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On Ethics and History

Page 25

by Zhang Xuecheng


  emotion. See shu (sympathetic concern)

  empty words. See kongyan

  emulation: of ancient literary style of Heaven of sages and worthies of scholars See also imitation; plagiarism

  equality

  ethics: application to past(see also historical context; “temporal provincialism”); application to present application to self and convictions and errors and historians Kongzi and and literary art and opinions and reason and science See also philosophy: ethical

  evidential learning See also philology

  examinationsservice: origins and pursuit of learning as rite of passage

  exotic, the

  experience, as necessary to learning

  Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters

  fame. See success

  family

  fashions, intellectual: conflict with individuals’ ideas and talents cycles of dangers of mistaken for learning reform of usefulness of See also literary art: as intellectual fashion; philology: as intellectual fashion; philosophy: as intellectual fashion

  fate

  feelings

  feudal system, origins

  filial piety origins

  Fu Qian

  Fu Yue

  Gao Zong

  gazetteers. See histories: local.

  genealogies

  gentlemen

  geography

  Golden Age, Zhou dynasty as

  golden rule, Confucian

  Gongsun Chou

  governing: and dao and de judging Mengzi on origins study necessary for Xuzi on See also hegemon; separation of teaching and governing

  Great Learning

  Gui Youguang

  Han Feizi

  Han Ying

  Han Yu on dao and de on learning as model on teaching on writing Works: “Letter in Reply to Li Yi,” Appendix 3; “On the Dao,” Appendix 1; “A Treatise on Teachers,” Appendix 2;

  heart-mind (xin): and creativity cultivation of and dao definition failure of of historians incomprehensibility of and judging right and wrong and order the people’s rectifying of sages of students understanding others’ and words “this heart-mind” (see “mind, this”)

  Heaven: attempted study of and geography incomprehensibility of and models names imposed on and prognostication and “pure knowing,” sacrifices to and sages and separation of teaching and governing as source of dao as source of human sensibilities as source of virtues See also nature

  Heavenly and human, balance between and dao

  Heavenly stations. See Relationships, Five

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

  hegemon (ba)

  heterodoxy (yiduan)

  hexagrams

  historians: heart-mind of (see under heart-mind); task of traits or virtues necessary for, Essay 8

  historical context: and action of Duke of Zhou of Han Yu and learning and poetic form and sages understanding of See also ethics: application to past; ethics: application to present; temporal provincialism

  histories: local official(see also specific works and authors)

  historiography See writing: of history

  history: discipline of, necessary to understanding the dao and literary art phases of speculative study of as “things that happened,” 4; as vocation writing of (see writing: of history)

  History of the Han Dynasty. See under Ban Gu

  Hou Ji

  Hu Shi

  Huan Kuan

  Huang Fushi

  Hubei

  Huizi

  human and Heavenly. See Heavenly and human

  human nature. See nature: human

  humility

  imitation See also emulation; plagiarism

  immortality, this-worldly See also de (Virtue): establishing; deeds: establishing; words: establishing

  insight. See understanding: personal

  institutions: incompatible with workings of Heaven origins. See also schools

  intellectual property rights

  intentions

  intuitionism

  Jesuits

  Jia Yi

  jing (reverential attention), necessary for litterateurs

  judgments

  Kang Youwei

  knack. See under Zhuangzi (work)

  know-how See under Zhuangzi (work)

  knowing, pure (liangzhi)

  knowledge: as common vs. private property “real,”

  kongyan (empty words)

  Kongzi: achievement of adherence to “actual things and affairs” (qi) and Book of Changes compared to Buddhists compared to Duke of Zhou compared to Mengzi disciples of and ethics and heart-mind and historiography and literary art and literary style on methods of learning misunderstanding of as model and realization of dao sacrifices to and “seeming,” silence of and talent as teacher teachers of on thinking See also dao: transmission of; de: separated from power

  Kuang, Music Master

  labor, division of

  laicization of clergy

  land ownership: origins

  language: limitations of purposes of See also words: and actions

  Laozi See also Daodejing

  laws: origin

  learning: definition and effort methods goals and purposes of government policy on as medium for philosophy methods, among ancients methods, improper necessity of teachers for perfection of “real” or “true,” Letter 1 passim; transmission of and thinking See also examinations; historical context: and learning; philosophy: schools of; schools; self-cultivation; teachers

  li (principle)

  Li Hua. Works: “[Lament on] an Old Battlefield,”

  Li Lou

  Li Pan

  Li Panlong

  Li Si

  Li Yi, Appendix 3

  Li Zhi, and literary art

  Liangqiu He

  Liezi

  lineage, intellectual See also fashions, intellectual; philosophy: schools of

  literary art: criticism of and dao and de (Virtue) decline of and ethics as intellectual fashion origins production of study and teaching of traits necessary for practicing understanding of and understanding of history usefulness of See also style, literary

  literary mind (wenxin)

  literary spirit (wenqi)

  Liu An. Works: “On the Dao,”

  Liu Xiang

  Liu Xie Works: The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons “On the Dao,”

