1983
Creating Coordination libertaire Étudiante (Libertarian Students Coordination - CLE). On August 29, police forces CRS study pave the Libertarian Radio and hijacks the material. On September 3, a demonstration of five thousand people asking for freedom of expression and obtained a frequency for Libertarian Radio.
1984
Arrest in Avignon Helyett Besse, militant linked to Action directe.
1985
On January 25, is murder of General Audran (claimed by Action Directe).
1986
Starts emissions Pirate Radio in Paris. Antifascist groups join to form the Anti-Fascist National Coordination (CNAF). The 4th Congress of the IFA held in Paris on October 31, 1, 2 and 3 November, bringing together some forty delegations, the French Federation receives the mandate of the secretariat of the IFA. On November 17, is killed the president and CEO of Renault, Georges Besse (claimed by Action Directe).
1987
On February 21 the arrest of four key members of the group Action Directe (JM Rouillan, Ménigon N., Joelle and Georges Cipriani Aubron) on a farm, in Vitry-aux-Loges (Loiret) occurs. Finally, he was sentenced to four life sentences.
1989
Anticarcelario founded the group during the bicentennial of the storming of the Bastille, the "Sans-cravates", organized a demonstration on 13 July evening in the Santé prison.
1990
One hundred activists UTCL, AF, CJL, OCL and ACT, launching a "Call for a libertarian alternative" to regroup all libertarian communists in the same organization.
1991
Constituent Congress of Alternative Libertaire (Libertarian Alternative - AL). The CJL is autodisuelven UTCL and militants and join Alternative libertarian, published his "Manifesto for a libertarian alternative" newspaper and throw Alternative Libertaire . Based on the theories of Daniel Guérin, claiming libertarian communism and syndicalism.
1993
Division of CNT due to disagreements over participation in elections, the CNT-Vignoles arises which includes most of the activists, but it is a minority in the CNT-AIT. Creating new sections on education union CNT-Vignoles: Action Universitaire Formation (FAU) Formation and Action Lycéenne (FAL). On 11 November a meeting of anarchists in Paris, Place de la Republique is performed. All libertarian organizations involved.
1996
In December, the CNT-Vignoles is excluded from the International Workers Association (IWA) for the Madrid Congress. The CNT-AIT is recognized as the only French section of the AIT.
1997
The 5th Congress of the International Federation of Anarchists is held in Lyon. Imprisonment in Paris to an Italian anarchist, Massimo Passamani, a committee was created to secure his release.
1998
Massimo Passamani release.
2000
Construction of collective "To end all the prisons." On November 4, 500 people demonstrated in Paris for the abolition of imprisonment. The group is virtually dissolved the following year, but will survive until 2003.
2001
On April 1, at the initiative of the Spanish CGT a meeting in Madrid attended Alternative Libertaire, not pass, OSL Argentina, FAG Brazilian, Uruguayan FAU Al Badil Al Chooi to Taharouri (Libertarian Communist Alternative, Lebanon), ORA was held Czech, OSL Swiss, Italian Unicobas, Swedish SAC, CIPO-RFM (Mexico), Mutual Support (Spain) and CNT Vignoles. These organizations - except for the CNT-Vignoles - decided to build the International Libertarian Solidarity network (SIL), which NEFAC the ZACF (South Africa), the FDCA (Italy) and AUCA (Argentina) is incorparon.
2003
From 11 to 16 November, at the initiative of the Anarchist Federation, a libertarian Social Forum in Saint-Ouen parallel to the European Social Forum in Saint Denis is organized. Alternative Libertaire opens its public buildings in Paris, rue d'Aubervilliers.
2004
In April meets the 7th Congress of the International Federation of Anarchists in Besancon. After its May congress in Rennes, several groups of FA (Lyon, Lille, Nantes, Saint-Brieuc) is desfederan. In May the group libertarian Place Free and forum of the same name is created. It is celebrated in November the Seventh Congress of the Alternative Libertaire in Angers.
2006
It is celebrated in October the Eighth Congress of Alternative Libertaire in Agen.
