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59. Daniel K. Williams, God’s Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
60. Ed Payne, “Indiana Religious Freedom Restoration Act: What You Need to Know,” CNN Politics, March 31, 2015, https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/31/politics/indiana-backlash-how-we-got-here/index.html.
61. Tal Kopan and Eugene Scott, “North Carolina Governor Signs Controversial Transgender Bill,” CNN Politics, March 24, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/23/politics/north-carolina-gender-bathrooms-bill/index.html
62. Paul DiMaggio, John Evans, and Bethany Bryson, “Have American’s Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?,” American Journal of Sociology 102, no. 3 (1996): 690–755; Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Boston: MIT Press, 2006); Alan I. Abramowitz and Kyle L. Saunders, “Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate,” Journal of Politics 60, no. 3 (1998): 634–52; Delia Baldassarri and Andrew Gelman, “Partisans Without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion,” American Journal of Sociology 114, no. 2 (2008): 408–46.
63. Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, It’s Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism (New York: Basic Books, 2016); Gary C. Jacobson, “The Republican Resurgence in 2010,” Political Science Quarterly 126, no. 1 (2011).
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67. Ingrid Gould Ellen and Samuel Dastrup, “Housing and the Great Recession,” Russell Sage Foundation and the Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality, accessed April 4, 2018, https://web.stanford.edu/group/recessiontrends/cgi-bin/web/sites/all/themes/barron/pdf/Housing_fact_sheet.pdf.
68. “Presidential Approval Ratings—George W. Bush,” Gallup, accessed April 4, 2018, http://news.gallup.com/poll/116500/presidential-approval-ratings-george-bush.aspx.
69. Paul Kiel and Dan Nguyen, “Bailout Tracker,” ProPublica, accessed May 1, 2018, https://projects.propublica.org/bailout/.
70. Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Rory McVeigh, Kraig Beyerlein, Burrel Vann Jr., and Priyamvada Trivedi, “Educational Segregation, Tea Party Organizations, and Battles over Distributive Justice,” American Sociological Review 79, no. 4 (2014): 630–52; Tina Fetner and Brayden King, “Three-Layer Movements, Resources, and the Tea Party,” in Understanding the Tea Party Movement, ed. Nella Van Dyke and Dave S. Meyer (New York: Routledge, 2014), 35–48.
71. “CNBC’s Rick Santelli’s Chicago Tea Party,” YouTube, accessed April 4, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zp-Jw-5Kx8k.
72. George Monbiot, “The Tea Party Movement: Deluded and Inspired by Billionaires,” Guardian, October 25, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/25/tea-party-koch-brothers; Eric Zuesse, “Final Proof the Tea Party Was Founded As a Bogus AstroTurf Movement,” Huffington Post, October 22, 2013, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-zuesse/final-proof-the-tea-party_b_4136722.html; Jeff Nesbit, Poison Tea: How Big Oil and Big Tobacco Invented the Tea Party and Captured the GOP (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016); Anthony DiMaggio, The Rise of the Tea Party: Political Discontent and Corporate Media in the Age of Obama (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011).
73. Skocpol and Williamson, The Tea Party; McVeigh, Beyerlein, Vann Jr., and Trivedi, “Educational Segregation”; Fetner and King, “Three-Layer Movements”; Ruth Braunstein, Prophets and Patriots: Faith in Democracy across the Political Divide (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017); Abby Scher and Chip Berlet, “The Tea Party Movement,” in Understanding the Tea Party Movement, ed. Nella Van Dyke and Dave S. Meyer (New York: Routledge, 2014), 99–124.
74. Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right (New York: New Press, 2016).
75. Daniella Diaz, “Think Trump Has a Chance to Snag GOP Nomination? Analysis Gives Him Just 1 percent,” CNN Politics, July 9, 2015, https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/09/politics/donald-trump-data-pivit-2016-election/; Nate Silver, “Donald Trump Is Winning the Polls—And Losing the Nomination,” FiveThirtyEight, August 11, 2015, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/donald-trump-is-winning-the-polls-and-losing-the-nomination/; James Fallows, “3 Truths About Trump: The Passions Evoked by Donald Trump Deserve Notice. His ‘Candidacy’ Does Not,” Atlantic, July 13, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/3-truths-about-trump/398351/.
76. Nelson Polsby, Aaron Wildavsky, and David A. Hopkins, Presidential Elections: Strategies and Structures of American Politics (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
77. Sean Sullivan and Jenna Johnson, “GOP Candidates Are Flip-flopping to Please the Base; That Could Hurt Later On,” Washington Post, May 21, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/its-flip-flop-season-as-presidential-hopefuls-move-to-cater-to-the-base/2015/05/21/5f281ca4-ff45-11e4-8b6c-0dcce21e223d_story.html?utm_term=.b8199864cd8c.
78. Peter W. Stevenson, “Donald Trump Loves the ‘Poorly Educated’—and Just About Everyone Else in Nevada,” Washington Post, February 24, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/02/24/donald-trump-loves-the-poorly-educated-and-just-about-everyone-else-in-nevada/?utm_term=.45fd76706dd3.
