The Politics of Losing
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36. See Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).
2. THE KU KLUX KLAN IN AMERICAN HISTORY
1. Drew Gilpin Faust, “‘Numbers on Top of Numbers’: Counting the Civil War Dead,” Journal of Military History 70, no. 4 (2006): 995–1009.
2. William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
3. Comer Vann Woodward, American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North-South Dialogue (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971).
4. Elaine Frantz Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan During Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015).
5. Stewart Emory Tolnay and Elwood M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995); Gladys-Marie Fry, Night Riders in Black Folk History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975).
6. Fry, Night Riders in Black Folk History.
7. Fry, Night Riders in Black Folk History, 38.
8. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan, 41.
9. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan, 30–31.
10. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan; David Chalmers, Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan, 3rd ed. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987).
11. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan, 32.
12. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan, 32.
13. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan.
14. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan, 31.
15. Wilson, Declining Significance of Race; Woodward, American Counterpoint; Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Making of America, 3rd ed. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
16. John Hope Franklin, The Militant South, 1800–1861 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1956): 304–5; Stanley Lieberson, A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants since 1880 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 138.
17. Lieberson, A Piece of the Pie, 52.
18. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 10.
19. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 9.
20. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 9; Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan, 45–46. Parsons notes that historical evidence about the meeting is limited and it is not clear that Forrest attended.
21. Court Carney, “The Contested Image of Nathan Bedford Forrest,” Journal of Southern History 67, no. 3 (2001): 601–30.
22. Richard Fuchs, An Unerring Fire: The Massacre at Fort Pillow (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002), 14.
23. Carney, “The Contested Image of Nathan Bedford Forrest,” 63.
24. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan.
25. Ben Phelan, “Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest and the KKK,” Antiques Roadshow, January 16, 2009, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/bts/newslideshow_template.html.
26. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 19.
27. Tolnay and Beck, Festival of Violence, 11.
28. Tolnay and Beck, Festival of Violence, 11.
29. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan; “The Ku-klux,” New York Tribune, November 13, 1871, 1.
30. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan, 6.
31. Sarah Babb, “A True American System of Finance: Frame Resonance in The U.S. Labor Movement, 1866–1886,” American Sociological Review 61 (1996): 1033–52; Tolnay and Beck, Festival of Violence; Michael R. Hyman, The Anti-Redeemers: Hill Country Political Dissenters in the Lower South from Redemption to Populism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990).
32. “Jim Crow” was initially a character in blackface minstrel shows. With the growing popularity of the term, it became a way of referring to blacks more generally.
33. Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
34. Tolnay and Beck, Festival of Violence, 271–72.
35. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 28.
36. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 29.
37. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 29.
38. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 29.
39. Kenneth Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 5.
40. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 25–28.
41. Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 4.
42. Leofrank.org, “Leo Frank Lynching Photos,” accessed May 4, 2018, https://www.leofrank.org/image-gallery/lynchers/.
43. Quoted in Nancy MacLean, “The Leo Frank Case Reconsidered: Gender and Sexual Politics in the Making of Reactionary Populism,” Journal of American History 78, no. 3 (1991): 920.
44. MacLean, “Leo Frank Case Reconsidered,” 12.
45. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry, 12.
46. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry, 5.
47. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry, 5.
48. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 31.
49. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 48.
50. Rory McVeigh, The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009), 29.
51. Jackson, Ku Klux Klan in the City, 7–10.
52. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry, 5.
53. Jennifer Berry Hawes, “Exposing the Invisible Empire,” Columbia Journalism Review (Spring 2016), https://www.cjr.org/the_feature/exposing_the_invisible_empire.php.
54. Robert M. Fogelson and Richard E. Rubenstein, Mass Violence in America (New York: Ayer Publishing, 1969), 138; McVeigh, The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.
55. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry; Jackson, Ku Klux Klan in the City, 12.
56. Thomas R. Pegram, One Hundred Percent American: The Rebirth and Decline of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), 17.
57. Pegram, One Hundred Percent American, 17–18.
58. “Founder of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan,” Imperial Night-Hawk, March 28, 1923, 6.
59. “Imperial Wizard Assumes Control of Klan Propagation Department,” Imperial Night-Hawk, March 28, 1923, 7.