Present
Today, the libertarian view is composed of a dozen organizations FA (le Monde libertaire) and AL (Alternative libertaire) are the two most structured organizations, plus there may be mentioned: They will (not pass), theOrganisation Communiste libertarian (Courant alternatif) , the Coordination des Groupes Anarchistes (Infos et analyzes libertarian) , Offensive libertaire et Sociale , the CNT-AIT, the Groupement d'Action et de Réflexion AnarchoSyndicaliste (GARAS), the Syndicat Intercorporatif Anarchosyndicaliste (SIA), the Coordination anarchiste , the Union des anarchistes ...
The CNT-Vignoles serves exclusively in the field of association and can no longer be considered exclusively anarchist, because its members do not necessarily adhere to the libertarian ideal.
Notes
↑ Robert Graham, Anarchism - A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas - Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939) Black Rose Books, 2005
↑ "Anarchism" In Our Time (BBC Radio 4), Thursday December 7, 2006. Presented by Melvyn Bragg BBC, with John Keane, Professor of Politics at the University of Westminster, Ruth Kinna, Senior Lecturer in Politics at Loughborough University, and Peter Marshall, philosopher and historian.
↑ Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who Fought in the Paris commune
↑ Edith Thomas, The Women Incendiaries: The Inspiring Story of the Women of the Paris Commune "," Haymarket Books. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
↑ (in French) . "one pair Soit provocation, soit par une ou plusieurs apologie I urged personnes à commettre soit one vol, soit les of meurtre crimes of pillage, d'ignite, 2 Ou une adresse à des provocation militaires des Armées. de terre et de mer, dans le but de les leurs détourner of servicemen devoirs et de l'obéissance qu'ils doivent à leurs chefs serait defere aux tribunaux of police correctionnelle puni et d'un mois à trois emprisonnement of deux ans. "
↑ Project ongoing doctoral thesis on "French Anarchists in England, 1880-1905 ', with an extensive bibliography in English and French, including newspapers of the time.
↑ a b c Jean Maitron, Le mouvement anarchiste in France , Volume I, Tel Gallimard (François Maspero, 1975), pp.443-445
↑ Jean Maitron, 1975, Volume I, p.446
↑ a b c Jean Maitron, 1975, Volume I, p.448
↑ Separate Autonomie (1887 - 1888)
↑ "Freedom était one révolté, luttait non qui en dehors (tel communautaires les / colonies) or à côté de la société (les éducationnistes), mais in son sein. enonce Il will comme une figure de l'anarchisme individualiste, néanmoins, il ne jamais revendiquera ainsi, if même pas il ne l'rejetait individualism, that Liberty revendiquait et du communisme, plus tard, Mauricius, qui était one éditeurs des du journal "l'Anarchie" dira "Nous ne nous faisions pas d ' illusions, nous savions well cette totale libération de l'individu était dans la société capitaliste impossible that réalisation et sa ne pourrait se faire personnalité dans une société raisonnable that, dont they communisme libertaire semblait nous être la meilleure expression. ". Liberty s'associait à la dynamique of révolte individuelle au projet d'émancipation radicale collective. nécessité Il insistait south of développer le sentiment of camaraderie, akin to qui était la concurrence remplacer the morale of the société bourgeoise. "" Albert Libertad "
↑ a b "The voluntary insubordination Individualist anarchism during the Spanish dictatorship and the Second Republic.", by Xavier Diez
↑ The daily bleed
↑ "1926 - France: Georges Butaud (1868-1926) dies, in Ermont."
↑ a b The "Illegalists" by Doug Imrie (published by Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed)
↑ "Alongside the social stream and anarchist collectivist,
I was an individualist movement whose supporters emphasized individual liberty and advised other anarchist tendencies to do the same. activity individualist anarchists covered a wide range of alternatives to authoritarian society, subverting lifestyle point by point.
↑ a b Parry, Richard. The Bonnot Gang. Rebel Press, 1987. p. 15
↑ http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/illegalistsDougImrie.htm
↑ "The pre-war France was the site of emergence of the united revolutionary anarchist movement to openly embrace illegal activity practice." "Illegalism" by Rob Rich
↑ Maurice Rajsfus, The Vichy police, Les forces de l'ordre françaises au service de la Gestapo 1940-1944 , Le Cherche Midi, 1995 ISBN 2-86274-358-5
Bibliography
Berry, David. A history of the French anarchist movement, 1917 to 1945 Greenwood Press, 2002, new edition AK Press, 2009.