79. Stevenson, “Donald Trump Loves the ‘Poorly Educated.’”
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83. Ange-Marie Hancock, The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity of the Welfare Queen (New York: New York University Press, 2004).
84. Dick Polman, “The Party of Trump: Racism Without the Dog Whistle,” WHYY, March 2, 2016, https://whyy.org/articles/the-party-of-trump-racism-without-the-dog-whistle/.
85. Peter Laslett and Richard Wall, Household and Family in Past Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972); Ruth Schwartz Cowan, “The Industrial Revolution in the Home,” in The Social Shaping of Technology, ed. Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1985), 181–201; Barbara Laslett and Johanna Brenner, “Gender and Social Reproduction: Historical Perspectives,” Annual Review of Sociology 15, no. 1 (1989): 381–404.
86. National Center for Educational Statistics, “Table 104.20: Percentage of Persons 25 To 29 Years Old with Selected Levels of Educational Attainment, by Race/Ethnicity and Sex: Selected Years, 1920 through 2016,” accessed May 1, 2018, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_104.20.asp.
87. Blee, Women of the Klan; McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.
5. WHERE TRUMP FOUND HIS BASE
1. Rory McVeigh, The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009), 106–9.
2. Felix Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture: America and the Klan in the 1920s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 4.
3. See, for example, Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. (New York: Knopf, 1955).
4. Chris Rhomberg, No There There: Race, Class, and Political Community in Oakland. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
5. Rhomberg, No There There, 35.
6. “Kansas Klansmen to Build Big Hospital,” Imperial Night-Hawk, June 27, 1923, 4.
7. Kenneth Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967); McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 142.
8. John Oyler, “Oyler: Ku Klux Klan Staged Massive Rally in Carnegie in August 1923,” Trib Live, July 16, 2014, http://triblive.com/neighborhoods/yourcarlynton/yourcarlyntonmore/6430883-74/klan-carnegie-likins.
9. “Indiana Protestants Outraged by Infuriated College Students,” Imperial Night-Hawk, June 4, 1924, 2.
10. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.
11. Rory McVeigh, “Power Devaluation, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Democratic National Convention of 1924,” Sociological Forum 79 (2001): 1–31; Rory McVeigh, “Structural Incentives for Conservative Mobilization: Power Devaluation and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan,” Social Forces 77 (1999): 1461–96.
12. Rory McVeigh, Daniel J. Myers, and David Sikkink, “Corn, Klansmen, and Coolidge: Structure and Framing in Social Movements,” Social Forces 83, no. 2 (2004): 653–90.
13. “Who Will Win North Carolina?,” FiveThirtyEight, November 8, 2018, https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2016-election-forecast/north-carolina/.
14. David Kroll, “7 Reasons It’s Finally Time to Live in Research Triangle Park,” Forbes, February 4, 2014, https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkroll/2014/02/04/7-reasons-its-finally-time-to-live-in-research-triangle-park/#3b2619f36e1f.
15. U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2010–14, Detailed Tables, generated using Social Explorer, https://www.socialexplorer.com/.
16. Dale Neal, “When the Last Factory Leaves a Mountain Town: Plant Closing Ripples through Robbinsville,” Citizen Times, August 30, 2014, https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2014/08/30/robbinsville-graham-stanley-furniture-layoffs/14806967/.
17. Alec Tyson and Shiva Maniam, “Behind Trump’s Victory: Divisions by Race, Gender, Education,” Pew Research Center, November 9, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/behind-trumps-victory-divisions-by-race-gender-education/.
18. Lisa A. Keister, “Conservative Protestants and Wealth: How Religion Perpetuates Asset Poverty,” American Journal of Sociology 113, no. 5 (2008); Rory McVeigh and Juliana M. Sobolewski, “Red Counties, Blue Counties, and Occupational Segregation by Sex and Race,” American Journal of Sociology 113, no. 2 (2007): 446–506.
19. We don’t include counties in Alaska because of data limitations. We also exclude Colorado and North Dakota because these states didn’t hold statewide preference voting as part of the nomination process. Neither can we include counties in Minnesota because the Republican Party in that state reports caucus-voting results by congressional districts and not counties. And we lose results for twenty counties in Kansas because some caucus events crossed county boundaries and it is impossible to determine which votes came from which county.
20. The P value is .076, whereas .05 is broadly used in the social sciences as a cutoff point when assessing statistical significance.
21. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Vintage, 1996).
22. David Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon Hanson, “When Work Disappears: Manufacturing Decline and the Falling Marriage-Market Value of Men” (NBER Working Papers Series 23173, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, January 2018), http://www.nber.org/papers/w23173.
23. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The First White President: The Foundation of Donald Trump’s Presidency Is the Negation of Barack Obama’s Legacy,” Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/10/the-first-white-president-ta-nehisi-coates/537909/.
