Rebel Yell
Page 74
2. Cited in James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 346.
3. Civil War casualty estimates vary widely due to faulty or incomplete reporting, especially of mortal wounds. These estimates are from McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 347.
4. Robert Manson Myers, ed., Children of Pride: The True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, pp. 720–721.
5. Letter from Greeley to Lincoln, July 29, 1861, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
6. “Victory at Bull’s Run—Sumter Avenged,” New York Times, July 22, 1861, in Harold Holzer and Craig Symonds, eds., The New York Times Complete Civil War 1861–1865. On July 26, the benighted Times was still saying that it was impossible to tell who really won the battle.
7. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 81.
8. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 500.
9. The section containing praise of Jackson sits in a very long catalog of officer evaluations in Beauregard’s battle report, just after Bee.
10. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, letter dated July 22, 1861, pp. 177–178.
11. Ibid., p. 180.
12. Mary Boykin Chestnut, A Diary from Dixie, p. 89.
13. Charleston Mercury, July 25, 1861.
14. John D. Imboden, “Incidents of the First Bull Run,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 1, p. 238.
15. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, vol. 1, p. 41.
16. Daniel H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47, February 1894, p. 623.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Cited in James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Myth, the Soldier, p. 54.
20. Lenoir Chambers, Stonewall Jackson and the Virginia Military Institute, p. 90.
21. Cited in Roberston, Stonewall Jackson, p. 63.
22. Hunter McGuire and George L. Christian, The Confederate Cause and Conduct in the War Between the States, p. 207.
23. Letter to Laura dated October 26, 1847, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, pp. 128–129.
24. Ibid., p. 130.
25. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, pp. 68–69; this sequence of events is covered in all the major biographies of Jackson, starting with Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson. The Colston Reminiscences, cited widely in Robertson, give it added depth.
26. Margaret Junkin Preston, “Personal Reminiscences of Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 32 (1886), p. 929.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: A VERY SMALL, VERY BITTER FIGHT
1. Letters from Jackson to Laura Arnold, July 2, 1849, and March 8, 1850, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, pp. 154–160.
2. His comment to his sister, Laura, was “I like scouting very much as it gives me a relish for everything; but it would be still more desirable if I could have an occasional encounter with Indian parties.” Ibid., p. 170.
3. Letter from French to Everett, February 26, 1851, Selected Letters Received, Department of Florida, Relating to Majors T. J. Jackson and W. H. French, 1851, Records of the War Department, U.S. Army Commands, National Archives (hereafter Jackson-French Papers).
4. French to Captain J. M. Brannan, April 16, 1851, Jackson-French Papers.
5. Jackson to Everett, March 23 and March 26, 1851, Jackson-French Papers.
6. Everett to Jackson, March 29, 1851, Jackson-French Papers.
7. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47 (1893–1894), pp. 624–625.
8. He had not yet adopted his practice of refusing to write, read, or post letters on Sunday.
9. French to Brannan, April 14, 1851, Jackson-French Papers, National Archives.
10. Twiggs to Secretary of War Charles M. Conrad, March 6, 1852, National Archives.
11. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 103.
12. Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 62.
CHAPTER TWELVE: A HIGHLY UNUSUAL MAN
1. Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 79.
2. Thomas Munford, How I Came to Know Major Thomas J. Jackson, memoir at Duke University, Munford Papers.
3. William S. White and H. M. White, eds., Rev. William S. White, D.D., and His Times: An Autobiography, p. 160.
4. Megan Haley, “The African American Experience in Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson’s Lexington,” paper for graduate fellowship, Stonewall Jackson House, Lexington, Virginia, p. 10.
5. D. X. Junkin, Biography of Dr. George Junkin, p. 493.
6. Elizabeth Preston Allan, The Life and Letters of Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 49. In a letter written in 1850, Maggie Junkin (later Preston) noted that “sociality . . . is the atmosphere in which Southern people live, move and have their being” and called her new neighbors “the visiting Virginians” (italics hers).
7. Margaret J. Preston, “Reminiscences of Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine (October 1886), p. 929.
8. Ibid., p. 928.
9. Ibid., p. 929.
10. Ibid.
11. Elizabeth Preston Allan, Life and Letters, p. 83.
12. George Winfred Hervey, The Principles of Courtesy. This book, published in 1852, was among the most heavily underlined in Jackson’s personal, 122-volume library.
13. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, pp. 154–156.
14. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 73.
15. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47 (1893–1894), p. 625.
16. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 61. This is her reconstruction of these events, many years later.
17. Ibid., p. 62.
18. Elizabeth Preston Allan, Life and Letters, p. 82.
19. Ibid.
20. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” p. 625.
21. His brother-in-law D. H. Hill considered him to be a hypochondriac.
22. Jackson letter to Laura Arnold, April 4, 1855, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, p. 223.
23. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 122.
