The Gunpowder Plot

by Antonia Fraser

  Persons, Father Robert, S.J.: on supposed conversion of James, ref 1; on courage of Catholic women, ref 2; background and policy, ref 3; conflict with Appellants, ref 4; on numbers of English Catholics, ref 5; on equivocation, ref 6; The Book of Succession, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Petre, Sir John, 1st Baron Petre of Wrktle, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Philip II, King of Spain, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Philip III, King of Spain: and Spanish Netherlands, ref 1 and English succession, ref 2, ref 3; and James’s supposed conversion, ref 4; and Wintour’s mission to Spain, ref 5; and Fawkes’s mission to Spain, ref 6, ref 7; and Tassis’ mission to England, ref 8, ref 9; and treaty with England, ref 10, ref 11; and trial of Plotters, ref 12; and Garnet straw-husk relic, 3 ref 13; on responsibility for Gunpowder Plot, ref 14

  Phillips, Sir Edward (Serjeant-at-Law), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Pius V, Pope, ref 1, ref 2

  Pope Day (America; 5 November), ref 1

  Popham, Sir John: on beginnings of Gunpowder Plot, ref 1; investigates Plot, ref 2, ref 3; antipathy to Catholics, ref 4; at trial of Plotters, ref 5; examines Garnet, ref 6, ref 7

  Popish Plot (1679), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Prince, George, ref 1

  Protector: role and office of, ref 1, ref 2n

  Pulleine, John, ref 1

  Pulleine, Maria (Guy Fawkes’s supposed wife), ref 1

  Puritans: James’s treatment of, ref 1, ref 2; and persecution of Catholics, ref 3

  Rabin, Yitzhak, ref 1n

  Ralegh, Elizabeth, Lady (née Throckmorton), ref 1

  Ralegh, Sir Walter, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Reagan, Ronald, ref 1n

  recusants (Catholic): laws against, ref 1; circumspection, ref 2, ref 3; fines, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; James pardons, ref 9; in London, ref 10; refuges and safe houses, ref 11; numbers, ref 12; persecuted after Plot, ref 13; see also Catholics

  Riccio, David, ref 1

  Richard III, King of England, ref 1

  Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, ref 1

  Robert, Prince (son of James and Anne), ref 1

  Robinson, Jane (‘the Little Girl’), ref 1

  Rojas Bernardo y Sandal, Cardinal de, ref 1

  Romiily, John, 1st Baron, ref 1

  Rookwood, Ambrose: acquires gunpowder, ref 1; joins Plotters, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; flees London at discovery of Plot, ref 5; as suspect, ref 6, ref 7; opposes Warwick Castle raid, ref 8; in Holbeach gunpowder accident, ref 9; shot and captured, ref 10; in Tower, ref 11, ref 12n ref 13; interrogated, ref 14, ref 15; loyalty to Catesby, ref 16, ref 17; trial, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20; and absolution before Plot, ref 21; speaks at trial, ref 22; executed, ref 23

  Rookwood, Brigadier Ambrose (grandson of conspirator), ref 1, ref 2

  Rookwood, Dorothea (Ambrose’s half-sister), ref 1, ref 2

  Rookwood, Dorothea (née Drury; Ambrose’s mother), ref 1

  Rookwood, Elizabeth (Ambrose’s wife), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Rookwood, Elizabeth (née Tyrwhkt), ref 1

  Rookwood, Robert, ref 1

  Rookwood, Susanna, ref 1

  Roper, Margaret (née More), ref 1n

  Roper, Sir John (later 1st Baron Teynham), ref 1, ref 2

  Roper, William, ref 1n

  Rowse, A.L., ref 1

  Rushton Hall, Northamptonshire, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Ruthven, Alexander (Gowrie’s brother), ref 1