  Liu Xin

  Liu Zhiji

  Liu Zizhuang

  Liu Zongyuan

  Liuxia Hui

  Lo Diagram

  loyalty: origins

  Lu Ji

  Lu Jiuyuan

  Ma Rong

  Mann, Susan

  Mao Heng

  Marx, Karl

  masses, the

  mathematics

  medicine

  memorization. See recitation

  Meng Xi

  Mengzi (person): compared to Kongzi and debate on governing and historiography on Kongzi and language and literary style on order and transmission of dao as transmitter of Kongzi’s teachings

  Mengzi (work): and Heaven and “pure knowing,”

  mind, this (cixin, shixin)

  mind, transmission of the

  misunderstanding: of dao (see dao: misunderstanding of); of Kongzi (see under Kongzi);of scholars’ ideas Essay 5 See also understanding

  Mo Ling

  models: Heaven as source of See also emulation

  Mohism

  morality. See ethics

  motives

  Mozi

  multitudes

  music and Confucian learning origins regulation usefulness of

  mysterious, the

  Naitô Torajirô

  names See also Heaven: names imposed on

  nature and dao human virtuous See also Heaven.

  neo-Confucianism: revival See also philosophy: schools of

  Nivison, David S.

  non-action

  numerology

  “Offices of the
Zhou,”

  officials. See bureaucracy

  “On the Dao.” See under Han Yu; Zhang Xuecheng; Liu An; Liu Xie

  “one thread,”

  open concepts (xuwei)

  opinion

  oratory

  order

  originality

  Ouyang Xiu

  Pan Zhengya. See Mo Ling

  particularism, ethical See also theories, rigid

  pattern (wen)

  peace

  Pei Yin

  perfection: of dao of historiography of learning of literary style of prognostication of sages of society(see also “complete orchestra”)

  persuasion

  philology and dao and establishing deeds as intellectual fashion as medium for philosophy purposes of

  philosophy: and dao and establishing de ethical as intellectual fashion origins schools of usefulness of

  plagiarism See also emulation; imitation

  poetry

  posterity

  power. See success

  prejudice

  principle. See li (principle)

  prognostication

  prosody

  punishments: origins

  qi (actual things and affairs) See also dao: manifestation of, in actual things and affairs

  qi (vital force): control of definitions of historians and li, and reading and writing

  Qian and Kun

  Qianlong Emperor

  Qin dynasty

  Qing dynasty: bureaucracy 1; decline

  Qinshi Huangdi

  Qu Yuan. Works: “Encountering Sorrow,”

  quietism

  reading

  reason (tui)

  recitation

  recorded conversations

  record-keeping: origins

  Records of the Grand Historian. See under Sima Qian

  Relationships, Five ruler and minister

  Ren An

  ren. See benevolence

  reproduction

  reverential attention. See jing

  rhyme prose

  right and wrong. See ethics

  righteousness (yi) origins

  Rites of the Zhou

  rites

  ritual(s) as determining Chineseness regulation of origins of Zhou

  River Chart

  Ruan Yuan

  rulership. See governing

  sacrifices: to Duke of Zhou examination system likened to by former kings to Heaven and earth to Kongzi to teachers

  sage-kings

  sages: acting of necessity benefits conferred by deficiencies of distinguished from teachers as divinities emulation of and by and Heaven and historical context and “realized goodness,”

  scholars: and Kongzi misunderstanding of (see under misunderstanding); situation of of Song dynasty of Tang dynasty of Zhang’s time

  schools: colleges, provincial and national Confucian curriculum and development of talents local origins private

  science: and ethics natural See also astronomy

  seeming Essay 11

  self, and dao

  self-cultivation methods of necessity of specific project to purpose of and writing See also learning

  selfishness

  senses

  separation of teaching and governing

  Shang dynasty

  Shao Jinhan

  Shao Tingcai

  Shaoxing

  Shen Pei

  Shen Yue

  Shen Zaiting Letter 3

  Shi Yucun

  Shi Zhou

  Shiji. See under Sima Qian

  shixin (“this mind”)

  shu (sympathetic concern/understanding): dangers of definition and Golden Rule for litterateurs necessary to judging the past as part of de

  Siku quanshu. See Complete Collection of the Four Treasuries

  Sima Guang: Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government

  Sima Qian, as model understanding of others’ works Works: Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji)

  Sima Tan

  Sima Xiangru

  single thread. See “one thread.”

  society: origins

  soil and grain, spirits of

  Song dynasty: scholars in, criticized

  Song Lian

  Song Qi

  specialization, intellectual dangers of origins permissibility of purpose of See also talent

  Spring and Autumn Annals

  “sprouts” (duan; of virtue or of dao)

  status. See under age; talent; de

  stems and branches

  strategy

  structure

  students, shortcomings of

  style, literary ancient (guwen) contemporary dangers of and de and establishing words and feelings and historiography perfection of praise of Zhu Canmei’s purposes of

  Su Che

  Su Shi

  Su Xun

  success, worldly

  suoyiran (that by which things are as they are)

  sympathetic concern. See shu

  systems, rigid. See theories, rigid

  Taiping (Anhui)

  talent: conflict with prevailing intellectual fashion (see under fashion, intellectual); development of individual inequality of Kongzi on misuse of praise of Zhu Canmei’s and status for study of history

