by Rory McVeigh
educational level: and age, 231–32; and economy, 77, 81–83, 82, 95, 109, 121, 132, 231–34; and gender and family relations, 232–34; and religion, 233–34; and Republican Party, 91; and support for Trump, 91, 105–24, 110
Edwards, Eldon, 40
Eighteenth Amendment, 152
elites: after Civil War, 20–25, 44–46, 61, 125, 209; alliances and coalitions, 60–61; and Ku Klux Klan, 98, 209; and Tea Party, 89–90; and Trump supporters, 124, 215, 221–22
Ellis, John Tracy, 147
Elrod, Milton, 187
Emergency Tariff Act (1921), 128
Enforcement Act (1870), 24
evangelical Protestants. See Protestants
Evans, Hiram Wesley: organization of Ku Klux Klan (1920s), 3–4, 12–13, 30–34, 38, 69, 174, 176–77, 180, 185; political position of, 5–6, 33, 55–56, 143, 150, 204, 206
exaggerations. See falsehoods and exaggerations
Fairness Doctrine, 196–97. See also media
fake news, 193, 195, 200
falsehoods and exaggerations: Ku Klux Klan (1920s) use of, 183–85; Trump use of, 157–59, 189–92, 191, 215–16
Falwell, Jerry, 166
Falwell, Jerry, Jr., 145–46
family structure. See gender and family
farmer-labor coalitions, 128, 180
fascism, 202
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 41
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 196–97
Federico, Giovanni, 127
Feightner, Harold, 185
Fields, James, Jr., 224–25
Fiery Cross (KKK), 187
Fifteenth Amendment, 126
financial panic of 1873, 25
Fiorina, Carly, 161
fiscal crisis (2008), 88–90. See also Great Recession (2008)
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 67
Fitzpatrick, D. R., 207
FiveThirtyEight website, 102
fixed-effects design, 230
Flight 93 Election concept, 140
Florida Times-Union, 194
Ford, Gerald, 42
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act (1922), 128
foreign policy, 47
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 23–24
Fowler, Mark, 196
Fox News, 16, 89, 201
Frank, Leo, 27–28
Franklin Evening Star, 188
Freedom Works, 89
free trade, 47, 77, 92, 210–11. See also protectionism and free trade
Fry, Gladys-Marie, 21
Fryer, Ronald, 177
Gamson, William, 173
gender and family, 87, 107, 113–14, 115, 160–64, 163, 232–34
Gifford, Fred, 149
Gillis, James Martin, 35
globalization: and Democratic and Republican Parties, 131–32, 171; and economic differentiation, 49–50, 101, 109, 123, 223; and gender roles, 94, 113–14; and Trump supporters, 50, 76–83, 91–95, 101, 126, 131–32, 222, 231
global warming, 215–16
Goldberg, Robert Alan, 68
Gordon, Linda, 154
Graham, Franklin, 145
Graham county (North Carolina), 103–4
Grand Cyclops, 23
Grand Dragon, 23
Grand Giant, 23
Grand Goblin, 23, 176
Grand Wizard, 23
Grant, Ulysses S., 24
Great Depression (1930s), 38, 208, 211
Great Recession (2008), 49–50, 79–83, 82, 88–90, 95, 103–4, 126, 132, 231–32
Griffith, D. W., 27
Guthrie, William, 134
Hannity, Sean, 194
Harcourt, Felix, 97, 187
Harding, Warren, 34, 205
Hayes, Rutherford B., 25
Heyer, Heather, 224–25
Homeowners Affordability Plan, 89
Hoover, Herbert, 46, 208, 212
Hoover, J. Edgar, 41
Horn, Alvin, 40
Horse Thief Detective Association, 153
Howard Stern Show, 160
Humphrey, Hubert, 84
immigration: and Ku Klux Klan (1920s), v, 5–8, 29, 35, 128–31, 186, 222; legal restrictions, 37, 211; and Trump, 8, 93, 93–94, 211–12
Immigration Act (1924), 129
