A Gallant Little Army
Page 48
14. Del Castillo, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 27; Henry I. Seaman, Speech of Mr. Henry I. Seaman of N.Y. on the Mexican War (Washington, D.C.: J. & G. S. Gideon, Printers, 1847), 4; Carlos E. Castañeda, “Relations of General Scott with Santa Anna,” Hispanic American Historical Review 29 (Nov. 1949): 462–67.
15. David M. Pletcher, The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973), 508–9; “Memorandum,” Hitchcock Papers.
16. Hughes and Stonesifer, Pillow, 80; “Memorandum,” Hitchcock Papers; George Turnbull Moore Davis, Autobiography of the Late Col. Geo T. M. Davis, Captain and Aid-de-Camp Scott’s Army of Invasion (New York: Jenkins and McCowan, 1891), 178–80; Elliott, Scott, 497; Bauer, Mexican War, 285.
17. Castañeda, “Relations of General Scott,” 468–69; Mahin, Olive Branch, 104–5.
18. Worth quoted in Edward S. Wallace, General William Jenkins Worth: Monterey’s Forgotten Hero (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1953), 140; Alfred Hoyt Bill, Rehearsal for Conflict: The War with Mexico, 1846–1848 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), 262.
19. Martin A. Haynes, Gen. Scott’s Guide in Mexico: A Biographical Sketch of Col. Noah E. Smith (Lake Village, N.H.: Reprinted from the Lake Village Times, 1887), 18–20; Vindication of the Military Character and Services of General Franklin Pierce (circular pamphlet reprinted from various newspapers, 1852), 7, copy in BLY.
20. Haynes, Gen. Scott’s Guide, 20–21.
21. Ralph W. Kirkham, The Mexican War Journal and Letters of Ralph W. Kirkham, ed. Robert Ryal Miller (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1991), 39–41; Polk, Diary, 2:492; Hiram B. Yeager to John C. Yeager, Jun. 10, 1847, Yeager Papers.
22. Marcy to Scott, Apr. 30, 1847, United States War Department Letters, Beinecke; William P. Chambliss, “Record of Death & Discharges Company ‘C’ Tennessee Regiment,” BLY.
23. John Dodd to Eliza, Jan. 10, 1847, John Dodd Papers, BLY; Ripley to mother, Aug. 27 and Dec. 27, 1847, Roswell Ripley Papers, BLY; Austine to cousin, Jul. 4, 1947, William Austine Papers, SHC, UNC; Lee to John Mackay, Oct. 2, 1847, Lee Letter, Folios 137–38, VHS.
24. Bauer, Mexican War, 273–74; Guy Carleton to George Gile Littleton, Nov. 23, 1847, Mexican War Collection, UTA; Israel Uncapher Mexican War Diary, UTA.
25. Both Taliaferro quotes found in Levinson, Wars within War, 44–45; excerpts of Oct. 27 letter in Benjamin S. Roberts Diary, Justin H. Smith Collection, LAC, UT.
26. Ethan Allen Hitchcock letter, Jan. 23, 1848, Sen. Doc. No. 60, 30th Cong., 1st Sess. Hitchcock is the sole source for this exchange, and he did not identify the contact in Mexico City who sent Scott the note, although he intimated that it was an Englishman.
27. “Memorandum,” Hitchcock Papers; Smith, War, 2:77; Robert Anderson, An Artillery Officer in the Mexican War, 1846–7 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911), 276; Pillow quote found in Walter H. Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1944), 29; Davis, Autobiography, 175.
28. Twiggs quoted in Smith, War, 2:93; Bill, Rehearsal, 264–65; Scott, Memoirs, 2:465; Austine to cousin, Nov. 1, 1847, Austine Papers.
29. Austine to cousin, Nov. 1, 1847, Austine Papers.
30. Major John L. Smith’s engineer report, Aug. 27, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Ethan Allen Hitchcock, “Sketches of the Campaign,” Hitchcock Papers, USMA; quote found in Hitchcock letter, Jan. 23, 1848, Sen. Exec. Doc. No. 60, 30th Cong., 1st Sess.
31. Kirkham, Mexican War Journal, 39.
Chapter 9. Into the Valley of Mexico
1. George Ballentine, Autobiography of an English Soldier in the United States Army, ed. William H. Goetzmann (Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1986), 260; Simon Buckner to cousin, Nov. 17, 1847, Simon Bolivar Buckner Papers, FHS; Moses Barnard Reminiscences, BYL; Robert E. May, John A. Quitman: Old South Crusader (1984; Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 180.
2. Martin A. Haynes, Gen. Scott’s Guide in Mexico: A Biographical Sketch of Col. Noah E. Smith (Lake Village, N.H.: Reprinted from the Lake Village Times, 1887), 21–22; Winfield Scott, Memoirs of Lieut.-General Scott, 2 vols. (1864; Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), 2:467.