Maitron, Jean. Histoire du mouvement anarchiste in France (1880-1914) (first ed, Sudel, Paris, 1951, 744 p,.. Reedition in two volumes by François Maspero, Paris, 1975, and reedition Gallimard)
Featured French anarchists
Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
Déjacque Joseph (1821-1864)
Anselme Bellegarrigue
Louise Michel (1830-1905)
Elisée Reclus (1830-1905)
Georges Sorel (1847-1922)
Jean Grave (1854-1939)
Sébastien Faure (1858-1942)
Zo d'Axa (1864-1930)
Emile Armand (1872-1963)
Albert Libertad (1875-1908)
Han Ryner (1861-1938)
Jules Bonnot (1876-1912)
Marius Jacob (1879-1954)
Maurice Joyeux (1910-1991)
Maitron Jean (1910-1987)
Jacques Ellul (1912-1994
Fontenis Georges (1920)
Alexander Grothendieck (1928 -?)
Albert Camus (1913-1960)
Daniel Guérin (1904-1988)
Georges Brassens (1921-1981)
Gilles Deleuze (1925-1995)
Michel Onfray (1959)
It can be considered to Émile Pouget a history of French syndicalism since the 1880s, and it was also in the following decade journalist Fernand Pelloutier, leader of the Federation of Labour Exchanges, a federation of labor groups that merged in 1902 with the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), founded in 1895 and at that time welcomed all the revolutionary life of unions.
Pelloutier rejected individualist anarchism and terrorismand L'Organisation corporative et l'Anarchie (1896), raised the voluntary and free association of producers as the first and transient form of the future anarchist society. Paul Delesalle also supported this theory, and Pouget, deputy secretary of the CGT from 1901 to 1908 raised the same "embryonic" concept of anarchist-syndicalism, in the Congress of Amiens in 1906 was presented the resolution known as the Charte d'Amiens , which posed embryonic role of unions as a basis for social reconstruction, while production and distribution group. In the line of anarchism without adjectives, also posed the direct economic action against the bosses was all that mattered, and that the different political and philosophical trends of workers could be developed outside the union. Thus, the ideological interference intended to prevent socialism in unions, with no impediment to why, as workers, they could enter them.
For Kropotkin and anarchist Malatesta, who had praised and promoted the "propaganda of the deed" as revolutionary strategy, failure and subsequent to the attacks and anarchist insurrections had led them to conclude that a Communist revolution was impracticable brief repression: "A based on centuries old structure can not be destroyed with a few kilos of explosives, "published in The Révolte Kropotkin. Therefore supported the revolutionary syndicalism as a strategy that would bring together the working class to do away with the state, prior to the establishment of anarchy and communism, they saw as inevitable. Anarchist-syndicalism eventually became the way of union shared by all or almost all anarchist movements, with unions which reached great strength and a significant number of members.
Anarchism in Latin America
Main Category: Anarchism by country
Since the 1860s anarchism began to be introduced in Latin America due to heavy emigration, especially from Spain and with a particular role of Italian immigrants in Argentina,materializing the first action groups. In Mexico the ideas of Proudhon and Bakunin spread, causing the appearance of worker, peasant and student libertarian organizations, and in the following decade the presence in Argentina and Uruguay core anarchists became manifest. There should not be regarded as a mere ideological import, its rapid uptake by native and indigenous masses, who had gone from ancient monarchies to republican oligarchies, was due in part to the coincidence of self-managed collectivism with the old ways of organization of indigenous of Mexico and Peru, "calpulli" and "ayllu" above even the empires of the Aztecs and Incas.
Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay and Cuba representandos were in the last congress of the International of Saint-Imier in 1877, and Bakuninist League was founded in Mexico City in 1878. The libertarian ideology was predominant in the regional labor movement, which was organized under its influence as rising social force, both the countries mentioned as Peru, Bolivia and Chile, and even in other countries where such a strong union roots was not achieved, as Ecuador, Panama and Guatemala.