  Rutland, Roger Manners, 5th Earl of, ref 1, ref 2

  Sadat, Anwar, ref 1n

  St Omer, near Calais: Jesuit school, ref 1

  St Peter’s School, York, ref 1, ref 2

  Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of (formerly 1st Baron Cecil of Essendon and 1st Viscount Cranborne): and Elizabeth’s death, ref 1 proclaims James king, ref 2; appearance, ref 3; James meets, ref 4; ennoblement and titles, ref 5 & n, ref 6n; rivalry with Essex, ref 7; and succession to Elizabeth, ref 8, ref 9; supports James, ref 10; and James’s attitude to Catholics, ref 11; view of Catholics, ref 12; on Queen Anne, ref 13; intelligence network, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17; and Tassis mission from Spain, ref 18; acquires fortune, ref 19; relations with Catherine Suffolk, ref 20; and persecution of Catholics, ref 21; as target of Plotters, ref 22; and Monteagle’s religion, ref 23; responsibilities, ref 24; sees Monteagle Letter, ref 25, ref 26, ref 27, ref 28; foreknowledge of Plot, ref 29, ref 30, ref 31; shows Monteagle Letter to James, ref 32; preventive measures against Plot, ref 33; and Northumberland, ref 34; and search of Parliament buildings, ref 35; Catesby suggests dead, ref 36; and Plot suspects, ref 37; and Fawkes in Tower, ref 38; Verney passes information on Plotters to, ref 39; and decayed gunpowder, ref 40; and Fawkes’s confession, ref 41; writes to English Ambassadors about Plot, ref 42; instructs Barlow, ref 43; and Eliza Vaux’s arrest, ref 44; and interrogation and confessions of Plotters, ref 45, ref 46, ref 47; and use of torture, ref 48; seeks extradition of Hugh Owen, ref 49; and Northumberland’s innocence, ref 50, ref 51; builds case against Jesuits, ref 52; at trial of Plotters, ref 53, ref 54; and quartering of Plotters, ref 55; on Grant’s obduracy, ref 56; on execution of Plotters, ref 57; and Garnet’s journey to London, ref 58; at Garnet’s examination and confession, ref 59, ref 60, ref 61, ref 62; mocks Garnet over Anne Vaux, ref 63; and Garnet’s treatment in Tower, ref 64; at Garnet’s trial, ref 65; made Knight of Garter, ref 66; attempts to kidnap Hugh Owen, ref 67; accused of conspiring in Gunpowder Plot, ref 68, ref 69

  Savoy, Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of, ref 1

  Sawston Hall, near Cambridge, ref 1n, ref 2

  Scotland: Fawkes on hostility with England, ref 1; James urges Union with England, ref 2; James’s courtiers from, ref 3; English hostility to, ref 4

  Scrope, Philadelphia, Lady, ref 1n

  ‘secret adherence’ (Nicodemism), ref 1

  Shakespeare, Judith, ref 1

  Shakespeare, William, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4– Julius Caesar, ref 5; King Lear, ref 6 & n; Macbeth, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12n

  Sheffield, Edmund, 3rd Baron (later 1st Earl of Mulgrave), ref 1, ref 2

  Shepheard, Elizabeth, ref 1

  Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of (Bess of Hardwicke), ref 1

  Singleton, Father Richard, ref 1

  Smith, Father Richard, ref 1

  Smith, Sir Thomas, ref 1

  Somerset, Frances, Countess of (née Howard), ref 1

  Sophia of Mecklenburg, Queen of Frederick II of Denmark, ref 1

  Sophia, Princess: birth and death, ref 1

  Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of, ref 1, ref 2

  Southwell, Father Robert, S.J.: trial, ref 1, ref 2; The Burning Babe, ref 3

  Southwick, George, ref 1

  Spain: threat to England, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and succession to Elizabeth, ref 4; Win tour’s mission to, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; attack on Ireland (1601), ref 8; Fawkes visits, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12; treaty negotiated with England, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21; and Tassis’s mission to England, ref 22; and English Catholics, ref 23; pays bribes in England, ref 24