3. Benjamin F. Cheatham Diary, Benjamin Franklin Cheatham Papers, TSLA; K. Jack Bauer, The Mexican War, 1846–1848 (1974; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 287; John Sedgwick to father, Aug. 23, 1847, in John Sedgwick, Correspondence of John Sedgwick, Major-General, comp. Henry D. Sedgwick, 2 vols. (DeVinne Press, 1902), 1:108; Buckner to cousin, Nov. 17, 1847, Buckner Papers; Ballentine, Autobiography, 260–61; Daniel Harvey Hill, A Fighter from Way Back: The Mexican War Diary of Lt. Daniel Harvey Hill, 4th Artillery, USA, ed. Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr. and Timothy D. Johnson (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2002), 106.
4. Barnard Reminiscences, BLY.
5. Ballentine, Autobiography, 261; Will Lytle to unknown, Jan. 15, 1848, in William Haines Lytle, For Honor, Glory and Union: The Mexican and Civil War Letters of Brig. Gen. William Haines Lytle, ed. Ruth C. Carter (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999), 52. Lytle rose to the rank of brigadier general in the Union army and was mortally wounded while leading his brigade at the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863.
6. Haynes, Gen. Scott’s Guide, 23–24.
7. Ethan Allen Hitchcock, “Sketches of the Campaign,” Ethan Allen Hitchcock Papers, USMA; Justin H. Smith, The War with Mexico, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1919), 2:94–96.
8. Robert Anderson, An Artillery Officer in the Mexican War, 1846–7 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911), 151; Haynes, Gen. Scott’s Guide, 25.
9. Bauer, Mexican War, 290; Raphael Semmes, Service Afloat and Ashore during the Mexican War (Cincinnati: Wm. H. Moore, 1851), 352; Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (1934; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1962), 1:252–53; Ralph W. Kirkham, The Mexican War Journal and Letters of Ralph W. Kirkham, ed. Robert Ryal Miller (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1991), 81; Joseph Smith, Diary, Joseph Rowe Smith Papers, Beinecke; Smith, War, 2:90–91; Cheatham Diary, Cheatham Papers.
10. Smith, Diary, Joseph Rowe Smith Papers; Allan Peskin, ed., Volunteers: The Mexican War Journals of Private Richard Coulter and Sergeant Thomas Barclay, Company E, Second Pennsylvania Infantry (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991), 139; Kirkham, Mexican War Journal, 44; Albert C. Ramsey, ed. and trans., The Other Side; or, Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States (New York: John Wiley, 1850), 241.
11. Kirkham, Mexican War Journal, 44.
12. Scott, Memoirs, 2:469; Bauer, Mexican War, 290; P. G. T. Beauregard, With Beauregard in Mexico: The Mexican War Reminiscences of P. G. T. Beauregard, ed. T. Harry Williams (New York: DaCapo Press, 1969), 43; George Turnbull Moore Davis, Autobiography of the Late Col. Geo T. M. Davis, Captain and Aid-de-Camp Scott’s Army of Invasion (New York: Jenkins and McCowan, 1891), 193–94.
13. Hitchcock, “Sketches of the Campaign,” Hitchcock Papers; Worth to Scott, Aug. 14, 1847, James Duncan Papers, USMA; Semmes, Service, 355, 372; Erasmus D. Keyes, Fifty Years’ Observation of Men and Events Civil and Military (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1884), 154.
14. Barnard Reminiscences, BLY.
15. Gustavus Woodson Smith, Company “A” Corps of Engineers, USA, 1846–1848, in the Mexican War, ed. Leonne M. Hudson (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2001), 37; Baron Antoine Henry Jomini, The Art of War, trans. G. H. Mendell and W. P. Craighill (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1862), 227; Peskin, Volunteers, 139–40; Davis, Autobiography, 194; Barnard Reminiscences, BLY.
16. William Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, William Walker Letter, BLY.
17. William Austine to cousin, Nov. 1, 1847, William Austine Papers, SHC, UNC; Anderson to wife, Sep. 2, 1847, Robert Anderson Papers, LC; Kirkham, Mexican War Journal, 47.
18. Mason’s battle report, Aug. 24, 1847; Worth, Battle Report, Aug. 23, 1847; Smith’s engineer report, Aug. 27, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO.
19. Austine to cousi
n, Nov. 1, 1847, Austine Papers.
20. Peskin, Volunteers, 141.
21. Smith’s engineer report, Aug. 27, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Philip Kearny to General Mason, Nov. 1, 1849, Philip Kearny Letter, BLY.
22. Bauer, Mexican War, 291–92.
23. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1885), 1:139; Semmes, Service, 379.
