by Rory McVeigh
6. Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1973); McCarthy and Zald, “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements”; Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1978); Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
7. McAdam, Political Process.
8. Rory McVeigh, “Structural Incentives for Conservative Mobilization: Power Devaluation and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1925,” Social Forces 77, no. 4 (1999): 1461–96; McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.
9. Susan Olzak, The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992); Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution; Jack A. Goldstone and Charles Tilly, “Threat (and Opportunity): Popular Action and State Response in the Dynamics of Contentious Action,” in Silence and Voice in Contentious Politics, ed. Ron Aminzade et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 179–94; Nella Van Dyke and Sarah A. Soule, “Structural Social Change and the Mobilizing Effect of Threat: Explaining Levels of Patriot and Militia Organizing in the United States,” Social Problems 49, no. 4 (2002): 497–520; David S. Meyer and Suzanne Staggenborg, “Movements, Counter-Movements and Political Opportunity,” American Journal of Sociology 101, no. 6 (1996): 1628–60.
10. McVeigh, The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.
11. Quoted in “John Tanton,” Southern Poverty Law Center, accessed April 23, 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/john-tanton.
12. Ann Coulter, Adios, America: The Left’s Plan to Turn Our Country into a Third World Hellhole (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2015).
13. Jeff Manza and Clem Brooks, Social Cleavages and Political Change: Voter Alignments and US Party Coalitions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Geoffrey Layman, The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
14. Angus Campbell, Phillip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960).
15. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960); Peter Blau, Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1977).
16. Robert Alan Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961).
17. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); Floyd Hunter, Community Power Structure: A Study of Decision Makers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. 2, The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760–1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); McAdam, Political Process; John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982).
18. Larry M. Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009); Kevin P. Phillips, Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich (New York: Broadway, 2003).
19. Fred Block, “The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State,” Socialist Revolution 33, no.7 (1977): 6–28.
20. Paul Burstein, “The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy: A Review and an Agenda,” Political Research Quarterly 56, no. 1 (2003): 29–40.
21. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Vintage, 1979); Marshall Ganz, Why David Sometimes Wins: Leadership, Organization, and Strategy in the California Farm Worker Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); McAdam, Political Process.
22. Aldon D. Morris, “Birmingham Confrontation Reconsidered: An Analysis of the Dynamics and Tactics of Mobilization,” American Sociological Review 58, no. 5 (1993): 621–36.
23. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s (New York: Routledge, 1994); Mary R. Jackman, The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
24. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America, 4th ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014); Joe R. Feagin and Melvin P. Sikes, Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1994).
25. See, for example, Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan, “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination,” American Economic Review 94, no. 4 (2004): 991–1013; Devah Pager, “The Mark of a Criminal Record,” American Journal of Sociology 108, no. 5 (2003): 937–75. Sociologist Devah Pager, for example, found that black college students posing as job applicants for entry-level jobs in Milwaukee were much less likely to be called back by potential employers than were white students posing as applicants, when their resumes were designed to show similar qualifications. In fact, the black applicant without a criminal record on his resume was even less likely to be called by employers than the white applicant with a fictitious criminal record on his resume.
26. S. Michael Gaddis, “Discrimination in the Credential Society: An Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market,” Social Forces 93, no. 4 (2015): 1451–79.
27. Rory McVeigh, Bryant Crubaugh, and Kevin Estep, “Plausibility Structures, Status Threats, and the Establishment of Anti-Abortion Pregnancy Centers,” American Journal of Sociology 122, no. 5 (2017): 1533–71.
28. Philip E. Converse, “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics,” in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David Apter (New York: Free Press, 1964), 206–61; Geoffrey Layman and Thomas M. Carsey, “Party Polarization and ‘Conflict Extension’ in the American Electorate,” American Journal of Political Science 46, no. 4 (2002): 786–802.
29. Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Rory McVeigh, Kraig Beverley, Burrel Vann Jr., and Priyamvada Trivedi, “Educational Segregation, Tea Party Organizations, and Battles over Distributive Justice,” American Sociological Review 79, no. 4 (2014): 630–52.
4. ECONOMICS AND WHITE NATIONALISM
1. F. Scott Fitzgerald, “Echoes of the Jazz Age,” in The Fitzgerald Reader, ed. Arthur Mizener (1931; repr., New York: Scribner’s, 1963), 2.