60. “Imperial Wizard Responsible for Recent Unparalleled Growth of Organization,” Imperial Night-Hawk, April 4, 1923, 7.
61. Pegram, One Hundred Percent American, 17.
62. David Chalmers, Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), 163; Pegram, One Hundred Percent American.
63. Roland G. Fryer Jr. and Steven D. Levitt, “Hatred and Profits: Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 127, no. 4 (2012): 1883–1925.
64. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 169.
65. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism.
66. Kathleen M. Blee, Women of The Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
67. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan; MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry.
68. Jackson, Ku Klux Klan in the City.
69. “The Menace of Modern Immigration,” Dawn, November 10, 1923, 14.
70. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan; Chris Rhomberg, No There There: Race, Class
, and Political Community in Oakland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
71. Blee, Women of the Klan.
72. “A Tribute and a Challenge to the Wonderful Womanhood of America,” Imperial Night-Hawk, October 3, 1923, 2.
73. Rhomberg, No There There; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism; Jackson, Ku Klux Klan in The City.
74. Rory McVeigh, “Power Devaluation, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Democratic National Convention of 1924,” Sociological Forum 16, no. 1 (2001): 6.
75. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 210.
76. Rory McVeigh, “Structured Ignorance and Organized Racism in the United States,” Social Forces 82, no. 3 (2004): 895–936.
77. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 128–29.
78. James Martin Gillis, The Ku-Klux Klan (New York: Paulist Press, 1922), 13–14.
79. “Spoils Must Be Removed in Congress,” Fiery Cross, December 14, 1923, 1.
80. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 185–87.
81. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 188.
82. Alexandra Molnar, “From Europe to America: Immigration Through Family Tales,” accessed April 19, 2018, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~molna22a/classweb/politics/index.html.
83. Quoted in David Cunningham, Klansville, U.S.A.: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-Era Ku Klux Klan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 41–42.
84. Charles Tilly, Durable Inequality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
85. Doron Shultziner, “The Social-Psychological Origins of the Montgomery Bus Boycott: Social Interaction and Humiliation in the Emergence of Social Movements,” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 18, no. 2 (2013): 117–42; Neil R. McMillen, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age Of Jim Crow (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1990); Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
86. Cunningham, Klansville, USA; Michael Newton, The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010); Chalmers, Backfire.
87. V. O. Key, Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Vintage Books, 1949), 315.
88. Cunningham, Klansville, USA; David Cunningham and Benjamin T. Phillips, “Contexts for Mobilization: Spatial Settings and Klan Presence in North Carolina, 1964–1966,” American Journal of Sociology 113, no. 3 (2007): 781–814; Joseph E. Luders, The Civil Rights Movement and the Logic of Social Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010); McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency.
89. David Cunningham, There’s Something Happening Here: The New Left, the Klan, and FBI Counterintelligence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 67–68.
90. Cunningham, There’s Something Happening Here, 68–69.
91. Cunningham, There’s Something Happening Here, 69.
92. Quoted in Cunningham, Klansville, USA, 124–25.
93. David Cunningham, “Truth, Reconciliation, and the Ku Klux Klan,” Southern Cultures 14, no. 3 (2008): 68–87; Rory McVeigh and David Cunningham, “Enduring Consequences of Right-wing Extremism: Klan Mobilization and Homicides in Southern Counties,” Social Forces 90, no. 3 (2012): 845.
94. Doug McAdam, “Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer,” American Journal of Sociology 92, no. 1 (1986): 64–90.
95. Cunningham, There’s Something Happening Here.
96. Cunningham, There’s Something Happening Here.
97. J. Edgar Hoover, “The Resurgent Klan,” American Bar Association Journal (1966).
98. Aldon Morris, The Origin of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Free Press, 1984); McAdam, Political Process.
99. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
100. Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995); “1968 Presidential General Election Results,” Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1968.
101. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s (New York: Routledge, 1994); Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America, 4th ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014).
102. Rory McVeigh, David Cunningham, and Justin Farrell, “Political Polarization as a Social Movement Outcome: 1960s Klan Activism and Its Enduring Impact on Political Realignment in Southern Counties, 1960 to 2000,” American Sociological Review 79, no. 6 (2014): 1144–71; Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1993); Nicholas A. Valentino and David O. Sears, “Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South,” American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 3 (2005): 672–88.