24. Smith, War, 2:103–4; Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr. and Roy P. Stonesifer, The Life and Wars of Gideon J. Pillow (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 82–83.
25. General Smith’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, Smith’s engineer report, Aug. 27, 1847, Captain Edmund B. Alexander’s battle report, Aug. 24, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Hughes and Stonesifer, Pillow, 82–83; Barnard Reminiscences, BLY.
26. W. W. Loring’s battle report, Aug. 24, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO. Loring rose to the rank of major general in the Confederate army, serving in both the eastern and western theaters of the Civil War. He left the country after the war and served in the Egyptian army for several years before returning to the United States in 1879. Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959), 194.
27. Bauer, Mexican War, 293.
28. William Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, Walker Letter; Barnard Reminiscences, BLY; Walker rose to the rank of general in the Confederate army. In spring 1864, he was captured and had a foot amputated as a result of a wound suffered at Petersburg. Warner, Generals in Gray, 324.
29. Isaac I. Stevens, Campaigns of the Rio Grande and of Mexico (New York: D. Appleton, 1851), 64. See also Hazard Stevens, The Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens, 2 vols. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1900), 1:187. Stevens’s version is credible but should be weighed against the fact that his 1851 account was intended to defend Scott from the Worth, Pillow, and Duncan cabal that arose after the campaign ended. See Robert W. Johannsen, To the Halls of the Montezumas (1985; New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 255.
30. James I. Robertson Jr., Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan, 1997), 63; Smith’s engineer report, Aug. 27, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO.
31. Guy Carleton to George Gile Littleton, Nov. 23, 1847, Mexican War Collection, UTA; Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988), 22.
32. Freeman, Lee, 1:260; Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 131; Persifor Smith’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Hill, Fighter from Way Back, 111, 112.
33. May, John A. Quitman, 184.
34. Barnard Reminiscences, BLY; Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, Walker Letter.
35. Smith, War, 2:105, 108; Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, Walker Letter; Beauregard, With Beauregard in Mexico, 51–52; Persifor Smith’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO. General Smith gathered and took with him to San Geronimo the Engineer Company, First Artillery, Third Infantry, and part of the Mounted Rifles.
36. Persifor Smith’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, Walker Letter.
37. Walter H. Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1944), 30; James W. Pohl, “The Influence of Antoine Henri de Jomini on Winfield Scott’s Campaign in the Mexican War,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 77 (Jul. 1973): 101–2; Beauregard, With Beauregard in Mexico, 48.
38. Smith, War, 2:105–6; Charles Winslow Elliott, Winfield Scott: The Soldier and the Man (New York: Macmillan, 1937), 510.
39. Persifor Smith’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; John Hammond Moore, ed., “Private Johnson Fights the Mexicans, 1847–1848,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 67 (Oct. 1966): 221; Freeman, Lee, 1:263–64.
40. Smith, War, 2:106.
41. Hughes and Stonesifer, Pillow, 88–89; Stevens, Life, 1:179.
42. Letter to father, Aug. 23, 1847, in Sedgwick, Correspondence, 1:111; Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 64; John Wilkins to mother, Aug. 24, 1847, John Darragh Wilkins Memorandum and Papers, BLY.
Chapter 10. The Battle of Pedregal
1. Warren Lothrop to Elias Lothrop, n.d., Lothrop Family Papers, BLY; Moses Barnard Mexican War Reminiscences, BLY.
2. General Smith’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, and Dimick’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; William Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, William Walker Letter, BLY.
3. Barnard Reminiscences, BLY; William Walker to uncle, Aug. 20, 1847, Walker Letter; Daniel Harvey Hill, A Fighter from Way Back: The Mexican War Diary of Lt. Daniel Harvey Hill, 4th Artillery, USA, ed. Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr. and Timothy D. Johnson (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2002), 112; Justin H. Smith, The War with Mexico, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1919), 2:108; Gardner’s battle report, RG 94, LR, AGO.
4. General Smith’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, and Captain Alexander’s battle report, Aug. 24, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO.
5. Smith, War, 2:108; Gustavus Woodson Smith, Company “A” Corps of Engineers, USA, 1846–1848, in the Mexican War, ed. Leonne M. Hudson (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2001), 42; Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, Walker Letter.
6. General Smith’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Smith, Company “A,” 42–43; Lothrop to Elias Lothrop, n.d., Lothrop Papers.
7. William Gardner to brother, Oct. 24, 1847, William Montgomery Gardner Papers, SHC, UNC; Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, Walker Letter; Major William W. Loring’s Battle Report, Aug. 24, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Smith, Company “A,” 43.
8. Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, Walker Letter; General James Shields’s battle report, Aug. 24, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO.