2. Fitzgerald, “Echoes of the Jazz Age,” 3, 8.
3. Robert R. Keller, “A Macroeconomic History of Supply-Side Fiscal Policies in the 1920s,” Review of Social Economy 42, no. 2 (1984): 130–42.
4. “Calvin Coolidge: Address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Washington, D.C., January 17, 1925,” American Presidency Project, accessed May 16, 2018, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=24180.
5. Robert Alan Goldberg, Grassroots Resistance: Social Movements in Twentieth Century America (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1991), 78–82.
6. Nancy MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 55.
7. Quoted in MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry, 60.
8. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry; Rory McVeigh, The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009).
9. Robert Staughton Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown: A Study in American Culture (New York: Harcourt,
Brace, 1929).
10. Leonard J. Moore, Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 48.
11. Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, 31–32.
12. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry, 78; McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.
13. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 57.
14. Mark Jefferson, “Our Trade in the Great War,” Geographical Review 3, no. 6 (1917): 474-80.
15. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 61.
16. “Too Much Now Determined by Politics,” Fiery Cross, November 9, 1923, 7; Rory McVeigh, Daniel J. Myers, and David Sikkink, “Corn, Klansmen, and Coolidge: Structure and Framing in Social Movements,” Social Forces 83, no. 2 (2004): 661.
17. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry, 63–64.
18. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 69–72.
19. “The Officers of a Klan and Their Responsibility to Law Enforcement,” Imperial Night-Hawk, December 12, 1923, 7.
20. “How Crooked Officials, Bootleggers and Law Violators Oppose Progress of Klan,” Imperial Night-Hawk, May 23, 1923, 6.
21. Kathleen M. Blee, Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
22. Blee, Women of the Klan.
23. “Klanswomen Adopt Creed at Meet of National Officers,” Imperial Night-Hawk, May 14, 1924, 7.
24. “Western Klansmen Demand American Labor for City,” Imperial Night-Hawk, June 11, 1924, 4.
25. Linda Gordon, The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition (New York: Liveright, 2017), 172.
26. “The Definition of Klankraft and How to Disseminate It,” Imperial Night-Hawk, November 7, 1923, 2.
27. Blee, Women of the Klan, 150.
28. Blee, Women of the Klan; Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959); Thomas A. Diprete, “Industrial Restructuring and the Mobility Response of American Workers in the 1980s,” American Sociological Review 58, no. 1 (1993): 74–96; William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Vintage, 1996).
29. David Brady and Michael Wallace, “Spatialization, Foreign Direct Investment, and Labor Outcomes in the American States, 1978–1996,” Social Forces 79, no. 1 (2000): 67–105; Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002).
30. Michael J. Piore, “The Dual Labor Market: Theory and Implications,” in The State and the Poor, ed. Samuel H. Beer, Richard E. Barringer (Cambridge, MA: Winthrop, 1970), 55–59; R. C. Edwards, “The Social Relations of Production in the Firm and Labor Market Structure,” in Labor Market Segmentation, ed. R. Edwards, M. Reich, and D. M. Gordon (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heat, 1975), 3–26; Elwood M. Beck, Patrick M. Horan, and Charles M. Tolbert, “Stratification in a Dual Economy: A Sectoral Model of Earnings Determination,” American Sociological Review 43, no. 5 (1978): 704–20; Charles Tolbert, Patrick M. Horan, and Elwood M. Beck, “The Structure of Economic Segmentation: A Dual Economy Approach,” American Journal of Sociology 85, no. 5 (1980): 1095–1116.
31. Wilson, Declining Significance of Race; Wilson, Truly Disadvantaged; Wilson, When Work Disappears.
32. David Jaffee, “The Political Economy of Job Loss in the United States, 1970–1980,” Social Problems 33, no. 4 (1986): 297–318.
33. Alexander C. Vias, “Perspectives on US Rural Labor Markets in the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century,” in International Handbook of Rural Demography, ed. Laszlo J. Kulcsar and Katherine J. Curtis (Dordrecht, Holland: Springer, 2012), 273–91; Brian Thiede and Tim Slack, “The Old versus the New Economies and Their Impacts,” in Rural Poverty in the United States, ed. Ann Tickamyer, Jennifer Warlick, and Jennifer Sherman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 231–56.
34. Joel Kotkin, “How the South Will Rise to Power Again,” Forbes, January 31, 2013, https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2013/01/31/how-the-south-will-rise-to-power-again/#15f39b615b86.