  Tanzi

  teacher(s): age of bureaucrats as and dao deference to distinguished from sages as intermediaries between Heaven and students Kongzi as of Kongzi necessity of origins and parents private proliferation of replaceable vs. irreplaceable sacrifices to and talents See also separation of teaching and governing

  teaching, definition of

  temples, conversion of

  temporal provincialism See also historical context

  texts, insufficiency of

  textual studies. See philology

  theodicy

  theories, rigid See also particularism, ethical

  things, actual. See qi (actual things)

  “Three Comprehensive Studies,”

  Tian Wangsun

  Tianmen

  trade: origins

  truth

  understanding: difficulty of (see misunderstanding); feelings as means towards feelings as means towards of others of the past (see also shu [sympathetic concern]); personal (“insight”) process of

  unicorn (lin)

  Virtue (in the specific senses of the Chinese word de). See de (Virtue)

  virtue(s) (generic) cardinal false and Five Relationships Heavenly “thieves of,” See also “sprouts.”

  vital force. See qi (vital force)

  vocation. See history: as vocation; talent

  WangAnshi

  Wang Bi

  Wang Chong

  Wang Huaizu

  Wang Shizhen

  Wang Yangming criticized and writing

  Wang Yinglin

  warfare, origins

  Way the. See dao

  Wei Shou

  well-field . See land ownership

  wen (pattern)

  Wen, King, of the Han

  wenqi (literary spirit)

  wenxin (literary mind)

  will

  wisdom (zhi) origins

  women

  words: and actions, discrepancy between establishing and heart-mind, See also Heaven: names imposed on; language

  worthies: definition of emulation of and by understanding of and by

  writing distinguished from dao and de and feelings good of history Essay 8, impermanence of origins purposes of and qi reading as prerequisite to reception of systems (see characters, Chinese); types of See also misunderstanding: of ideas; style, literary

  Wu, Emperor, of the Han

  Xi Xhaozhi

  Xi Zaochi, Chronicles of the Han and Jin Dynasty

  Xia dynasty

  Xiang, Music Master

  Xiao Yingshi

  Xiong Bolong

  Xu Guang

  Xu Xing. See Xuzi

  Xunzi

  xuwei (open concepts)

  Xuzi />
  Yan Hui

  Yang Xiong

  Yang Zhu

  Yangzhou

  Yi Di

  Yi Yin

  yi. See righteousness

  yin and yang

  Yin dynasty

  Ying Shao

  Yingcheng

  Youruo

  Youzi. See Youruo

  Yu Yingshi

  yuan dao (defining, or explaining origin of, the dao)

  Yuan Gu

  Yuan Mei: and literary art

  Yun Gong

  Zaiwo

  zeitgeist

  Zeng Gong

  Zengzi

  Zhang Hong

  Zhang Huafu

  Zhang Ji

  Zhang Runan Letter 2

  Zhang Shouyi

  Zhang Xuecheng: ancestry birth career education of family reception of work themes of work Works: editions “The Analogy of Heaven,” 6 Essay 6; “Breadth and Economy,” Essay 7; “Conventional Convictions,” Essay 4; “A Criticism of Hypocricy” (see “Distinguishing What Only Seems to Be” and “The Difficulty of Being Understood,” , Essay 5; “Distinguishing What Only Seems to Be,” Essay 11; General Principles of Literature and History “Letter on Learning to Chen Jianting,” Letter 4; “Letter on Learning to my Clansman Runan,” Letter 2; “Letter on Learning to Zhu Canmei,” Letter 1; “On Learning,” Essay 2 “On the Dao,” Essay 1 “On the Meaning of the Word ‘Historian,’” “The Principles of Literature,” Essay 10; “Reply to Shen Zaiting Discussing Learning,” Letter 3; “A Treatise on Teachers,” 9, Essay 3; “Virtue in an Historian,” Essay 8; “Virtue in a Litterateur,” Essay 9

  Zhang Yixuan

  Zhao Zhixin

  Zheng Xuan

  zhi. See wisdom

  Zhou Dunyi

  Zhou dynasty: as Golden Age decline

  Zhou, Duke of: compared to Buddhists compared to Kongzi (see under Kongzi); and dao historical context of as ministers as model sacrifices to

  Zhu Canmei Letter

  Zhu Jun

  Zhu Xi and literary art on sages praised Works: Outline to a Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government

  Zhu Yun

  Zhuangzi (person): and history ; on mastery and arrogance on sages on schools of philosophy and writing

  Zhuangzi (text) and “knack” or “know-how,”

  Zi Ping

  Zigao

  Zigong

  Zilu

  Zuo Mei

  Zuo Si

  a When we compare the jiayetang edition of 1922 and the Daliang edition of 1833, we find significant differences here and in three places in the concluding paragraphs of the first part of Zhang’s essay. In each of these cases, I have included translations of both versions of the text. The Daliang version is used for the main body of the translation. Sections that differ from the Jiayetang text are highlighted by italics and appear within parentheses. The Jiayetang version follows immediately, inside pointed brackets.

 

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