  Spanish Armada (1588), ref 1, ref 2

  Spanish Netherlands: Albert and Isabella in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; conflict in, ref 6, ref 7; and modern Belgium, ref 8n; English support for Protestants in, ref 9, ref 10; education of English Catholics in, ref 11; Hugh Owen in, ref 12; Stanley in, ref 13; see also Flanders

  ‘Spanish Treason’, the, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Spencer, Sir Robert, 1st Baron, ref 1

  Spiller, Sir Henry, ref 1

  Stanley Grange, Derbyshire, ref 1

  Stanley, Lady Anne, ref 1, ref 2

  Stanley, Sir William: serves in Spanish Netherlands, ref 1; meets Tassis, ref 2; and Gunpowder Plot, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5n, ref 6; survives to old age, ref 7

  Stourton, Edward, 10th Baron, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Stourton, Frances, Lady (née Tresham), ref 1

&nbs
p; Strange, Elizabeth, Lady, ref 1

  Strange, Father Thomas, S J.: meets Catesby, ref 1; learns of failure of Plot, ref 2; tortured, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Stratford-up on-A von, ref 1

  Streete, John, ref 1

  Stuart dynasty, ref 1

  Stuart, Lady Arbella, xxv, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Stuart, Esme (1st Duke of Lennox), ref 1

  Suffolk, Catherine, Countess of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Suffolk, Mary (Tudor), Duchess of (Henry VIII’s sister), ref 1

  Suffolk, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of: background, ref 1; daughters, ref 2; leads search of Parliament, ref 3, ref 4; at trial of Plotters, ref 5

  Sugar, Father John, ref 1

  Supremacy, Act of (1563), ref 1

  Supremacy, Oath of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, ref 1

  Sutch, Dom Anthony, O.S.B., ref 1n

  Swaggerers, ref 1

  Swetnam, Francis, ref 1

  Swynnerton, Sir John, ref 1

  Symeon, Sir George, ref 1, ref 2

  Symeon, Mary, Lady (née Vaux), ref 1, ref 2n

  Syon House, Middlesex, ref 1

  Talbot, John, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Talbot, Mrs John (née Petre), ref 1

  Tasborough, Lady, ref 1, ref 2

  Tassis, Don Juan de: mission to England, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; meets Countess of Suffolk, ref 5; on Northumberland, ref 6

  Taylor, John (‘the water-poet’), ref 1

  terrorists, ref 1, ref 2

  Tesimond, Father Oswald, SJ. (Greenway): and James’s assurances to Catholics, ref 1; on Thomas Wintour, ref 2; visit to Spain, ref 3; on succession to James, ref 4; on Guy Fawkes, ref 5; schooling, ref 6; on war in Flanders, ref 7; on James’s antipathy to Catholics, ref 8, ref 9; regard for Catesby, ref 10; on Gunpowder Plotters, ref 11; Bates implicates, ref 12, ref 13; on choice of Protector for Princess Elizabeth, ref 14; intelligence on, ref 15; confesses Catesby’s plans to Garnet, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20; qualities and style, ref 21, ref 22; joins Holyweil pilgrimage, ref 23; mistrusts Francis Tresham, ref 24; affection for Digby, ref 25; at Coughton Court, ref 26; and discovery of Plot, ref 27; and Wintour’s confession, ref 28; escapes abroad and survives, ref 29, ref 30; condemns Humphrey Littleton, ref 31; named as traitor, ref 32; administers Sacrament to Plotters, ref 33; and Tresham’s confession, ref 34; Thomas Wintour acquits on scaffold, ref 35; on Garnet’s character, ref 36; on possible torture of Garnet, ref 37; named at Garnet’s trial, ref 38, ref 39; government pretends to have captured, ref 40; Narrative, ref 41, ref 42, ref 43

  Thatcher, Margaret, Baroness, ref 1n

  Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, ref 1

  Throckmorton family, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Throckmorton, Francis, ref 1

  Throckmorton, Thomas, ref 1, ref 2

  Tkhborne, Sir Robert, ref 1

  Topcliffe, Richard, ref 1, ref 2

  torture: use of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Tresham family, ref 1, ref 2