9. Hill, Fighter from Way Back, 117; Lothrop to Elias Lothrop, n.d., Lothrop Papers, BLY; Unknown to mother, Sep. 1847, Pope-Humphrey Family Papers, FHS.
10. John C. Waugh, The Class of 1846 (New York: Warner Books, 1994), 111; Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959), 97–98; Scott’s battle report, Aug. 28, 1847, Sen. Exec. Doc. No. 1, 30th Cong., 1st Exec.
11. Smith quoted in Smith, War, 2:109; George S. May, ed., “An Iowan in the Mexican War,” Iowa Journal of History 53 (Apr. 1955): 172.
12. Preston had been orphaned when his father Charles, who was Joe’s brother, died fifteen years earlier. Another of Joe’s brothers, Beverly, was Preston’s legal guardian, and it was to him that Joe wrote. See Craig L. Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 45, 65–66.
13. Scott’s battle report, Aug. 28, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Winfield Scott, Memoirs of Lieut.-General Scott, 2 vols. (1864; Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), 2:482; Riley’s battle report, Aug. 24, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; K. Jack Bauer, The Mexican War, 1846–1848 (1974; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 295.
14. Bauer, Mexican War, 295–96; Loring’s battle report, Aug. 24, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Departamento De Distrito Federal, Batalla de Churubusco el 20 de Agosto de 1847 (Colección: Conciencia Civica Nacional, Mexico, 1983), 69.
15. P. G. T. Beauregard, With Beauregard in Mexico: The Mexican War Reminiscences of P. G. T. Beauregard, ed. T. Harry Williams (New York: DaCapo Press, 1969), 55–56; Hill, Fighter from Way Back, 115.
16. Ripley to mother, Aug. 27, 1847, Roswell Ripley Papers, BLY; Walker to uncle, Sep. 20, 1847, Walker Letter.
17. Hazard Stevens, The Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens, 2 vols. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1900), 1:179; John Sedgwick, Correspondence of John Sedgwick, Major-General, comp. Henry D. Sedgwick, 2 vols. (DeVinne Press, 1902), 1:100; Wilkins to mother, Aug. 24, 1847, John Darragh Wilkins Memorandum and Papers, BLY; Jackson quoted in James I. Robertson Jr., Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan, 1997), 58; Barnard Reminiscences, BLY.
18. Captured letters published in the American Star, Oct. 13, 14, and 22, 1847, BLY; Kirby Smith to wife, Aug. 22, 1847, E. Kirby Smith, To Mexico with Scott: Lette
rs of Captain E. Kirby Smith to His Wife, ed. Emma Jerome Blackwood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1917), 208–9.
19. Scott’s battle report, Aug. 28, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Hill, Fighter from Way Back, 117; Barnard, Reminiscences, BLY.
20. Smith, Company “A,” 44–45.
21. Pillow and Trist quoted in Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr. and Roy P. Stonesifer, The Life and Wars of Gideon J. Pillow (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 89–90.
22. Distrito Federal, Batalla de Churubusco, 68; Peter F. Stevens, The Rogue’s March: John Riley and the St. Patrick’s Battalion, 1846–48 (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 1999), 234; Bauer, Mexican War, 296.
23. Robert Ryal Miller, Shamrock and Sword: The Saint Patrick’s Battalion in the U.S.-Mexican War (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989), 3, 25, 61, 67; Stevens, Rogue’s March, 91–92, 231, 238.
24. Scott’s battle report, Aug. 28, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO.
25. Francis Taylor’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; John Wilkins to mother, Aug. 24, 1847, Wilkins Papers; Gustavus Smith’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO.
26. Scott’s battle report, Aug. 28, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Worth’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; Edward S. Wallace, General William Jenkins Worth: Monterey’s Forgotten Hero (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1953), 152.
27. Timothy D. Johnson, Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 50.
28. Ralph W. Kirkham, The Mexican War Journal and Letters of Ralph W. Kirkham, ed. Robert Ryal Miller (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1991), 50; Bauer, Mexican War, 297.
29. Sedgwick to sister, Aug. 28, 1847, in Sedgwick, Correspondence, 1:114; Raphael Semmes, Service Afloat and Ashore during the Mexican War (Cincinnati: Wm. H. Moore, 1851), 394–95.
30. Smith, War, 2:113–15; Cadawalader’s battle report, RG 94, LR, AGO.
31. Christopher Phillips, Damned Yankee: The Life of General Nathaniel Lyon (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990), 54; Kirkham, Mexican War Journal, 48; Worth’s battle report, Aug. 23, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO; David M. Jordon, Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier’s Life (1988; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 5, 16; Hughes and Stonesifer, Pillow, 91; Cadwalader’s battle report, Aug. 22, 1847, RG 94, LR, AGO.