103. Doug McAdam and Karina Kloos, Deeply Divided: Racial Politics and Social Movements in Post-War America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
104. Claire Groden, “Trump Says His Campaign Is Like Ronald Reagan’s, but Better,” Fortune, January 14, 2014, http://fortune.com/2016/01/14/trump-campaign-ronald-reagan/.
105. William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1999).
106. Parsons, Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism.
107. Tilly, Durable Inequality.
108. Tolnay and Beck, Festival of Violence.
109. Parsons, Ku-Klux; Cunningham, Klansville, USA.
110. McAdam, “Recruitment to High-risk Activism”; Cunningham, Klansville, USA.
111. Susan Olzak, The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992).
112. Cunningham, Klansville, USA; Cunningham, There’s Something Happening Here.
113. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 187.
114. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 214–15.
115. Rory McVeigh, Daniel J. Myers, and David Sikkink, “Corn, Klansmen, and Coolidge: Structure and Framing in Social Movements,” Social Forces 83, no. 2 (2004): 653–90.
116. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.
117. Anthony P. Carnevale, Tamara Jayasundera, and Artem Gulish, America’s Divided Recovery: College Haves and Have-Nots (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, 2016).
118. Robert Gibbs, Lorin Kusmin, and John Cromartie, Low Skill Employment and the Changing Economy of Rural America, Economic Research Report, no. 10 (Washington, DC: U.S. Depart. of Agriculture, October 2005).
119. Carnevale, Jayasundera, and Gulish, America’s Divided Recovery.
120. Quoted in Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right (New York: New Press, 2016), 228–29.
121. “United States Elections Project,” 2016, http://www.electproject.org/.
122. Sandra L. Colby and Jennifer M. Ortman, “Projections of the Size and Composition of the US Population: 2014 to 2060: Population Estimates and Projections,” U.S. Census Bureau, March 2015, http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20152/colby_population.pdf?sequence=1.
123. Patrick J. Buchanan, State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion and Conquest of America (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2007), 37.
124. Pew Research Cen
ter, “A Wider Ideological Gap Between More and Less Educated Adults: Political Polarization Update,” April 26, 2016, http://www.people-press.org/2016/04/26/a-wider-ideological-gap-between-more-and-less-educated-adults/.
125. Asma Khalid, “Millennials Now Rival Baby Boomers as a Political Force, but Will They Actually Vote?,” NPR News, May 16, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/05/16/478237882/millennials-now-rival-boomers-as-a-political-force-but-will-they-actually-vote; Richard Fry, “Millennials Match Baby Boomers as Largest Generation in U.S. Electorate, But Will They Vote?,” Pew Research Center, May 16, 2016, https://archive.li/oczAN#selection-475.0-475.92; Center for American Women in Politics, “Gender Differences in Voter Turnout,” Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University, July 20, 2017, www.cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/resources/genderdiff.pdf.
126. “The Menace of Modern Immigration,” 14.
127. David Leonhardt and Ian Prasad Philbrick, “Donald Trump’s Racism: The Definitive List,” New York Times, January 15, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/15/opinion/leonhardt-trump-racist.html.
3. POWER AND POLITICAL ALIGNMENTS
1. “Mexican Immigrants Flock Over The Border,” Imperial Night-Hawk, May 30, 1923, 4.
2. “Dr. Evans, Imperial Wizard, Defines Klan Principles And Outlines Klan Activities,” Imperial Night-Hawk, January 23, 1924, 2.
3. Chris Rhomberg, No There There: Race, Class, and Political Community in Oakland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004); Rory McVeigh, The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009).
4. John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” American Journal of Sociology 82, no. 6 (1977): 1217.
5. Ariel Edwards-Levy, “Americans Don’t Think the Government Needs ‘Experts:’ Just 17 Percent of Donald Trump Voters Want Him to Appoint People with Government Experience,” Huffington Post, November 8, 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/poll-civil-service-experts_us_5849d515e4b04c8e2baeede9; Laura Meckler, “Exit Polls 2016: Voters Show a Deep Hunger for Change,” Wall Street Journal, November 9, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/exit-polls-2016-voters-back-more-liberal-immigration-policy-oppose-border-wall-1478646147; Mark Murray, “Poll: Clinton Leads Trump Ahead of First Debate,” NBC News, September 21, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/poll-clinton-leads-trump-ahead-first-debate-n652141.