The revolutionary active came almost exclusively from the intelligentsia . The movement was called naródnichestvo or revolutionary populism . It was not a unified group, but rather a wide spectrum of radical hidden cells, each with its own ideology. The ideological roots of revolutionary originated at work, before the emancipation reform noble Aleksandr Herzen and his synthesis of European socialism and the Slav peasant collectivism.Herzen argued that Russian society was still pre-industrial, and championed an idealized image he considered the narod and obshchina (peasant commune) as the basis of revolutionary change. While the country lacked an industrial proletariat.
Other thinkers challenged the Russian peasantry was an extremely conservative, loyal to home, village or community, and no harder. These thinkers argued that farmers minding their land and deeply oppose democracy and western liberalism. Subsequent Russian ideologues were also attracted to the idea of a revolutionary elite, a concept that would be implemented in 1917.
On March 1 (CJ) 1881, Alexander II was killed in a bomb attack by Narodnaya Volya , a division of Game Zemlya i volia . He was succeeded by Alexander III, an ardent conservative, strongly influenced by Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a devotee of autocratic rule.
Under Alexander III, the secret service police (Okhrana) acted very efficiently to remove both as proto-democratic revolutionary movements across the country. The Okhrana dispersed the intelligentsia by incarceration and exile. Legislation against "non-Russian" and followers of other religions other than Orthodox were taken. The Jewish community was particularly in focus. Intellectuals, the "non-Russian" and Jews emigrated to avoid persecution. It was this exodus to Western Europe which put the Russian thinkers in contact with Marxism. The first Russian Marxist group was formed in 1883, although not reach a significant size until 1898.
In sharp contrast to the social stagnation of the 1880s and 1890s, large jumps in the industrialization process occurred. This growth would continue and be intensified in the last decade of the nineteenth century with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the reforms undertaken by the "Witte system". Sergei Witte, who was finance minister in 1892, was faced with a constant budget deficit. Sought to increase state revenue boosting the economy and attracting foreign investors. In 1897 he set the ruble to gold. Economic growth would be concentrated in a few regions, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ukraine and Baku. About half of all capital invested abroad was, also, experts and entrepreneurs who came out were vital.
In 1905, the revolutionary groups had recovered from the oppressive 1880s. The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist tendency was established in 1898 and ended in 1903 dividing, leading to the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. Lenin published his work What to do in 1902. The (SR) Social-Revolutionary Party was founded in Kharkiv in 1900, and its "Fighting Organization" ( Boyevaya Organizatsiya ) murdered many important political figures until 1905 and even then, among these are two interior ministers Dmitry Sergeyevich Sipiagin in 1902 and its successor, the much hated Viacheslav von Plehve in 1904. These killings led the government to still transfer more powers to the police.
The war against Japan, a popular principle, was now contributing to the general dissatisfaction with the succession of defeats and lack of clear objectives. The obvious inequality of emancipation was under review, while protesting farmers burning farms around the country. Economic growth in the 1890s led to a depression during which the workers protesting poor conditions. In 1903, a third of the Russian army in the western part of the country had assigned tasks "repressive action".
Revolution
On January 9 Jul. / January 22, 1905 greg. , day known as "Bloody Sunday", there was a peaceful protest march in St. Petersburg. The aim of the march was to deliver a petition to the Tsar for better working conditions, and workers were whole families. It was headed by a priest, and did not respond to any political slogan was mainly workers and peasants. It was brutally crushed by soldiers and Cossack troops, stationed in front of the Winter Palace, taking a toll of victims still being discussed, the newspapers spoke of thousands of times. The czar, meanwhile, was not in the city had left fearing for their safety. The bloody repression provoked a wave of protests across Russia: the divorce between the tsar and the mass of peasants and workers abocaba Russia to the worst.