Imperial Klazik, 185
Imperial Night-Hawk (KKK): and Coolidge, 205–6; on immigration, v, 55, 134; on Ku Klux Klan (1920s), 5, 30–31, 98, 144, 185–86, 188; origin and function of, 174–75
Imperial Palace (KKK), 176
Indianapolis Times, 188
injustice frame, 173
integration, 39, 84, 220. See also race
interest consistency, 63
intraparty movements, 63–64
IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), 180
Jeffersonian ideals, 69
Jews, 7–8, 29, 46, 74–76, 153, 183, 188
Jim Crow. See segregation
John Birch Society, 196
Johnson, Lyndon B., 41–42
Johnson-Reed Act, 37, 211
Jones, Bob, 38–39, 41
Jones, Calvin, 21
Kansas City Post, 188
Kennedy, John F., 21, 41
Key, V.O., 39
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 41
King Kleagle, 176
Klankraft, 6–7, 74–75
Klan University project, 177, 182
Klaverns, 40
Kleagles, 4, 176
Kluxer (KKK), 187
Know-Nothing Party, 143–44
Koch brothers, 89
Kokomo Daily Tribune, 188
Korn, Jennifer Sevilla, 135
Kotkin, Joel, 78
Kourier (KKK), 144
Ku Klux Klan (1920s): anti-vice campaigns of, 152–55; and Calvin Coolidge, 17, 97, 205–6, 210–14; and Catholics, 5, 12–13, 29, 35, 46, 74–76, 131, 144–52, 154, 183–84; and cultural identity, 33, 73–76; decline and collapse, 9, 38, 183, 206–9; and Democratic Party, 34–37, 46–47, 203–9; and economic transition, 19, 33, 49, 69–76, 100–101, 126, 183–85, 202, 222; and fascism, 202; and federal government, 29–30, 45, 179; and Great Depression (1930s), 208; and Herbert Hoover, 208; and immigration, v, 5–8, 17, 29, 35, 37–38, 46, 74–76, 128–31, 139, 186, 202, 222; and Jeffersonian ideals, 69; and Jews, 29, 46, 74–76, 153, 183, 188; and John W. Davis, 97, 204–5; and loss of social status, 151–52; and manufactured crises, 150–52, 155; media and public image strategy, 75, 173–89, 200; opportunism of, 12–13, 175–77; opposition to, 99, 226–27; organization and development of, 1–9, 26–34, 97–101, 99, 176, 183–85, 222; and privilege, 44–47; and Progressive movement, 35, 175; and Prohibition, 35, 146, 152–55; and race, 5, 17, 28–29, 52–53, 129–31, 184, 186, 217–18, 225–26; and religion, 28–29, 143–45, 154; and Republican Party, 46–47, 203–14; and Robert La Follette, 97, 203–4; and scandals, 9, 38, 181–83, 208; and self image, 4–8, 6, 40, 129, 174, 180–81, 181, 185–86; and social class, 5, 7, 17, 68–69, 95, 98, 144–47, 151–52, 202–4; and socialists, 29; as social movement, 56; and tariffs and imports, 33, 72, 101, 128; Trump compared to, 8, 138, 210–19; and urban-rural divide, 33; and violence, 178–81; and voting blocs, 35, 57, 68; and voting rights expansion, 33, 50–52; and women, 32–34, 73–74, 130
Ku Klux Klan (1960s), 3, 19, 38–47, 49–53, 127, 209, 217–18
Ku Klux Klan (Reconstruction-era), 3, 19–25, 44–47, 49–53, 125–26, 209, 217–18
Ku Klux Klan Act (1870), 24
La Follette, Robert, 35, 97, 203–4
Lanier University (Georgia), 182
Las Vegas Review-Journal, 194
Lehman Brothers, 88
Lester, John, 21
Levitt, Steven, 177
LGBTQ rights: and Democratic Party, 92, 165, 171; and public opinion, 87, 167–68; and Republican Party, 114, 136, 171, 210; and Trump, 48
Limbaugh, Rush, 194, 197
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 169
literacy tests, 39
Littleton, West Virginia, 79–81
lynching, 25, 27–28
/> Lynd, Robert and Helen, 69–70