24. Jackson letter to Laura Arnold, June 19, 1858, in Arnold, Early Life and Letters, p. 264.
25. Jackson letter to Laura Arnold, February 1853, in ibid., p. 195.
26. Jackson letter to Laura Arnold, August 10, 1850, in ibid., p. 164.
27. Dabney Herndon Maury, Recollections of a Virginian in the Mexican, Indian, and Civil Wars, p. 71.
28. James H. Lane, General James H. Lane’s Reminiscences of Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, ca. December 1888, manuscript in Auburn University Archives and Manuscripts Department.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE EMBATTLED PROFESSOR
1. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 1, p. 58.
2. Rev. J. C. Hiden, “Stonewall Jackson: Reminiscences of Him as a Professor in the Virginia Military Institute,” Montgomery (Alabama) Advertiser, November 27, 1892.
3. James H. Lane, Reminiscences re: Stonewall Jackson, ca. December 1888, Auburn University Archives and Manuscripts Department.
4. Cited in James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 120.
5. Lane, Reminiscences re: Stonewall Jackson.
6. Raleigh Colston, Reminiscences, Raleigh Edward Colston Papers, University of North Carolina, Southern Historical Collection.
7. John G. Gittings, Personal Recollections of Stonewall Jackson, p. 19.
8. Ibid., p. 18.
9. John Esten Cooke, Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography, p. 25.
10. William Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., p. 168.
11. Lane, Reminiscences re: Stonewall Jackson, p. 11.
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12. Willie Walker Caldwell, Stonewall Jim, p. 3.
13. Lenoir Chambers, Stonewall Jackson and the Virginia Military Institute: The Lexington Years, p. 61.
14. Hiden, “Stonewall Jackson: Reminiscences of Him.”
15. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47 (February 1894), p. 627.
16. Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 3, p. 187.
17. Cadet James McCabe, cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 123.
18. Chambers, Stonewall Jackson and the Virginia Military Institute: The Lexington Years, p. 59.
19. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 122, citing Thomas Boyd.
20. Lane, Reminiscences re: Stonewall Jackson, p. 15.
21. Jennings Cropper Wise, The Military History of the Virginia Military Academy, 1839–1865, p. 89. Wise does not mention the specific incident that Lane talks about, but the two accounts would appear to coincide.
22. Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 3, p. 179.
23. Caldwell, Stonewall Jim, p. 83.
24. Ibid., p. 3.
25. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 170. Robertson gives an excellent and detailed version of this event, the best in any Jackson biography.
26. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 57.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: DELIBERATELY AND INGENIOUSLY CLOAKED
1. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 6.
2. The material for this brief section on Jackson’s childhood is drawn from several different sources: G.F.R. Henderson, Thomas Jackson Arnold, Roy Bird Cook, Robert Lewis Dabney, Mary Anna Jackson, Lenoir Chambers, and James I. Robertson. As with many other aspects of Jackson’s life, the Robertson material is the most comprehensive. A significant part of the research in this short section is from secondary sources. Because of the brevity of the treatment, I have not provided exhaustive notes.
3. Roy Bird Cook, The Family and Early Life of Stonewall Jackson, p. 21.
4. Ibid., p. 49. Many of Jackson’s biographers seem to strain to make his childhood more exceptional than it really was. Cook’s comment was: “For twelve years the boyhood of the future general was spent at the Jackson homestead, an existence not unlike that of many others of the same period.”
5. Her obviously hurt feelings surfaced when she was not told of or invited to his first wedding, and later when Jackson and his second wife did not visit her the summer they were married. See Jackson’s letter to Laura, November 30, 1853, regarding her silence after his wedding; see Anna’s letter to Laura, September 27, 1857, acknowledging that she and Thomas were “sorry to learn from your letters that you feel so hurt . . .” (letter cited in Cook, Family and Early Life of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 146–147).
6. Jackson letter to Laura, February 1, 1853, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, pp. 194–196.
7. Jackson letter to Laura, April 1, 1853, in ibid., p. 197.
8. Jackson letter to Laura, April 15, 1853, in ibid., p. 199.
9. After the war, Robert E. Lee became president of the college, which later changed its name to Washington and Lee.
10. D. X. Junkin, George Junkin, D.D., LL.D.: A Historical Biography, p. 494.
11. Ibid., p. 504.
12. Ibid., p. 492.
13. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47 (February 1894), p. 625.
14. Mary P. Coulling, Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 66.
15. Elizabeth Preston Allan, Margaret Junkin Preston: Life and Letters, p. 60.
16. Ibid., p. 61.
17. Coulling, Margaret Junkin Preston, pp. 168ff.
18. Letter written by an unnamed Dickey cousin, cited in ibid., p. 66.
19. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” p. 627.
20. Poem by Margaret Junkin, “To my Sister,” undated, typed copy in Thomas J. Jackson Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
21. Letter from Maggie to Ellie, undated, Margaret Preston Junkin Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
22. Margaret Junkin Preston, “Personal Reminiscences of Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 32 (1886) p. 932.