This event made it possible for many elements of Russian society undertake an active protest. Each group had its own objectives, and even within similar classes there was a predominant leadership. The main groups were mobilized farmers (economic reasons), workers (and antiindustrialism economic reasons), intellectuals and liberals (with regard to civil rights), armed forces (economic reasons) and ethnic minority groups (cultural freedom and policy).
The economic situation of farmers was untenable, however lacked a unified leadership, and supporting a range of objectives as large as existing factions. The uprisings were multiplied throughout the year, reaching maximum in early summer and autumn, and culminating in November. Tenants claimed lower rates, higher salaried wages, and higher land owners. Activities included the occupation of land, sometimes accompanied by violence and arson-looting of estates and hunting and illegal logging in forests. The magnitude of unleashed hatred was related to the condition of the peasants, so in Livonia and Courland, landless peasants attacked and burned in abundance, while in Grodno, Kovno and Minsk, where the situation was less dire, there was less damage .
After the events of 1905, the peasant revolts were repeated in 1906 and last until 1908. Concessions by the government were seen as tacit support of the redistribution of land, so there were more attacks to force landlords and owners' no peasants "to flee. Believing that land reform was imminent, farmers wanted to apply early. They were strongly repressed.
The average resistance of the workers were on strike. Massive strikes in St. Petersburg immediately after Bloody Sunday occurred. More than 400 000 people had joined in late January. This activity quickly spread to other industrial centers in Poland, Finland and the Baltic coast. On January 13 (Jul) in Riga, 70 protesters died and a few days later, in the streets of Warsaw, 100 strikers were fired. In February there were strikes in the Caucasus and in April in the Urals and beyond the mountains. In March, all universities were forced to close by year-end, making radical students join striking workers. In October, the St. Petersburg Soviet ephemeral, a group led by then Menshevik Trotsky organized the strike, 200 factories, the "Great October Strike '. From the capital quickly propagate to Moscow, and on October 13 (Jul) there would be no active rail throughout the Russian Empire.
With the bloody and unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War there was some concern among the reserve army units since 1904. In February 1905, the Russian army was defeated at Mukden, losing about 90,000 men. In May, lost Port Arthur and the Baltic fleet was battered at the Battle of Tsushima. Witte quickly began peace negotiations, signing on September 5, the Treaty of Portsmouth. In 1905 there were several riots among the sailors in Sevastopol, Vladivostok and Kronstadt, reaching its greatest strength in June with the insurrection of Battleship Potemkin - some sources say more than 2,000 casualties among sailors for its repression. The riots were disorganized and ended up being brutally placated.
Nationalist groups were furious because of Russification held since the reign of Alexander II. The Poles, Finns and Baltic provinces demanded the autonomy and freedom to use their national languages and promote their own culture. Muslim groups were also particularly active, the First Congress of Muslim Union was held in August 1905. Some groups took the opportunity to make a difference to each other rather than with Russia. Some nationalists, in turn, held antisemitic actions (pogroms), possibly with help from the state.
Outcome
The government responded quickly. The Tsar had hoped to avoid any major changes, as a means of avoiding greater animosity toward the crown of the town sacked his interior minister Sviatopolk-Mirsky, holding him responsible for the slaughter of Bloody Sunday. After the murder of his relative, the Grand Du
ke Sergei Alexandrovich February 4 (CJ) agreed conducting various concessions. On 18 February (CJ) signed three statements, the most important of which would announce the creation of a consultative body, the State Duma. On August 6 (CJ) an electoral law, the Constitution was enacted Bullyng. When released the limited powers of the Duma and restrictions on the electoral roll, impatience would increase, leading to a general strike in October.
Surrendered on 14 October (CJ) the tsar's October Manifesto, written by Witte and Alexei Obolensky. It demands most of the Zemstvo Congress in September, as the granting of civil rights, the legalization of political parties, universal suffrage and the establishment of the Duma as the central legislative body is indicated. The Tsar waited and argued for three days, but finally signed the manifesto on the 17th in order to avoid bloodshed, as well as being aware of the shortage of troops available. Finally ended up regretting heading, justifying that he did so under duress.
