 858–941), 42, 67–68
Rumi, Maulana Jalal al-Din, 100
Rustom and Sohrab (film), 37
Ryan’s Daughter (film), 185
Rypka, Jan, 100
Saba (Fath Ali Khan Kashani), 38–39, 51, 114
Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 5–6
Sa’di, 100
Sadri, Ahmad, 15–16, 163–64, 165
Safa, Zabihollah, 24, 100
Safavid period (1501–1736), 141, 145
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003), 41–42, 76
Sahebqiran-nameh, 51, 113
Said, Edward, 20, 196, 227
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 166
Sales, Mehdi Akhavan-e: literary nationalism and, 161, 163; Shahnameh and, 33, 173, 174, 175–176, 209–12, 213–14
Samangan, 36, 61, 187–88
Samanid Empire (819–999): Muslim conquest and, 76; Persian language and, 13–14, 42; poetry and, 44, 68; Shahnameh and, 11, 141, 143–44, 152
Sassanid Empire (224–651): Ferdowsi and, 71; histories of, 48–49; Muslim conquest and, 13–14, 39, 41, 54–55; Persian language and, 42; in Shahnameh, 190
Savushun (Daneshvar), 174
Sawsan-nameh, 50–51
Scheller, Max, 19–20
Seleucid Empire (312–63 B.C.E.), 39–40
Selim II, Sultan, 142
Seljuqid Empire (1037–1194), 141, 145
semiotics, 110–16
Sepanta, Abdolhossein, 186
Seyavash: Daneshvar on, 91; empires and, 140–41; Hafez on, 91; literary nationalism and, 161; parricide and, 134–35, 226; Rostam and, 64, 90, 130; Sudabeh and, 104, 130–31, 154, 157, 184–85; test of fire and, 111–12; as tragic hero, 89–92
Seyavash dar Takht-e Jamashid (Seyavash in Persepolis) (film), 186
Shades of the Planet (Dimock and Buell), 202
Shafi’i-Kadkani, Mohammad Reza, 230–31n6
Shahanshah-nameh (Saba), 38–39, 51
Shahbazi, A. Shapur, 25
Shahnameh (Ferdowsi): adaptations of, 174–76, 186; Arabic translations of, 101–102; canonization of, 50–52; characters are narrative tropes in, 133–34; composition and structure of, 8–10, 71–72; critical editions of, 14–15, 163–64, 169–70, 222; current world and, 94–95; deferred defiance in, 134–38; defining traumatic moments in, 184–87, 226; desire and, 133–34; empires and, 140–50, 156–58, 162, 194–95; English translations of, 8, 15–16, 55, 80–83, 88, 163–64, 165, 205–6, 227–28, 229n1, 229n3, 230n8; as epic of defiance, 157–58; as epic poetry, 52; European discovery of, 15; father-son relationship in, 59–62; forced nationalization and, 97–103; French translations of, 15; genealogy of, 38–39; illustrations of, 115, 221–22; imperial context of, 39–47; liberation of, 207–8; literary nationalism and, 45–47, 97–103, 160–70, 207–8; manuscripts of, 14, 42–44, 142, 162–64, 221–22; as metaphor, 169–76; mimesis, visuality and semiosis in, 110–16; as modern epic, 162–64, 176–80, 187; moral edifice of, 57–58; mythical, heroic, and historical components of, 96–97, 107–10, 116–32, 148–50, 156–57, 171–74, 178, 182, 190–94, 214–20, 222–26; narrative suspension in, 116–23; narrative voice in, 80–84; as national epic, 151–52; Orientalism and, 15, 53, 88, 166, 194; paintings influenced by, 115; poetic worldliness of, 94–95; political narrative and poetic discourse of, 103–10; psychoanalytic theories and, 5–6; Quint’s typology of epics and, 54–59; renewed canonization of, 45–47; role and importance of, 3, 8–10, 14–15, 43–45, 143–45; scholarship on, 23–25, 164, 165–66, 167, 168–70, 183–84, 222; sources of, 43–44, 47–50; state legitimacy and, 45–47; students and, 25–27, 94–95, 97, 147–49, 173; as “Third World Literature,” 181–84; transgender desire in, 187–88; traumatic unconscious of, 150–56; Turkish translations of, 101–102; vatan (homeland) and, 45–47; “the West and the rest” and, 87–89; worldliness of, 181–84; worldly context of, 94–95; worldly interiority of, 220–22. See also specific characters