MacLean, Nancy, 28, 68, 72–73, 178
Madison, James, 223
Make America Great Again slogan, 48
male educational advantage, 232. See also educational level; gender and family
Mansfield, Stephen, 137
manumission, 44–45. See also slavery
marriage rates, 107, 114, 115. See also gender and family
McCain, John, 89, 165–66
McCarthy, John, 56
McCord, Frank, 21
McGovern, George, 42
McInnes, Gavin, 161
Mecklin, John Moffat, 147–48
media, 15–16, 173–89, 192–200, 198, 200
Merrill, Lewis W., 24–25
middle class, 68. See also social class
Middletown: A Study in American Culture (Lynd and Lynd), 69–70
millennial generation. See age
misogyny, 64, 112–13, 160–64. See also women
Mississippi Freedom Summer murders, 45
Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants, 160
Monnat, Shannon, 158–59
Monroe, James, 42
Monroe County, Michigan, 64
Moore, Barrington, 125
Moore, Tim, 87
Moral Majority, 136. See also Religious Right
movement abeyance, 201
multidimensional privilege hierarchy, 59–63. See also privilege hierarchies
Muncie, Indiana, 69–70
National Collegiate Athletic Association, 87
national debt, 212
National Review, 196
New Deal coalition, 63, 216. See also alliance formation and disruption
New York Times, 13
New York World, 29–30, 179
night riders and slave patrols, 20–21, 44–45
Nineteenth Amendment, 33
Nixon, Richard, 42, 83–84, 94, 195–96
North Carolina, 102
Obama, Barack, 8, 88–90, 135, 157, 166
Obamacare (Affordable Care Act), 90, 168, 170, 211
Oberholtzer, Madge, 9, 183, 208
Olcott, Ben, 149
opportunity hoarding, 39, 45
Oregon, 148–51
O’Reilly, Bill, 197
Parks, Rosa, 220
parochial schools, 12, 35, 52, 148–51. See also Catholics
Parsons, Elaine Frantz, 21
Pegram, Thomas, 4
Pence, Mike, 87
Pew survey, 165
Phagan, Mary, 27–28
Phillips, Allen, 136
Pierce, Walter, 149
pluralist theory, 60–61, 223–24
polarization of political parties, 11–12, 87–88, 170–71
political opportunity theory, 184
political party alignment. See alliance formation and disruption
poll taxes, 39
population density, 33, 106, 119, 122, 231
power devaluation: concept of, 7, 19, 56–59, 222; disruption of alliances, 208–9, 224; economic loss, 5, 49–50, 67–83, 71, 82, 94–95, 108, 113, 121, 125–28, 131, 221–23; political power loss, 11, 126–27, 131, 137–38, 221–23; and segregation, 217–20; social status and cultural loss, 95, 146–47, 151–52, 156–70, 221–23
Prescript (Klan), 23
Princeton Election Consortium, 13
privilege hierarchies: concept of, 19, 57, 59–63, 223–24; and Democratic and Republican parties, 43, 86–87, 114, 123, 141, 170–71; and educational level and age, 98, 122, 138; and gender and family, 120, 161–64, 163; and immigration, 52, 138; and race, 22, 39, 44–47, 59, 138, 219; and religion, 62–63, 209; and social class, 44–46, 61–62, 86, 125–26, 139, 224
Prohibition, 35, 146, 152–55
protectionism and free trade: and Bernie Sanders, 92; and Republican Party, 210–11; tariffs, 33, 71–72, 128, 212; and Trump, 47, 77, 109–10, 124, 171, 210–11; and white nationalism, 7
Protestants: and formation and development of Ku Klux Klan (1920s), 4–5, 8, 28, 32, 100, 130, 143–49, 152–53; grievances of and support for Ku Klux Klan (1920s), 17, 49, 55, 68, 76, 146, 189, 199, 202, 209, 226; opposition to Catholics, 13, 147–49, 154, 183; as privileged group, 62–63, 209; Republican Party and evangelicals, 86, 114, 136, 165–66, 209; Trump support among evangelicals, 16, 105, 108, 114–16, 120–21, 137, 139, 145–46, 166–67; vote analysis of, 116, 233. See also Religious Right