23. Ibid.
24. Junkin, George Junkin, p. 504.
25. Elizabeth Preston Allan,, Margaret Junkin Preston: Life and Letters, p. 62.
26. Jackson letter to Laura, March 4, 1854, in Arnold, Early Life and Letters, pp. 208–10.
27. James Power Smith, “The Religious Character of Stonewall Jackson,” Address at the VMI, Union Seminary Review, vol. 25, 1898.
28. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 72–73.
29. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 157, citing a previously unpublished letter from Jackson to William E. “Grumble” Jones, March 24, 1855.
30. Raleigh Colston, Reminiscences, manuscript in Raleigh Edward Colston Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
31. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 158, citing a previously unpublished letter from Jackson to Laura, October 23, 1854, at Jackson archives, USMA.
32. Letter from Jackson to Maggie, February 14, 1855, cited in Allan, Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 74.
33. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” p. 625.
34. Letter from Jackson to Laura, June 1, 1855: “Had I one request on earth to ask in accordance with my own feelings and apart from duty, it would be that I might join her before the close of another day.” In Arnold, Early Life and Letters, p. 224.
35. Letter from Jackson dated February 6, 1855, cited in Allan, Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 72.
36. Manuscript letter from Jackson to Maggie, February 14, 1855, in Margaret Junkin Preston papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
37. Letter from Jackson to Maggie, August 16, 1855, in ibid.
38. Preston, “Personal Reminiscences of Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine, p. 932.
39. Ibid., p. 933.
40. Ibid., p. 927.
41. Letter from Jackson to Maggie dated May 31, 1856, Preston Papers, University of North Carolina.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: AN UPRIGHT CITIZEN
1. Jackson had planned such a trip five years earlier, but his job offer at VMI precluded it.
2. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 85–86; she used the term “rapturous” to describe his reaction.
3. Ibid., p. 99.
4. Mary P. Coulling, Margaret Junkin Preston: A Biography, p. 97.
5. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 110; the account of Jackson’s daily routine comes from her, pp. 109ff.
6. Ibid., pp. 109, 121.
7. Ibid., p. 128.
8. Ibid., p. 122.
9. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 193.
10. William S. White and H. M. White, eds., Rev. William S. White, D.D., and His Times, p. 139.
11. Letter from Robert I. White to Jackson, dated January 27, 1863; Thomas J. Jackson Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
12. Mark A. Snell, “Bankers, Businessmen and Benevolence: An Analysis of the Antebellum Finances of Thomas J. Jackson,” typed manuscript, Stonewall Jackson House Graduate Student Fellow, 1989, Virginia Historical Society.
13. Ibid.
14. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 115.
15. Ibid., p. 116.
16. After describing her slaves, Anna’s precise words were: “The other animate possessions of the family were a good-looking horse (named for his color, Bay), two splendid milch cows, and a lot of chickens.” Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 119.
17. White, Rev. William S. White, p. 158.
18. Letter from Jackson to John Lyle Campbell, June 7, 1858 (no. 2); Stonewall Jackson Archives, VMI; in the letter Jackson outlines in great detail exactly how the school works and what its procedures are.
19. Letter from J. D. D
avidson, Esq., to the Lexington Gazette, August 16, 1876, in Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 9, pp. 46–47.
20. White, Rev. William S. White, p. 159.
21. White Narrative, Box 20, Dabney Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: WHERE IS THE THUNDER OF WAR?
1. François d’Orleans, Prince de Joinville, a French nobleman and former vice admiral, was quoted in the Philadelphia Press of November 23, 1861, saying that he “never saw anything that compared to it in the Old World.”
2. The review took place at Bailey’s Crossroads, a place that retains its name today but has been swallowed by suburban sprawl. The Baileys achieved notoriety for putting on circuses, and became famous as part of the Barnum and Bailey Circus and later the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus.
3. Letter from Sergeant Oren M. Stephens, November 24, 1861.
4. The quote comes from Bayard Taylor’s letter in the New York Weekly Tribune after an army review in September, September 24, 1861; the description of the cavalry escort and band is from the Washington Evening Star, November 21, 1861.
5. New York Times, November 21, 1861.
6. Philadelphia Press, November 21, 1861.
7. The reference is to the so-called Battle of Lewinsville in McClean, Virginia, on September 11. There were three Union casualties, four Union captured; the Confederates, under Jeb Stuart, took no casualties. Source: “All Not So Quiet on the Civil War,” DC Lawyer on the Civil War blog; also Douglas S. Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, p. 111.
8. On October 15, McClellan’s rolls showed 152,501 soldiers, of whom realistically only 100,000 or so were available to actively campaign. The 41,000 or so under Johnston at Manassas were subject to the same deductions for sick, absent, confined, etc.
9. General James A. Wadsworth at Centreville used a sensible intelligence-gathering system based on Confederate fugitives and slave and freedmen spies. He estimated the Confederate forces at fifty thousand, which, including Jackson’s and Hill’s forces in the west, was remarkably accurate, and he begged McClellan to attack. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, p. 301.