When the manifesto was proclaimed there were spontaneous demonstrations of support in all major cities. The strikes in St. Petersburg and elsewhere were officially desconvocadas or failed shortly afterwards. Amnesty for political prisoners was also proposed. The concessions were accompanied by a repressor redoubled effort against the riots. There was also a reaction from the more conservative elements of society, especially in the form of sporadic anti-Semitic attacks: about five hundred Jews were killed in one day in Odessa. The Tsar himself would claim that 90% of the revolutionaries were Jews.
The riots ended in December with a final rally in Moscow. Between 5 and Dec. 7 (CJ), a Bolshevik committee forced a general strike threats by those who do not respect it. The government sent troops on the 7th, beginning a bloody battle street by street. A week later, Semiónovski Regiment, which used artillery to disperse demonstrations and bomb deployed workers districts. On December 18 (CJ) the Bolsheviks would surrender, leaving behind a balance of a thousand dead and entire areas of the city in ruins. In subsequent retaliation the number of injured or dead is unknown.
Among political parties formed or legalized, was the Constitutional Democratic Party (the Kadets ), intellectual-liberal, the Labour group of farmers, the less liberal Union of October 17 (the Octobrist ), and the reactionary Union landowners.
The electoral laws were enacted in December 1905: the population 25 years elect four polling stations. The first Duma elections were held in March 1906 and were boycotted by the socialists, the SRs and the Bolsheviks.In the first Duma 170 Kadets, 90 trudovíks, 100 farmers apolitical representatives, 63 nationalists of different groups, and 16 were chosen Octobrist.
In April 1906, the government promulgated the Constitution, settling the limits of this new political order. He confirmed the Tsar as the absolute leader with total control of the executive, foreign policy, church and military.The Duma was reformed, becoming a junior chamber of the State Council, whose members were elected directly by the monarch. The laws had to be approved by the Duma, the Council and the Tsar prior to its enforcement process, in "exceptional circumstances," the government could bypass the Duma in the process.
Also in April, after having negotiated a loan of 900 million rubles to repair Russian finances, Sergei Witte resigned. Apparently, the Tsar had "lost confidence" in him. Known then as the "political highlight of the last Imperial Russia," Witte was replaced by Ivan Goremykin, a lackey of the Tsar.
After defendant deeper liberalization, and served as a platform for "agitators", the First Duma was dissolved by the Tsar in July 1906. Despite the hopes of Kadets and the fears of the government, there was a widespread popular reaction. However, the attempted assassination of Pyotr Stolypin sparked a hunt for terrorists after the next eight months would settle with a thousand-rope hanging from the gallows end popularly being called "Stolypin's necktie".
In essence, the country remained unchanged, political power continued to belong exclusively to the Tsar, with wealth and land in the hands of the nobility. The creation of the Duma and repression, however, destabilized the revolutionary groups. Their leaders were imprisoned or fled into exile, while organizations were discussed in internal disputes: should be submitted to the Duma or continue outside? Subsequent divisions remained disorganized radicals to the relaunch of the First World War.
Finland
In the Grand Duchy of Finland, the general strike of 1905 led to the abolition of the Diet of Finland in the four states and the creation of modern Finnish Parliament. Also temporarily stopped the Russification of the country, started in 1899.
In the early twentieth century, Russia was one of the great European powers, although he was recently out of feudalism, and its level of industrialization was delayed compared to Britain, Germany and France. Under intense pressure from the grassroots who sought political and economic change, from the autumn of 1904 the imperial autocratic government oscillated between repression and indulgence, but none of these positions was successful in ending the widespread unease among various groups social: the liberal bourgeoisie, industrial workers, peasants and national minorities. The January 22, 1905, led by Russian Orthodox priest Georgi Gapon, a popular leader of the working class, a peaceful mass demonstration outside the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg was regarded as an uprising and attacked by the troops guarding the palace in what became known as Bloody Sunday, generally considered the beginning of the active phase of the revolution.