Proud Boys, 161
Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (North Carolina, 2016), 87. See also gender and family; LGBTQ rights
race: and Coolidge, Calvin, 206; and economy, 233–34; and Ku Klux Klan (1920s), 129–31, 184, 186, 225–26; and loss of social status, 156–60; and Republican Party, 42–43, 45–46, 83–86, 94, 169–70; segregation and integration, 25, 39, 49, 52, 84, 216–20, 223, 226; slavery, 21, 44–45; and support for Trump, 94–95, 108, 116–18, 117, 122–23, 155–59, 232; and voting rights, 22–23, 39, 42, 127, 135
radical Republicans, 22
Reagan, Ronald, 42, 94, 164, 196
Reconstruction Acts (1867 and 1868), 22
Reed, Richard, 21
regulation of industry, 80, 132, 141, 212, 218
Religious Congregations and Membership Study, 232–33
religious freedom laws, 87, 168, 171
Religious Right: and Affordable Care Act, 168; and Democratic Party, 165–66; and loss of social status, 164–69; and Republican Party, 86–87, 136, 164–70; rise and decline of, 42, 136–37; and same-sex marriage, 87, 168; and support for Trump, 16, 107–8, 114–16, 116, 120–21, 137, 145–47, 167, 168–69, 233
representation crisis, 215
Republican Party: and abortion, 87, 114, 170, 210; and Catholics, 86; economic program of, 86, 91, 131–32; and Ku Klux Klan (1920s), 34, 46–47, 203–14; and Ku Klux Klan (1960s), 209; and LGBTQ rights, 87, 114, 136, 171, 187, 210; and party polarization, 87–88; and race, 42–43, 45–46, 83–86, 94, 135, 169–70; and Religious Right, 86–87, 136, 164–70; and social class, 43, 86, 91, 139–41, 169–71, 209–10; and Tea Party, 63–64, 89–90; and Trump, 11–12, 15–16, 44, 56, 83, 97, 118–24, 132–33, 210–14, 221–24
Research Triangle (North Carolina), 102–3
Rhomberg, Chris, 98
Richards, Tom, 179
right-wing fringe groups, 14, 16, 43, 156, 161, 194–95, 224–25, 225
Roaring Twenties, 67
Robb, Thomas, 138
Robertson, Pat, 166
Rocky Mountain American (KKK), 75
Roe v. Wade, 87, 115, 139, 168, 171. See also abortion
Romney, Mitt: and Religious Right, 165–66; 2012 election results, 47, 101, 102, 106, 121–22, 159, 230, 240–41
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 38, 42
Rubio, Marco, 16
Salyer, C. B., 187
same-sex marriage, 87, 114, 136, 167–68, 171. See also gender and family; LGBTQ rights
Sanders, Bernie, 92, 203, 216
Santelli, Rick, 89
scandals: and Ku Klux Klan (1920s), 9, 38, 181–83, 208; Trump and, 189–92
Scottish Rites Masons, 148
Searchlight (KKK), 174
segregation, 25, 39, 49, 52, 84, 216–20, 223. See also race
Serwer, Adam, 158
Sessions, Jeff, 157
sharecropping, 25
Sheldon, Robert, 40
Shuppe, John, 159
Silver, Nate, 13, 102
Simmons, William Joseph, 3–4, 7, 26–30, 174, 176–77, 179–80, 182, 222
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing (Birmingham), 45
slavery, 21, 44–45
Smith, Al, 46, 208, 212
social class: and Democratic Party, 37–38, 63, 92, 170–71, 204, 209; and Ku Klux Klan (1920s), 5, 7, 17, 68–69, 95, 98, 144–47, 151–52, 202–4; and Ku Klux Klan (1960s), 39–40; and privilege, 44–46, 61–62, 86, 125–26, 224; and Republican Party, 43, 86, 139–41, 169–71, 209–10; and support for Robert La Follette, 203; and support for Trump, 64, 91, 94–95, 111, 114, 171, 180