Shahnameh of Abu Mansur, 44, 50, 71, 107
Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp (Houghton Shahnameh), 142, 162, 163, 164, 182–83
Shahnameh-ye Heyrati, 114
Shahryar-nameh, 50–51
Shakespeare, William, 57, 60, 62, 132, 147–48, 185
Shamlou, Ahmad, 33, 137–38, 173–74
shared memory, 46
Shi’ism: as epic of defiance, 157; Kharijites and, 41–42; Qur’an and, 51; Shahnameh and, 75–78, 146, 152–54, 165, 169, 170, 184, 207; story of Imam Hossein and, 113, 176, 226; ta’ziyeh and, 113
Shi’ism (Dabashi), 191
Shu’ubiyyah movement, 41, 152
Simurgh (Motebassem), 174–75
Siyamak, 117–18
Siyasatnameh (Nezam al-Molk), 105
social desire, 133–34
Sohrab: Gordafarid and, 61, 160, 188; literary nationalism and, 161; Rostam and, 36–38, 59–62, 75, 104, 130, 154, 155–56, 160, 184–85, 187–88, 226
“Sohrab and Rustum” (Arnold), 37, 166
Sohrabaneh, 61, 127
Sohrab-Koshi (Sohrabicide) (Beiza’i), 175–76
Sophocles, 134
Sorush Isfahani, 114
Spivak, Gayatri, 20, 204–5
Sudabeh, 104, 130–31, 154, 157, 184–85
Sug-e Seyavash (Mourning Seyavash) (Meskoub), 24
Sunni Islam, 75–76, 77
Suvashun (Daneshvar), 91
Taghizadeh, Hasan, 231n7
Tagore, Rabindranath, 196
Takhti, Gholamreza, 211
Tangsir (film), 174, 180
Tarikh Bal’ami (Quranic commentary), 42
Tasso, Torquato, 18, 53–54
ta’ziyeh (Persian passion play), 113, 116
“Theses on the Philosophy of History” (Benjamin), 84–87
Throne of Blood (film), 185
Timurid Empire (1370–1507), 141
Tjeknavorian, Loris, 37, 174–75, 186
totality, 157–58, 171–74, 187, 225–26
“Tragedy of Sohrab and Rustum” (Arnold), 15
Tragedy-ye Qodrat dar Shahnameh (The tragedy of power in the Shahnameh) (Rahimi), 239n26
tragiques, Les (d’Aubigné), 18, 53
transgender desire, 187–88
translation and untranslatability, 197–99
“Traveling Theory” (Said), 196
Turkish language, 101–102
Twelvers, 77–78. See also Shi’ism
tyranny, 37–39
Ulysses (Joyce), 142, 149
Umayyad Empire (656–750), 13, 40, 41–42, 143–44
ummah (nation as community of the faithful), 47
unconscious, 153
universalism, 19–20
untranslatability, 198–99
Ustadh Sis (fl. 767), 76
vatan (homeland), 45–47
Vico, Giambattista, 108, 219, 223–24
“View on the Unification of Literature, A” (Zheng), 196
Villagrá, Gaspar de, 237n19
Virgil. See Aeneid (Virgil)
visuality, 110–16
Vocabulaire européen des philosophies (Cassin), 198
Vullers, J. A., 15
Wagner, Richard, 149, 179
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 201–2
Waste Land, The (Eliot), 149, 179
Welch, Cary, 142
world literature: concept of, 16–23, 32–33, 89, 177–78, 193; critical perspective on, 193–204, 206–9, 215, 218, 225; English as postcolonial language and, 226–28; Goethe on, 181–82, 196, 200–201, 206; Spivak on, 204–5. See also Shahnameh (Ferdowsi)
“World Literature” (Tagore), 196
World Literature in Theory (Damrosch), 195–96
World of Persian Literary Humanism, The (Dabashi), 17, 183, 191–92
World Republic of Letters, The (Casanova), 201
Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon), 208, 227
Xenophon, 55, 193–94, 223
Ya’qub Layth Saffari, 41
Yasami, Siyamak, 186
“Yusuf and Zuleika” (narrative poem), 71
Zafar-nameh, 51
Zahhak, 4–6, 57, 61–62, 120–23, 134, 226
Zal, 127–30, 137, 141, 157, 221
Zendegi va Marg-e Pahlavanan dar Shahnameh (Life and death of heroes in the Shahnameh) (Eslami Nadushan), 24, 239n26
Zhang Longxi, 196–97
Zheng Zhenduo, 196
Zoroastrianism: Ferdowsi and, 75, 78; Shahnameh and, 43–44, 47, 48, 137, 184