  Tresham, Anne (née Tufton), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Tresham, Francis: in Essex conspiracy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; visits White Webbs, ref 5; background and character, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; inheritance, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; relations with Catesby, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14; Garnet meets, ref 15; on father’s death, ref 16; argues for postponement or abandonment of Plot, ref 17, ref 18; confession, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22; joins Plotters, ref 23, ref 24; suspected over Monteagle Letter, ref 25, ref 26, ref 27, ref 28; and naming of suspects, ref 29; Fawkes names in confession, ref 30; arrested, ref 31; illness and death, ref 32; decapitated head displayed, ref 33; and Spanish Treason, ref 34, ref 35, ref 36; and equivocation charge at trial, ref 37; names Garnet, ref 38; and equivocation, ref 39; Anne Vaux reveals movements, ref 40; named in Garnet trial, ref 41; and Stourton, ref 42; and failure of Plot, ref 43

  Tresham, Sir Lewis, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Tresham, Lucy (Mother Winifred), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Tresham, Muriel, Lady, ref 1, ref 2n, ref 3, ref 4

  Tresham, Sir Thomas: Catholic commitment, ref 1; imprisoned, ref 2, ref 3; proclaims James at Northampton, ref 4; declares loyalty, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; and Eliza Vaux, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14; and Anne Vaux, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17; fortune, ref 18; pays fines, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21; leadership, ref 22; and Robert Catesby, ref 23; death, ref 24, ref 25, ref 26; and paternity of Vavasour, ref 27; at Inner Temple, ref 28

  Tresham, William, ref 1, ref 2

  Trott, Adam von, ref 1n

  Tufton, Sir John, ref 1

  Turnbuil, William, ref 1

  Turner, Captain William, ref 1

  Tuscany, Ferdinand, Duke of, ref 1

  Twigmoor Hall, Lincolnshire, ref 1, ref 2n, ref 3

  tyrannicide, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Tyrrel, Sir John, ref 1

  Tyrwhitt family, ref 1

  Uniformity, Act of (1549), ref 1

  United States of America: Bonfire Night celebrations, ref 1

  Vaux family, ref 1, ref 2

  Vaux, Anne: protects and supports Garnet, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; background and position, ref 5; and Sir T. Tresham, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and Catesby, ref 9, ref 10; and Strange, ref 11; at White Webbs, ref 12, ref 13; at Baddesley Clinton, ref 14; on Holywell pilgrimage, ref 15; ill health, ref 16; and death of Sir T. Tresham, ref 17; visits Gayhurst, ref 18; confides anxieties to Garnet, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21; at Harrowden, ref 22; and Monteagle Letter, ref 23; at Coughton Court, ref 24; joins Garnet in hiding, ref 25; absent from White Webbs, ref 26; and search of Baddesley Clinton, ref 27; and Hindlip hideaways, ref 28; and Garnet’s imprisonment in London, ref 29, ref 30; Garnet accused of relations with, ref 31, ref 32, ref 33, ref 34; and relief of tortured ’inferior’ prisoners, ref 35; arrest, imprisonment and statements, ref 36, ref 37; final letter from Garnet, ref 38; attempts tosee Garnet at execution, ref 39; release and survival, ref 40, ref 41; later imprisonment, ref 42; and miraculous straw-husk of Garnet’s likeness, ref 43

  Vaux, Edward, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Vaux, Eliza (née Roper; wife of George, the Dowager of Harrowden): and Swetnam, ref 1; and Sir T. Tresham, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; protects Gerard at Harrowden, ref 6; seeks marriage of son Edward, ref 7; letter to Agnes Wenman, ref 8; entertains James, ref 9; on Holyweil pilgrimage, ref 10; little John helps, ref 11; and Mary Habington, ref 12; and failure of Plot, ref 13; under threat, ref 14; hides Gerard, ref 15; arrested and interrogated, ref 16; later life and tribulations, ref 17