social construction, 173
socialists, 29, 31, 41, 128, 180
social movement theory, 56–57, 184
social pathologies, 79–80, 147, 158–59
social status and cultural loss, 95, 146–47, 151–52, 156–70, 221–23. See also power devaluation
South Bend Tribune, 188
Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), 224–25
Southern Publicity Association, 28
Southern strategy, 42–43, 45–46, 83–86, 169–70
Spicer, Sean, 190
State of Emergency: The Third-World Invasion and Conquest of America (Buchanan), 52
Stephenson, David Curtis (D.C.), 2, 10; and internal Klan conflicts, 30–32; and Klan as money-making scheme, 176–77; and Klan expansion, 1–3, 34, 222; and Klan University project, 177; murder of Oberholtzer, 9, 38, 182–83, 208; opportunism of, 12–13, 31–32; and socialists, 31; on tariffs, 72; and violence, 178, 180
Stevenson, Peter W., 91
Supreme Court: appointments to, 115, 137, 166, 168, 171; and Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 39; and FCC Fairness Doctrine, 196–97; Klan (1920s) on, 2; and Oregon Compulsory Education Law, 154
Tanton, John, 59
tariffs, 33, 71–72, 128, 212. See also protectionism and free trade
taxes, 140, 212
Taylor, Verta, 201
Tea Party, 63–64, 89–90
Teapot Dome scandal, 205
Thrasher, Grady, 73
Tilly, Charles, 39
Trump, Donald J.: and abortion, 115, 139, 171; age of supporters, 106–7, 119, 137–38, 159, 232; campaign announcement, 14; campaign as opportunist, 13; campaign as social movement, 56; and Catholics, 145; and cultural identities, 92–95, 222–23; and “drain the swamp” slogan, 48; educational level of supporters, 105–24, 110; and environment, 212, 215–16, 218; and fake news term, 193, 195, 200; and falsehoods and exaggerations, 157–59, 189–92, 191, 215–16; foreign policy of, 47; and gender and family, 107, 114, 115, 120, 141, 162–64, 232; and globalization, 8, 50, 76–83, 126, 131–32, 222–23, 231; and Hillary Clinton, 160–61, 216; and immigration, 8, 51, 93, 93–94, 212; inaugural address of, 141; and industrial regulations, 80, 132, 141, 212, 218; Ku Klux Klan (1920s) compared to, 8, 138, 210–19; and LGBTQ rights, 48, 114, 141; and loss of social status, 147, 158–59; and “Make America Great Again” slogan, 48; and manufactured crises, 50, 155–60; media and public appearance strategies, 15–16, 192–200; and misogyny, 64, 112–13, 160–64; on national debt, 212; population density and supporters of, 106, 119, 122; presidential approval rating, 214; and protectionism and free trade, 47, 64, 77, 109–10, 124, 171, 210–12; and race, 8, 43–44, 52, 94–95, 108, 116–18, 117, 122–23, 126, 139, 141, 155–59, 217–18, 232; and religion, 232–33; and Religious Right, 107–8, 114–16, 116, 120–21, 137, 145–47, 167, 168–69, 171, 233; and Republican Party, 11–12, 15–16, 47, 56, 83, 97, 118–24, 132–33, 211–14, 221–24; and right-wing fringe groups, 156, 161, 224–25; and scandal, 9, 189–92; and social class, 64, 91, 94–95, 111, 114, 171, 180; tax plan of, 140, 212; and unemployment, 107, 109–12, 111, 120, 123, 231–33; and violence, 190, 192; vote analysis, 48, 101, 102, 103–4, 106, 110–13, 115–17, 159, 235–41; and white nationalism, 16–17, 47–53, 77, 83, 109–10, 123–24, 132–33, 190–91; and women in work force, 107, 113, 113–14, 232