Although several major anarchist thinkers were Russians, it was not until 1903 that anarchism appeared in Russia, with very few followers. With the onset of the 1905 revolution began to spread, and members of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and the Social-Revolutionary Party joined the ideology. Although a small group of anarchists followed the milder Kropotkin ideas, especially those that followed highlighted the strategy of propaganda by deed, convinced that the violence would stimulate the uprising of the masses against their exploiters. Explosions of Hotel Bristol in Warsaw and Café Libman in Odessa are two of the most spectacular attacks that occurred in the last months of 1905 violent.
In October 1905, after a series of general strikes in various parts of the Russian empire promoted by industrial workers in response to the events of January, the St. Petersburg Soviet was founded. The idea of a soviet as a body to coordinate the activities of the striking workers emerged during the meetings of the Socialist-Revolutionary workers and later anarchist Volin, between January and February 1905.
The revolution spread throughout the empire. On 15 June, the battleship Potemkin mutinied, an imperial decree created on August 6, the Duma of the Empire, a consultative assembly on 12 October, following the approval of the October Manifesto, proposal of Count Sergei Witte, rose to the category legislature, extending the right of suffrage to the small urban bourgeoisie and the workers, in fact, were conquered democratic freedoms, and a revolutionary press that had to be tolerated by the authorities came. While the St. Petersburg Soviet thrust lost in December 1905 a general strike in Moscow immediately became a strong prompting insurrection had to be made to the artillery to dominate. In early 1906 he had the remains of uprisings in the empire, with punitive expeditions restored order. The first Russian revolution resulted in nearly 15,000 dead, 18,000 wounded and 79,000 prisoners, but the masses of Russian workers and peasants had lost their fear of autocratic rule, and the core of the Bolshevik party was tuned for future struggles.
The European anarchist-individualism
From the pioneering writings of William Godwin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Max Stirner and Anselme European anarchist-individualism Bellegarrigue an eclectic development theory and practice.
A major power especially in the French and Spanish anarcoindividualists groups was naturism. Naturism promoted an ecological point of view, small ecological communities, and most prominently nudism as a way to avoid the artificiality of the industrial mass society. Naturists anarcoindividualists saw the individual in the biological, physical and psychological aspects and tried to avoid social determinations.Important French anarcoindividualists
anarconaturism promoters were Zisly and Emile Henri Gravelle who collaborated in publications such as La Nouvelle Humanité followed by Le Naturien , Le Sauvage , L'Ordre Naturel , and La Vie Naturelle .
The illegality is an anarchist movement that developed primarily in France, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland during the first decade of the twentieth century, as an evolution of Stirnerite individualism.Influenced by theorist Max Stirner (egoism philosopher) and by Proudhon's phrase ("property is theft"), Clément Duval and Marius Jacob proposed the theory of individuelle reprise (see Single Expropriation ).
The illegality reached prominence in the first generation of European-inspired social tensions of the 1890s, during which Ravachol, Émile Henry, Auguste Vaillant, and Sante Geronimo Caserio challenging crimes committed in the name of anarchism,within the framework of the propaganda of the deed. The French side of Jules Bonnot assailants was the most famous group practice illegality.
The tradition continued anarchist-individualism French intellectuals as Albert Libertad, André Lorulot, Émile Armand, Victor Serge, Zo d'Axa and Rirette Maitrejean theory developed in the main individualist anarchist newspaper in France, L'Anarchie in 1905. Outside of this publication, Han Ryner wrote a Petit Manuel individualiste (1903). "In this sense, the theoretical positions and life experiences are profoundly individualistic French iconoclastic and scandalous, even among many of the libertarian circles. Reclaiming nudist naturism, the stubborn defense of contraceptive means, the idea of" unions of egoists "with the sole purpose of sexual practice (loving comradeship), which seek to implement, not without difficulty, scored their thinking and acting, and will encourage admiration between them, and a strong rejection among others."
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