35. Thiede and Slack, “The Old versus the New Economies.”
36. Robert Gibbs, Lorin Kusmin, and John Cromartie, Low Skill Employment and the Changing Economy of Rural America, Economic Research Report, no. 10 (Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, October 2005); Brian C. Thiede, Hyojung Kim, and Tim Slack, “Marriage, Work, and Racial Inequalities in Poverty: Evidence from the United States,” Journal of Marriage and Family 79, no. 5 (2017): 1241–57.
37. Alan Tonelson, The Race to the Bottom: Why a Worldwide Worker Surplus and Uncontrolled Free Trade Are Sinking American Living Standards (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002).
38. Thiede and Slack, “The Old versus the New Economies.”
39. Thiede and Slack, “The Old versus the New Economies.”
40. Justin Worland, “Coal’s Last Kick: As Clean Energy Rises, West Virginia Looks Past Trump’s Embrace of Coal to What Comes Next,” Time, accessed May 1, 2018, http://time.com/coals-last-kick/.
41. Worland, “Coal’s Last Kick.”
42. Steve Goldstein, “The Only State Where Less Than Half of All Civilians Work,” Market Watch, March 19, 2015, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/this-is-the-only-state-where-less-than-half-its-citizens-work-2015-01-13.
43. Dan Majors, “Littleton, W. Va., Is a Town Decimated by Poverty, Drugs,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 30, 2015, http://www.post-gazette.com/local/region/2015/05/31/Littleton-W-Va-is-a-town-decimated-by-poverty-drugs/stories/201504280190.
44. “Promoting Energy Independence and Economic Growth (Executive Order 13783),” SciPol, accessed May 16, 2018, http://scipol.duke.edu/content/promoting-energy-independence-and-economic-growth-executive-order-13783.
45. James Van Nostrand, “Why the U.S. Coal Industry and Its Jobs Are Not Coming Back,” Yale Environment 360, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, December 1, 2016, https://e360.yale.edu/features/why_us_coal_industry_and_its_jobs_are_not_coming_back.
46. Valerie Volcovici, “Awaiting Trump’s Coal Comeback, Miners Reject Retraining,” Reuters, November 1, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trump-effect-coal-retraining-insight/awaiting-trumps-coal-comeback-miners-reject-retraining-idUSKBN1D14G0.
47. Patrick J. Carr and Maria J. Kefalas, Hollowing Out the Middle: The Rural Brain Drain and What It Means for America (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2009); Thurston Domina, “What Clean Break? Education and Nonmetropolitan Migration Patterns, 1989–2004,” Rural Sociology 71, no. 3 (2006): 373–98; Thiede and Slack, “The Old versus the New Economies.”
48. April Sutton, Amanda Bosky, and Chandra Muller, “Manufacturing Gender Inequality in the New Economy: High School Training for Work in Blue-Collar Communities,” American Sociological Review 81, no. 4 (2016): 720–48.
49. Audrey Watson, “Employment Trends by Typical Entry-level Education Requirement,” Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2017.
50. Anthony P. Carnevale, Tamara Jayasundera, and Artem Gulish, America’s Divided Recovery: College Haves and Have-Nots (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, 2016).
51. New York Times, “Transcript of Nix
on’s Statement on School Busing,” March 17, 1972, accessed May 1, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/17/archives/transcript-of-nixons-statement-on-school-busing.html.
52. Joseph E. Luders, The Civil Rights Movement and the Logic of Social Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 154.
53. Stephen Smith and Kate Ellis, “George C. Wallace: Powerful Third-party Candidate,” American Public Media, accessed May 1, 2018, http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/campaign68/d1.html.
54. Alexander P. Lamis, The Two-Party South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981). The full recording of Lamis’s interview with Lee Atwell has been made available in Rick Perlstein, “Exclusive: Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy,” The Nation, November 13, 2012, https://www.thenation.com/article/exclusive-lee-atwaters-infamous-1981-interview-southern-strategy/.
55. Luders, The Civil Rights Movement; Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Rory McVeigh, David Cunningham, and Justin Farrell, “Political Polarization as a Social Movement Outcome: 1960s Klan Activism and Its Enduring Impact on Political Realignment in Southern Counties, 1960 to 2000,” American Sociological Review 79, no. 6 (2014).
56. Doug McAdam and Karina Kloos, Deeply Divided: Racial Politics and Social Movements in Post-War America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014); Jill S. Quadagno, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
57. Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993).