Latin America's greatest contributions to anarchism occurred at the organizational level, highlighting the case of FORA Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina, founded in 1901, which was the largest Latin American trade union strength during the first three decades of the twentieth century, with a different organization both CNT and other European central syndicalist IWW and the U.S., without any concession to the union bureaucracy. Also the Mexican Liberal Party, which under the influence of Ricardo Flores Magon adopted an anarchist ideology, criticized by the European anarchist orthodoxy however retain the name and presented as a political party.
Within the period of the Mexican Revolution magonism led the establishment of the revolutionary communes in Baja California in 1911 that later would be defeated. Also important revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata is closer to anarchist ideas Mago, embracing its revolutionary agrarianism, while Marxism still did not have a significant presence in Mexico. Zapata was an almost instinctive revolutionary, indigenous ideologies based on aforementioned peaked anarchist slogan "Tierra y Libertad" own the magonism, who came to know through the Zapatista Army secretary, Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama.
First revolutions
Ilinden. The revolution in Macedonia and Thrace
In the late nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire in decline hardened its policies, and in Macedonia, one of its regions, the economic decline was evident, with a stagnant small-scale manufacturing and agriculture-based economy, which suffered from the system of estates in the hands of a Muslim minority that oppressed other ethnic groups (Christians, Jews, Greeks, Vlachs, Turks, Albanians, Roma). In response to this situation, the Internal Revolutionary Organization of Macedonia, OIRM, mainly operating in Macedonia and Thrace, which sought independence from the Ottomans and their possible integration in neighboring Bulgaria emerged in 1893.The neighboring Serbia and Greece opposed the possible integration in Bulgaria, and advocated a partition of Macedonia.
The OIRM developed in the next decade, while the use of force and violence by Muslim armed bands terrorized the ethnic Macedonian population, becoming part of everyday life by 1900. It focused on national liberation, understood different ideological orientations, from a clerical conservatives and socialists and anarchists. In January 1902, after imprisoning one of its leaders, the Ottoman authorities began a persecution of members of the group and its main leaders, which made the idea of a calm, patient and systematic preparation for an uprising was abandoned immediately, which was announced at the congress held in Thessaloniki at the end of that year to the spring of 1903. Since late April 1903, a series of bombings organized by revolutionary sectors anarchist group gave the alarm, and August 2, 1903, the day of St
. Elias or Ilinden , there was the outbreak in Bitola, which it remained the focal point of the uprising. On August 3, a provisional government was installed in Kruševo, proclaiming the "Republic of Kruševo" and the revolution spread throughout Macedonia. Also noteworthy is the parallel uprising in Thrace, where for lifting the Republic of Strandja was founded, and in the preparation and under the influence of libertarian ideas, the people had spontaneously formed libertarian communes, sharing land and livestock in communal ownership.
The extent and intensity of the Ilinden Uprising surprised European powers favor of preserving the status quo ; neighboring Balkan states and the Ottoman authorities, although in decline, they still had a substantial military power. Despite the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Ottoman military forces, strong and stubborn resistance of the insurgents continued conflict during September and much of October, until the final removal of all traces of the revolution. The immediate consequences were disastrous for the population, but the Ilinden uprising was a milestone in the history of the Macedonians, changing the international view of the issue and defining the national identity of Macedonia.
Russian Revolution of 1905
Index
1 Background
February Revolution
3 Outcome
3.1 Finland
Background
Emancipation was only part of a set of political, legal, social and economic changes that began in the 1860s when the empire was moving slowly from the feudal absolutism to capitalism, under the regime of the tsarist autocracy. While these reforms have liberalized economic, social and cultural structures, the political system remained virtually unchanged. Various attempts at reform were strongly rejected by the monarchy and bureaucracy. Even the agreed scope changes had a relative, for example, less than forty provinces had zemstvo (village councils), fifty years after its legislative introduction. Expectations, reformer offset by the limited progress frustration produced in due course led to rebellions. The feeling among those who rebelled was that the demand for "land and liberty" could be met only through revolution.
The Anarchism Page 36