24. Danielle Kurtzleben, “CHARTS: White Voters Without College Degrees Are Fleeing the Democratic Party,” NPR, September 13, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/09/13/493763493/charts-see-how-quickly-white-non-college-voters-have-fled-the-democratic-party.
25. Larry J. Sabato, “Just How Many Obama 2012-Trump 2016 Voters Were There?,” University of Virginia Center for Politics, June 1, 2016, http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/just-how-many-obama-2012-trump-2016-voters-were-there/.
6. POLITICS AND WHITE NATIONALISM
1. Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967).
2. Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, 136.
3. “Trump Nation,” USA Today, accessed May 4, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-nation/#/?_k=z395rb.
4. “Historical Election Results,” Federal Election Commission, https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/historical.html.
5. Giovanni Federico, “Not Guilty? Agriculture in the 1920s and the Great Depression,” Journal of Economic History 65, no. 4 (2005): 966.
6. U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1924).
7. Richard M. Valelly, Radicalism in the States: The Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party and the American Political Economy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
8. Rory McVeigh, Daniel J. Myers, and David Sikkink, “Corn, Klansmen, and Coolidge: Structure and Framing in Social Movements,” Social Forces 83, no. 2 (2004): 653–90.
9. “Study of Census Reports Shows Dangers of Lax Immigration Law,” Imperial Night-Hawk, September 17, 1924, 6.
10. “Dr. Evans Answers Important Questions on Race and Religion,” Imperial Night-Hawk, October 1, 1924, 7.
11. Kathleen M. Blee, Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
12. “The Part That Woman Plays in the Destiny of America,” Imperial Night-Hawk, September 3, 1924, 6.
13. Blee, Women of the Klan, 49.
14. “‘Reds’ Teach Negroes Social Equality,” Imperial Night-Hawk, August 6, 1924, 3.
15. “Bolshevists Fear Power of Klan; Tampering with American Negroes,” Imperial Night-Hawk, April 18, 1923, 4.
16. “New Angle on Davis’ Views Concerning the Subject of Religious Liberty,” Imperial Night-Hawk, October 1, 1924, 6.
17. Pew Research Center, “Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S., Driving Population Growth and Change Through 2065: Views of Immigration’s Impact on U.S. Society Mixed,” September 28, 2015, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/28/modern-immigration-wave-brings-59-million-to-u-s-driving-population-growth-and-change-through-2065/.
18. Sandra L. Colby and Jennifer M. Ortman, “Projections of the Size and Composition of the US Population: 2014 to 2060: Population Estimates and Projections,” Current Population Reports, U.S. Census Bureau, 2015, http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20152/colby_population.pdf; D’vera Cohn, “It’s Official: Minority Babies Are the Majority among the Nation’s Infants, but Only Just,”
Pew Research Center, June 23, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/23/its-official-minority-babies-are-the-majority-among-the-nations-infants-but-only-just/.
19. David Coleman, “Immigration and Ethnic Change in Low-Fertility Countries: A Third Demographic Transition,” Population and Development Review 32, no. 3 (2006): 401–46; Pew Research Center, “Modern Immigration Wave.”
20. “Points out Peril to White Supremacy,” Imperial Night-Hawk, April 29, 1923, 8.
21. “Voter Turnout Demographics,” U.S. Election Project, http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/demographics.
22. Jens Manuel Krogstad and Mark Hugo Lopez, “Black Voter Turnout Fell in 2016, Even as a Record Number of Americans Cast Ballots,” Pew Research Center, March 12, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/12/black-voter-turnout-fell-in-2016-even-as-a-record-number-of-americans-cast-ballots/.
23. William H. Frey, Ruy Teixeira, and Robert Griffin, “America’s Electoral Future: How Changing Demographics Could Impact Presidential Elections from 2016 To 2032,” Brookings, February 25, 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/interactives/americas-electoral-future-how-changing-demographics-could-impact-presidential-elections-from-2016-to-2032/; Ronald Brownstein, “Republicans Can’t Win with White Voters Alone,” Atlantic, September 7, 2013; Bill Hoffman, “Karl Rove to Newsmax: GOP Needs Minorities to Win in 2016,” Newsmax, November 25, 2015, https://www.newsmax.com/newsmax-tv/karl-rove-gop-minorities/2015/11/25/id/703574/.
24. Henry Barbour et al., Growth and Opportunity Project (Washington, DC: Republican National Committee, 2013); Whit Ayers, 2016 and Beyond: How Republicans Can Elect a President in the New America (n.p.: Resurgent Republic, 2015).
25. Quoted in Adrian Carrasquillo, “The GOP Spent Years Building a Latino Outreach Project—Is Trump about to Destroy It?,” Buzz Feed News, May 25, 2016, https://www.buzzfeed.com/adriancarrasquillo/the-gop-spent-years-building-a-latino-outreach-projectis-tru?utm_term=.hfDMdvGEk#.fnG5Vn1wN.
26. Center for American Women in Politics, “Gender Differences in Voter Turnout,” Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University, 2015, http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/resources/genderdiff.pdf.