  Vaux, Elizabeth, Lady (Edward’s wife) see Howard, Lady Elizabeth

  Vaux, George, ref 1, ref 2n

  Vaux, Henry, ref 1

  Vaux, John Hugh Philip Gilbey, 10th Baron Vaux of Harrowden, ref 1n

  Vaux, Mother Joyce, ref 1

  Vaux, Laurence: Catechisme of Christian Doctrine, ref 1

  Vaux, Mary, Lady (née Tresham), ref 1n

  Vaux, William, 3rd Baron Vaux o f Harrowden, ref 1, ref 2on, ref 3, ref 4

  Vaux, William (Eliza’s son), ref 1

  Vavasour, William, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Velasco, Juan Fernandez de, Duke of Frias and Constable of Castile, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Verney, Sir Richard, ref 1, ref 2

  Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, ref 1, ref 2

  Virginia (colony): Scots in, ref 1

  Waad, Anne, Lady (née Bourne), ref 1

  Waad, Sir William: suspects Thomas Percy, ref 1; and torture and interrogation of Fawkes, ref 2, ref 3; appointed Lieutenant of Tower, ref 4; hatred of Catholics, ref 5; on Thomas Wintour’s signed declaration, ref 6; on Francis Tresham’s decline, ref 7, ref 8; quarrels with Lord Mayor, ref 9; at interrogation of Garnet, ref 10; religious anger with Garnet, ref 11, ref 12; discovers Garnet’s secret writings, ref 13; delivers Garnet to Guildhall for trial, ref 14; and Garnet’s
Tesimond confession claim, ref 15; and Garnet’s execution, ref 16

  Walker, Margaret, ref 1

  Walmsley, Sir Thomas, ref 1

  Walpole, Father Henry, S.J., ref 1

  Walsh, Sir Richard, ref 1

  Walsingham, Sir Francis, ref 1

  Warburton, Sir Peter, ref 1

  Ward, Father, ref 1

  Ward, Mary, founder of I.B.V.M., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Ward, Thomas, ref 1, ref 2

  Ward, Ursula (née Wright), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Warwick Castle, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Washington, George, ref 1

  Watson, Father William, ref 1, ref 2

  Watson-Wentworth, Thomas, ref 1

  Waugh, Margaret, ref 1

  Wenman, Agnes, Lady (née Fermor), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Wenman, Sir Richard, ref 1

  Wentworth, Peter, ref 1

  Westminster: described, ref 1

  Westminster, Palace of see Parliament

  Weston, Father William, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  White Webbs (house), Enfield Chase, Middlesex, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Whitgift, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, xxv

  Whynniard, John, ref 1; Westminster house, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Whynniard, Susan, ref 1

  Wilbraham, Sir Roger, ref 1

  Wilkinson, John, ref 1

  Wilkinson, Paul: Terrorism and the Liberal State, ref 1n

  William III (of Orange), King of England, nn, ref 1, ref 2

  Willoughby, William, ref 1

  Wilson, Thomas: spying, ref 1n; The State of England, ref 2

  Windsor, Thomas, 6th Baron, ref 1

  Winifred, St, ref 1; see also Holyweil Wintour family: name, ref 2

  Wintour, Gertrude (née Talbot; Robert’s wife), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5n, ref 6

  Wintour, Helena, ref 1

  Wintour, Jane (née Ingleby), ref 1

  Wintour, John, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; executed, ref 4

  Wintour, Sir John (Robert’s son), ref 1

  Wintour, Sister Mary, ref 1

  Wintour, Robert: background and qualities, ref 1, ref 2; joins Gunpowder Plot, ref 3; Thomas joins after discovery of Plot, ref 4; not initially suspected, ref 5; denounces Warwick Castle raid, ref 6; on run after failure of Plot, ref 7, ref 8n; captured, ref 9; trial, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12; confession, ref 13; conversation in Tower with Fawkes, ref 14, ref 15; executed, ref 16, ref 17